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1.
在上层海洋,受盐度的影响,温度均匀层和密度均匀层并不一定重合,出现温跃层顶界深度明显大于密度跃层顶界深度的现象,即产生盐度障碍层.重力稳定度较高的障碍层对上层海洋热量的垂直交换具有“热障”作用,使混合层和温跃层无法进行有效的热量交换,导致局地海洋上混合层偏暖,从而影响局地海气相互作用乃至全球气候变化.得益于全球海洋观测计划的实施,近20年来科学家已逐渐认识到盐度在海洋环流和气候变化中的重要性,因此盐度障碍层在上层海洋热量收支中的作用等科学问题已成为物理海洋学的前沿研究热点.以障碍层多尺度变异为中心,围绕影响和调控障碍层变异的关键海洋过程,以及障碍层通过海气相互作用影响天气、气候尺度变异的过程和机理等关键科学问题,综述了近几十年来有关热带障碍层的研究进展.重点总结了以下3个方面的进展:全球不同热带海域障碍层的空间结构和多尺度变异特征;海洋动力过程和大气热力过程在障碍层变异中的作用及其机理;障碍层与天气、气候事件及海洋生物相互作用的关键过程和机理.强调了障碍层变异的海洋—大气耦合过程及其气候效应,最后提出了尚需解决的关键科学问题. 相似文献
2.
海表层二氧化碳分压之时间序列研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
简要总结了海表层二氧化碳分压(pCO2)时间序列的研究方法,重点综述了时间序列研究在确定pCO2控制过程、揭示pCO2年际差异、监测气候事件对pCO2的影响及估算海—气二氧化碳(CO2)通量等方面的研究进展.海表层pCO2时间序列的研究方法大致可以分为2类,一类是基于船舶调查,另一类是基于浮标的CO2自动测定.时间序列研究除了能够定性地记录和追踪一些特殊和偶然的物理和生物过程对pCO2的影响外,还能够定量地给出各种过程对pCO2变化的贡献,这对揭示海洋pCO2的控制机理有着重要意义.年际尺度的时间序列观测表明:人类活动已经造成了海表层pCO2的增加,厄尔尼诺事件和拉尼娜事件对海表层pCO2和海—气CO2通量有明显影响.另外,时间序列研究能够提高海—气CO2通量估算的准确性. 相似文献
3.
大气沉降对海洋初级生产过程与氮循环的影响研究进展 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
大气沉降通过为海洋提供外源性氮、磷和铁等微量元素,可显著影响海洋氮、碳循环过程,并产生气候效应。一方面促进海洋初级生产和生物固氮,增强海洋吸收二氧化碳的能力;另一方面影响海洋氮、碳循环路径,增加海洋生物源气溶胶排放量,间接影响气候变化。由于大气沉降对海洋生态系统及气候变化的重要影响,相关科学问题已成为海洋科学与大气科学交叉研究的热点,被多个国际研究计划列为核心研究内容。在大气污染物排放持续增加与沙尘事件频发的背景下,大气沉降对我国东部陆架海(黄海、东海)及其邻近西北太平洋碳、氮循环过程的影响日趋增强,因此该海区已成为大气沉降及其气候影响研究的代表性海域。结合分子生物学和实验生态学手段理解大气沉降影响下的海洋初级生产过程,利用同位素示踪技术研究大气沉降对海洋氮循环的影响,以及获得大气沉降影响下海洋生物源气溶胶排放的观测证据将是未来研究的重点方向。 相似文献
4.
国际气象学及大气物理学协会(IAMAP)和国际海洋物理学协会(IAPSO)子1985年在夏威夷的檀香山共同召开了一次联席科学讨论会。会上共举行了26个各种专题讨论。从这些讨论中反映出目前气象学研究中特别活跃的一些领域。 1、南方涛动和全球海洋大气气候 系统问题 现在人们已越来越清楚地意识到,要想对气候变化作任何定量的讨论就必须把海气相互作用和海洋的特性包括进来。这样就会遇到以往在大气模拟中所未曾遇到的许多其他问题。如海洋活动动量、热量和短波辐射等的表面通量在大气模式中的表述,以及变化范围很大的海洋时间尺度(从局地大气通量 相似文献
5.
海洋大气相互作用是近代地球科学中发展极为迅速的重要科学问题。它以研究地球上两部分流体,即海洋与大气之间的物质(包括水分、CO_2盖份和其它气体和微粒)、能量(包括热量)和动量交换,以及由此而产生的海洋和大气的热状况和运动状况之间的相互影响,相互制约的关系。 按照时间和空间尺度,可以将海气相互 相似文献
6.
热带太平洋海洋环流与暖池的结构特征、变异机理和气候效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
热带西太平洋暖池是引发强烈的大气对流、驱动Walker环流和Hadley环流系统的主要热源之一,对全球、尤其是东亚气候有重要影响。针对我国在提升气候预测水平方面的重大和迫切需求,国家重点基础研究发展计划项目"热带太平洋海洋环流与暖池的结构特征、变异机理和气候效应"于2011年7月正式立项。项目拟解决的关键科学问题包括:①调控暖池形成和变异的海洋环流多尺度相互作用过程;②海洋动力过程在暖池热盐结构变异中的作用及其机理;③暖池变异对不同类型El Nio影响机理的异同和对东亚季风变异的调制机理。围绕上述关键科学问题,项目将以暖池变异为中心,关注影响和控制暖池结构与变异的关键海洋过程,以及暖池海气相互作用影响ENSO循环、东亚季风年际变异的过程和机理,重点组织开展以下3个方面有针对性的调查研究:①热带太平洋环流和暖池的结构和变异特征;②热带太平洋环流与暖池相互作用的关键过程和机理;③暖池变异的海洋—大气耦合过程及其气候效应。在此基础上,项目将力争阐明暖池影响东亚季风和我国气候变异的过程、机理与敏感区,改进模式的混合参数化方案,提出有效提高ENSO预报技巧的同化方案,为我国短期气候预测能力的提高提供科学支撑。 相似文献
7.
《地球科学进展》2020,(5)
黑潮延伸体海区是冬季西北太平洋向大气加热的关键海区。前人研究表明活跃在黑潮延伸体海区的海洋涡旋会通过影响海表面温度而影响海面风。回顾了最近几年该海域海洋涡旋影响局地大气的研究成果,重点从船测探空资料、卫星观测资料和模式数值实验3个方面分析和比对了已有的研究成果,依据该海区海洋涡旋导致大气异常的地转适应理论,得到了如下新的科学推论:海洋涡旋上空大气运动较慢时,大气对海洋涡旋的响应表现以气压调整机制为主,海洋涡旋的影响常常被限制在大气边界层中;海洋涡旋上空大气的运动较快时,大气对暖(冷)涡的响应以垂直混合机制为主,海表面风速在暖(冷)水上加(减)速,海表面风强辐合出现在暖水的背景风下游一侧,并从暖水上空携带了大量水汽;通过水汽凝结与海面辐合上升之间的正反馈机制,为导致大气中出现强对流提供了必要条件。该推论将有利于进一步定量刻画海洋涡旋对大气的影响。 相似文献
8.
9.
1998年的“南海季风试验（SCSMEX）”已经过去10年了,SCSMEX启动的南海海—气通量试验研究也有10个年头。在SCSMEX和国家自然科学基金面上项目“南海季风爆发期近海面层通量观测和湍流结构的观测研究”支持下,10年来在西沙实施了3次（1998年、2000年、2002年）海—气通量观测试验,开展了试验资料分析研究,重点是西南季风爆发前后海—气通量交换过程研究,辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量、动量通量随天气条件的变化研究,海—气通量日变化,通量交换系数以及通量变化对低层大气、上层海洋的影响研究。对10年来南海通量研究作一回顾,对未来的通量观测研究计划特别是2008“亚洲季风年”西沙通量观测提出一些建议。 相似文献
10.
全球业务化海洋预报系统可为海洋防灾减灾、航行安全、生态系统保护和海上搜救等提供预报服务。海面风是驱动海浪的源,因此提供海浪业务预报服务的国家/机构一般与数值天气预报结合在一起开展。详细介绍了基于WAVEWATCH III?和WAM模式构造的全球海浪业务预报系统的参数配置。重点介绍了基于混合坐标海洋模式、欧洲海洋核心模式和模块化海洋模式开发的全球海洋环流业务预报系统的组成和参数配置。概述了基于社区海冰代码和新鲁汶海冰模式构造以及与海洋环流预报系统耦合在一起的海冰业务预报系统。最后对全球业务化海洋预报系统的发展方向进行了展望。 相似文献
11.
Yu. I. Troitskaya O. S. Ermakova A. A. Kandaurov D. S. Kozlov D. A. Sergeev S. S. Zilitinkevich 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2017,477(1):1330-1335
Experiments on generation mechanisms of sea water spray under hurricane wind were performed using shadow illumination high-speed video recording from several camera positions. Classification of fragmentation mechanism leading to generation of spray was conducted. Statistics of the events causing generation of spray was studied. A phenomenological model was developed based on the methods of statistical physics to describe the “bag-breakup” generation mechanism. The function of spray generation was conducted on this basis, which describes well the experimental data obtained under hurricane winds in the natural and laboratory conditions. 相似文献
12.
Parameterization of sea surface drag under varying sea state and its dependence on wave age 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R. Rajesh Kumar B. Prasad Kumar A. N. V. Satyanarayana D. Bala Subrahamanyam A. D. Rao S. K. Dube 《Natural Hazards》2009,49(2):187-197
Momentum and energy exchange at air–sea interface through wind stress is very important for air–sea interaction studies, ocean
modeling, and climate studies. The accurate representation of wind stress, in terms of drag coefficient, is a key factor in
estimating the momentum transfer at the interface. The drag coefficient, in general, estimated using bulk formulae does not
take into account the influence of wave age. This study examines the dependence of wave age on computed surface drag coefficient
obtained by combining the Toba 3/2-power law with Froude number scaling, resulting in a new drag formulation (hereafter referred
as RP formulation). We demonstrate that our proposed formulation is in good conjunction with established theories for both
young and mature waves. Our investigation shows the theoretical formulation advocated earlier by Guan and Xie (hereafter referred
as GX) overestimated the surface drag for mature waves as wind speed tends to increase. In addition, the formulation by GX
was not verified by observational data. In the present work, for validation purpose, we use time series measurement of meteorological
and oceanographic data from a deep water location in the Indian Ocean which was tested with both RP and GX formulations. We
find that the proposed RP formulation, which embeds the 3/2 power of wave-age, shows a better match for both young and mature
waves with the results of Janssen compared to the hypothesis of conventional wave age used by GX. 相似文献
13.
A mathematical model has been developed to forecast or hindcast wind, waves, and longshore currents during the passage of a coastal storm. Storm intensity is a function of the barometric pressure gradient which is modeled by rotating an inverted normal curve around the center of an ellipse. The length and orientation of the major and minor axes of the ellipse control the size and shape of the storm. The path of the storm is determined by a sequence of storm positions for the hindcast mode, and by interpolated positions assuming constant speed and direction for the forecast mode. The site location, shoreline orientation, and nearshore bottom slope provide input data for the shore position. The geostrophic wind speed and direction at the shore site are computed from the latitude and barometric pressure gradient. The geostrophic wind is converted into surface wind speed and direction by applying corrections for frictional effects over land and sea. The surface wind speed and direction, effective fetch, and wind duration are used to compute wave period, breaker height, and breaker angle at the shore site. The longshore current velocity is computed as a function of wave period, breaker height and angle, and nearshore slope. The model was tested by comparing observed data for several coastal locations with predicted values for wind speed, wave period and height, and longshore current velocity. Forecasts were made for actual storms and for hypothetical circular and elliptical storms. 相似文献
14.
Troitskaya Yu. I. Ermakova O. S. Kandaurov A. A. Kozlov D. S. Sergeev D. A. Zilitinkevich S. S. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2017,477(1):1373-1378
Doklady Earth Sciences - Influence of the spray generation due to the fragmentation of the “bag-breakup” type on momentum exchange in the atmospheric boundary layer above the sea... 相似文献
15.
As one of the most important mesoscale ocean features, the mesoscale eddies are omnipresent and have significant impact on the overlying atmosphere. Based on the comprehensive review of the influence of mesoscale eddies on the atmospheric boundary layer and the local circulation, the corresponding physical mechanisms and their impacts on weather systems were presented systematically. ①Eddy-induced SST anomalies may modify the surface wind speed, horizontal divergence, cloud and precipitation through turbulence heat flux anomalies. Meanwhile, additional secondary circulations arise over the eddies. What is more, there are obvious regional and seasonal differences for atmospheric responses. ② Studies in the South China Sea, the Kuroshio Extension region and the Southern Ocean indicate that atmospheric responses to mesoscale eddies can be explained by the changes of sea level pressure or the vertical momentum transport. These two mechanisms can be distinguished by the phase relationship between the atmospheric anomaly center and the eddy core. Diagnosis on the inner dynamical processes may draw better conclusions. ③The energy conversions are affected by mesoscale eddies, which may affect storm tracks and jet streams, and finally result in distant influences on weather patterns. Moreover, sea temperature anomalies from sea surface to the thermocline associated with mesoscale eddies have significant impacts on the intensification and the maintenance of tropical cyclones. 相似文献
16.
P. R. Shanas V. M. Aboobacker Khalid M. Zubier Alaa M. A. Albarakati 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(5):90
The Jeddah coast lies in the central eastern Red Sea, which is characterized by the predominant northwest winds and the associated wind waves throughout the year. A detailed investigation on the spectral wave characteristics in the nearshore regions of the Jeddah coast has not been carried out yet, primarily due to the lack of data. In the present study, we have analyzed the available wave spectra measured at two nearshore locations along the Jeddah coast using wave gauges. The wave spectra were separated into wind sea and swell components using a frequency-based algorithm, and the integral wave parameters corresponding to each component were derived. Although the measurements were limited to the summer season, notable features such as the diurnal variability and the superimposition of wind seas and swells have been identified from the spectra. The superimposition is mainly due to the interaction of the young swells propagated from the northern Red Sea and the local breezes prevailing along the coast at certain periods in a diurnal cycle. Based on the wave speed calculations and the estimated time shifts between the wind and waves, the potential swell regions have been backtracked. 相似文献
17.
S. P. Ghanekar V. R. Mujumdar P. Seetaramayya U. V. Bhide 《Journal of Earth System Science》2003,112(2):283-293
Surface meteorological parameters acquired during the field phase experiment, BOBMEX-99, for the stationary periods (SP I
and II) of the ship ORV Sagar Kanya over Bay of Bengal have been analysed. Active and weak monsoon conditions were observed
during the first and the second phase of the experiment respectively over India as well as over the stationary ship location.
The phase mean sea surface temperature (SST) is found to be the same in both the phases, however large differences have been
observed in the phase mean values of wind speed, mean sea level pressure, latent heat and momentum fluxes at air-sea interface.
Synoptic scale monsoon disturbances formed only during the period of strong north-south pressure gradient over the Bay region.
Events of prominent fall in SST and in the upper 15 m ocean layer mean temperature and salinity values during typical rainfall
events are cited. The impact of monsoon disturbances on ocean-atmosphere interface transfer processes has been investigated. 相似文献
18.
O. Aminoroayaie Yamini S. Hooman Mousavi M. R. Kavianpour Azin Movahedi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(23):776
In recent years, with daily progress in technology, application of wind turbines for energy generation has become common all around the world. Installation of these turbines at sea encountered a great deal of challenge. One of the most important challenges is scouring around the piles of these turbines due to sea waves and current interaction. Many studies have been conducted in this respect; however, the results are insufficient, and the phenomenon remains poorly understood in tripod wind turbines. In this work, an attempt is made by combining the waves and currents, and changing the substructure of the turbine and the type of the bed materials, to extend the investigation of this phenomenon. The current research is focused on presenting the trend of changes in the amount of scouring. By changing the conditions (including variation in the wave height, variation of the current velocity, variation of the pile diameter, and variation in the size of bed particles), one can arrive at an appropriate estimate and prediction of the shape and the depth of the scour pit. 相似文献
19.
关于厄尔尼诺成因的新认识 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
据前人统计,厄尔尼诺出现于地球自转速度急剧变慢的第二年。造成这种现象的主因,是地球间歇性不对称膨胀,引起自转速度几年一次的准周期性急剧变慢。在该时期南北半球岩石圈产生强烈的离开赤道的体力,使赤道地区发生东西向张性断裂活动。位于阻力较小的软流层之上的太平洋岩石圈,不仅规模大、动力强,而且存在着东太平洋海隆薄弱带,并与秘鲁海沟应变空间毗邻,故现今太平洋东部赤道地区的东西向张性断裂最为发育,形成规模宏大的卡内基断裂带和加拉帕戈斯断裂带。它们活动促使海底的岩浆和热水喷溢,导致厄尔尼诺的海水升温多从秘鲁－厄尔多尔沿岸开始。地球自转速度变慢过程中,赤道地区的大气和海水获得较多的向东角动量,造成该地区的信风和向西流动洋流减弱、东太平洋冷水上翻涌升流衰缓,加速赤道东太平流海域温度变暖,助长厄尔尼诺的形成。全球大气角动量的季节性变化,也引起地球自转速度冬季慢夏季快的周年项变化,使厄尔尼诺年增温盛期一般出现于年末前后。 相似文献
20.
Data obtained from the 30m high MONTBLEX tower installed at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur are described. Data
on wind speed and direction, temperature and humidity were recorded during the first week of July 1989 at six levels on the
tower. They indicate some of the atmospheric surface layer characteristics. Using two levels of tower data involving wind
speed and temperature a profile method was used for computing the surface fluxes of heat and momentum. A method for calculating
the surface roughness length using the data was also used to obtain the vertical windspeed profile. The computed wind profile
was compared with observations, while the surface roughness length was compared with values obtained by a least square fit.
The computed surface fluxes were compared with theoretical values obtained by an energy budget method which uses only wind
data at one level. The agreement was reasonably good. 相似文献