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1.
Economic geography has been enriched by modern scientific methods based on the ideas of systems analysis, optimisation, and economic-mathematical simulation. A system of models proposed by the Institute of Economics and Organisation of Industrial Production (IEOIP) of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences has as its methodological basis the programme-objective approach. It is national economic criteria that are used for selection of optimum alternatives of interregional proportions, development of each region being appraised according to its contribution to development of national production. For each region, in accordance with the place occupied by it in the territorial division of labour, complex programmes are drawn up, situational analysis being used widely with different probabilities of particular events being taken into account. The system of models of the IEOIP reflects interactions of two hierarchic structures of the economy (production and territory), includes five subsystems (blocks), and covers three main echelons of national economic planning. Two blocks of spatial models are intended for optimisation of schemes of locating productive forces of the nation, particular regions, and parts thereof: territorial-production complexes (TPC), zones of complete assimilation and industrial centres. The optimisation problems of national economy spatial structure, of production and spatial structure of the economy of particular regions are solved in co-operation with national economic models, models of separate sectors and multi-sectoral complexes. The main tool for optimising spatial structure of the national economy and regions are various versions of the intersectoral interregional model and a group of models for optimising creation of TPCs. With the help of these models a series of practical problems has been solved at the IEOIP, the findings of which are a basis for some propositions relating to development of productive forces of the nation, of Siberia as a whole, of particular regions in 1975, 1990, and 2000. 相似文献
2.
This paper describes a proposed method for clustering attributes on the basis of their spatial variability and the uncertainty of cluster membership. The method is applied to geometallurgical domaining in mining applications. The main objective of geometallurgical clustering is to ensure consistent feed to a processing plant by minimising transitions between different types of feed coming from different domains (clusters). For this purpose, clusters should contain not only similar geometallurgical characteristics but also be located in as few contiguous and compact spatial locations as possible so as to maximise the homogeneity of ore delivered to the plant. Most existing clustering methods applied to geometallurgy have two problems. Firstly, they are unable to differentiate subsets of attributes at the cluster level and therefore cluster membership can only be assigned on the basis of exactly identical attributes, which may not be the case in practice. Secondly, as they do not take account of the spatial relationships they can produce clusters which may be spatially dispersed and/or overlapped. In the work described in this paper a new clustering method is introduced that integrates three distinct steps to ensure quality clustering. In the first step, fuzzy membership information is used to minimise compactness and maximise separation. In the second step, the best subsets of attributes are defined and applied for domaining purposes. These two steps are iterated to convergence. In the final step a graph-based labelling method, which takes spatial constraints into account, is used to produce the final clusters. Three examples are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method. These examples demonstrate that the proposed method can reveal useful relationships among geometallurgical attributes within a clear and compact spatial structure. The resulting clusters can be used directly in mine planning to optimise the ore feed to be delivered to the processing plant. 相似文献
3.
Advances in travel geometry and urban modelling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Urban travel geometry is a generalization of patterns of movement in cities and regions where route configuration and prevailing
traffic speeds constrain or direct movement in distinctive and repeatable patterns. In this paper we use these properties
to construct time surfaces on which distance equates to the time of travel in the urban plane. Such surfaces can be two- or
three-dimensional and are useful in the study of urban structure, locational analysis, transport planning and traffic management.
A particular niche addressed in this paper is non-conformal time surface transformations in which speed or the cost of travel
is constrained according to co-ordinate directions. It is argued that such models may be more suited to gridded and orbital-radial
cities than previously used conformal transformations. After explaining the rationale behind the approach, a mathematical
basis is developed and several calibrated examples are provided based on regions in the UK. The paper concludes with some
examples of potential applications, and an annex provides a detailed mathematical framework.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
《Geoforum》2015
The increased opportunity to choose one’s school of preference has been raised as a key factor in many countries to promote equal opportunities and a higher quality of education. This has been endorsed by policymakers who assume that students make well-informed rational choices and that students stress only academic quality when deciding which school to attend. If this is true, it will benefit schools of high academic quality, rendering improved school quality overall. To date, little research has examined the validity of these assumptions despite the profound effects they have had for changing the school systems in many countries. This article describes an experiment to investigate the relative importance of factors in school choice. The aim is to test the validity of the theoretical assumptions that guided the school choice reforms in Sweden. Specifically, we draw on experimental data from prospective upper secondary school students in Sweden to contrast the principal school quality attributes behind the policy change (knowledge reputation and program feasibility), with the presence of friends and geographical attributes such as distance, location and accessibility, while controlling for individual characteristics. The results have important policy implications as they show that geographical factors are highly relevant for school choice preferences. In contrast to the reforms’ intentions, geography appears to have become more important than ever before. The findings thus reveal significant flaws in the assumptions that motivated the school choice policy reform. 相似文献
5.
B. Ayeni 《GeoJournal》1978,2(5):393-402
Urban systems modelling in Nigeria is an innovation having both relevance and utility for urban analysts and urban planners. A review of urban modelling in Nigeria demonstrates the use of entrapy maximizing models in analysing impacts of government policies and metropolitan planning. Planning to solve urban problems in Nigeria must be based on unambigous understanding of the urban system. Models, as simplified versions of reality, constitute mechanisms for understanding city systems and for designing the city of the future. 相似文献
6.
Harry Timmermans 《Geoforum》1980,11(2):123-131
The purpose of this paper is to outline a conceptual model of consumer spatial decision making and choice behaviour and to investigate the use of various combination rules of consumer's evaluations of attributes of shopping centres to predict spatial choice behaviour.The research findings indicate that the linear combination rules perform as well as the multiplicative rules and that both types of rules perform quite acceptably. The paper concludes by discussing some implications for future research on spatial decision making and choice. 相似文献
7.
8.
Urban pluvial flash floods have become a matter of widespread concern, as they severely impact people’s lives in urban areas. Hydrological and hydraulic models have been widely used for urban flood management and urban planning. Traditionally, to reduce the complexity of urban flood modelling and simulations, simplification or generalization methods have been used; for example, some models focus on the simulation of overland water flow, and some models focus on the simulation of the water flow in sewer systems. However, the water flow of urban floods includes both overland flow and sewer system flow. The overland flow processes are impacted by many different geographical features in what is an extremely spatially heterogeneous environment. Therefore, this article is based on two widely used models (SWMM and ANUGA) that are coupled to develop a bi-directional method of simulating water flow processes in urban areas. The open source overland flow model uses the unstructured triangular as the spatial discretization scheme. The unstructured triangular-based hydraulic model can be better used to capture the spatial heterogeneity of the urban surfaces. So, the unstructured triangular-based model is an essential condition for heterogeneous feature-based urban flood simulation. The experiments indicate that the proposed coupled model in this article can accurately depict surface waterlogged areas and that the heterogeneous feature-based urban flood model can be used to determine different types of urban flow processes.
相似文献9.
Most of the existing predictive malaria risks spatial models use very broad spatial scales, and they are usually built-up
for continental or national outlines. These models usually do not account for the complexity of socio-economic variables intervening
into the malaria transmission process as well malaria prevention strategies. These spatial and thematic shortcomings are particularly
interesting when looking at urban environments. This paper explains why a focus on urban malaria overcomes these shortcomings.
A set of environmental variables derived from remotely sensed and ground climate station sources was used to build-up an ecological
model. An original data collection process based on GPS measurements and retrospective interviews was introduced for the creation
of various geoepidemiological and geosocial variables. Multinomial logistic models were used to predict and evaluate the contribution
of various thematically separated groups of variables to malaria risk. Finally, it was possible to statistically and spatially
evaluate the contribution of ecologic, socio-ecologic, socio-economic and behavioural characteristics of these groups of variables
to malaria risks. 相似文献
10.
Prosper Issahaku Korah Patrick Brandful Cobbinah Abraham Marshall Nunbogu Sarah Gyogluu 《GeoJournal》2017,82(6):1113-1134
This research uses empirical data to explore the link between spatial plans and ‘actual development’ occurring in Kumasi, Ghana. The research found that urban development is determined by both spatial plans and spontaneous informal development patterns (i.e. self-organisation). However, self-organisation is more widespread compared to spatially planned neighbourhoods. This phenomenon was expressed in a context of uncertainty created by weak institutional planning system which promote and reinforce haphazard development disregarding urban planning requirements. These findings provide a perspective on urban development that differs from that occurring in cities of developed countries, where planning institutions in consultation with urban residents determine the patterns of urban development. Unfortunately in Kumasi, self-organisation is not viewed as important in mainstream planning system. The paper concludes that more needs to be done in terms of understanding self-organisation processes, and the way they could be integrated into mainstream planning process to respond more fully to the urban development challenges in Kumasi. 相似文献
11.
E.Eric Boschmann 《Geoforum》2011,42(6):671-682
The critical perspective in job accessibility research argues that access to employment opportunities in an urban area is a complex process. This paper explores the role of individual level location decision-making as it relates to job access. In US metropolitan areas, a worker must consider where to live, where to work, and how they will commute between these locations – the residential–commuting–employment nexus. But limited work has been done to understand how this home-work link influences job access. This research interviews thirty working poor individuals in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area. One unexpected finding was the spatially transitory nature of these individuals’ lives – frequently changing both jobs and residences. Negotiating the nexus is a process of spatial decision-making determined by their individual urban mobility. Residential choice is made based on mobility options, not work location. They have diverse job commuting experiences as their mobility options change over time, and those mobility options often dictate their capacity to access existing job opportunities. From the experience of these individuals, Columbus has a strong local economy with many low-skilled higher paying jobs, but a weak public transit system. This article also contributes a qualitative based research perspective to a body of literature that historically under utilizes the approach. 相似文献
12.
Marco Antonsich 《GeoJournal》2000,52(2):325-338
The aim of the present paper is to compare two different patterns of urban iconographies in Ethiopia during 1930s: the one of the Amhara – the traditionally Ethiopian dominant ethnic group – and the one of the Italian fascism. The paper gives an historical account of the structure of the Amhara settlements, focusing on the ways the power of their politico-military chiefs, being they the Negus or the Ras, shaped the spatial order of these settlements. When the Italians conquered military Ethiopia in 1936, they started re-shaping this spatial order, erasing the signs of the previous power and imposing their new iconographic apparatus. This was mainly done through urban planning which was devised to `write' the Fascist concepts of progress, order, hierarchy, and racial segregation on the territory. Owing to the short duration of the occupation, the poor material conditions of the colony and the lack of financial resources, such town-planning projects turned out to be just a political rhetoric exercise. 相似文献
13.
The paper contributes to the conceptualization of cities in the world by first outlining the conceptual and empirical challenges of theorizing the urban/global nexus in both relational and territorial terms. It argues that the most useful and appropriate approach to understanding contemporary urban governance in global context is to develop a conceptualization that is equally sensitive to the role of relational and territorial geographies, of fixity and flow, of global contexts and place-specificities (and vice versa), of structural imperatives and embodied practices, in the production of cities. In order to illustrate the benefits of this conceptualization, the paper will apply it to the case of how downtown development is governed in many contemporary cities. The role of the Business Improvement District (BID) program and New Urbanist planning models in shaping downtowns will be examined in terms of: (1) how and by whom these models are developed in a global-relational context and are set in motion through scaled circuits of policy knowledge and (2) how the mobilization of these models are conditioned by their territorialization in specific spatial and political economic contexts. The paper emphasizes that the ‘local globalness’ of policy models like BIDs and New Urbanism and their consequences for cities can best be understood through a combined focus on relationality and territoriality. 相似文献
14.
Discrete-element, individual-based and agent-based modelling techniques represent the interactions of individuals or entities with one another and their environments by sets of computational rules. These methods are now being used in geophysics, ecology, zoology, and increasingly in the social sciences. A characteristic is that the “agents” are embedded in an environment with which they interact, so that joint evolution of physical, ecological and socio-economic systems can be studied; this makes them of interest in integrated geographical investigation. Of particular interest is the fact that they allow the study of macro-scale emergent behaviour generated by multiple individual actions. Discrete techniques have the potential to create integrated models that cross disciplines. Similar computational methods can be employed to control the spatial search process, deal with irregular or changing boundaries, and to track the evolution of systems where preservation of heterogeneity across space and time is important. The complex series of feedbacks between the different types of system can thus be modelled within a single computational framework. Humans modelled in this way as “agents” can allow the collective effect of many interacting individuals to generate emergent structures at the community scale. The structural characteristics of their social and natural environments will influence their behaviour, while at the same time constituting emergent consequences of their actions. The principal challenge of the latter is to find those sets of rules that represent the beliefs and desires of real human agents, accurately reflecting the cultural context, while allowing us to explore the social and economic limitations of agents to take action. This paper reviews and illustrates discrete methods applicable to a range of geographical enquiries, and with particular reference to individual- and agent-based methods, assesses the rich diversity of approaches that must be combined to take full advantage of their potential to explore interactions of social and environmental processes. 相似文献
15.
开发利用城市地下空间,开辟城镇化发展新资源,是解决城市病、改善城市生态环境、优化城市空间结构、提高城市韧性的重要途径。本文深入分析了新时代中国城市地下空间开发利用的现状,认为存在冒进式开发与总体供给不足、碎片化利用与协同规划缺位、被动式应对与科技支撑薄弱、无序化管理与法律法规匮乏等若干紧迫问题,明确了“立法为本、规划引领、调查先行、管理智能、科研支撑”的开发利用原则,提出了全面开展城市地下空间调查评价、尽快建立地下空间协同规划体系、加速构建地下空间智慧管理体系、超前布局地下空间科技发展战略、尽早健全城市地下空间法律法规等五个方面的具体对策建议,充分利用中国体制上的优势,集成国际城市地下空间开发利用先进的理念和技术,从而推动我国新时代城市地下空间产业快速发展、科技水平不断提高和地下空间体系日趋完善,在全球树立城市地下空间资源可持续开发利用的典范。 相似文献
16.
A. Afsordegan M. Sánchez N. Agell S. Zahedi L. V. Cremades 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(6):1419-1432
Multi-criteria decision-making methods support decision makers in all stages of the decision-making process by providing useful data. However, criteria are not always certain as uncertainty is a feature of the real world. MCDM methods under uncertainty and fuzzy systems are accepted as suitable techniques in conflicting problems that cannot be represented by numerical values, in particular in energy analysis and planning. In this paper, a modified TOPSIS method for multi-criteria group decision-making with qualitative linguistic labels is proposed. This method addresses uncertainty considering different levels of precision. Each decision maker’s judgment on the performance of alternatives with respect to each criterion is expressed by qualitative linguistic labels. The new method takes into account linguistic data provided by the decision makers without any previous aggregation. Decision maker judgments are incorporated into the proposed method to generate a complete ranking of alternatives. An application in energy planning is presented as an illustrative case example in which energy policy alternatives are ranked. Seven energy alternatives under nine criteria were evaluated according to the opinion of three environmental and energy experts. The weights of the criteria are determined by fuzzy AHP, and the alternatives are ranked using qualitative TOPSIS. The proposed approach is compared with a modified fuzzy TOPSIS method, showing the advantages of the proposed approach when dealing with linguistic assessments to model uncertainty and imprecision. Although the new approach requires less cognitive effort to decision makers, it yields similar results. 相似文献
17.
Marco Antonsich 《GeoJournal》2001,52(4):325-338
The aim of the present paper is to compare two different patterns of urban iconographies in Ethiopia during 1930s: the one of the Amhara – the traditionally Ethiopian dominant ethnicgroup – and the one of the Italian fascism. The paper gives an historical account of the structure of the Amhara settlements, focusing on the ways the power of their politico-military chiefs, being they the Negus or the Ras, shaped the spatial order of these settlements. When the Italians conquered military Ethiopia in 1936, they started re-shaping this spatial order, erasing the signs of the previous power and imposing their new iconographic apparatus. This was mainly done through urban planning which was devised to `write' the Fascist concepts of progress, order, hierarchy, and racial segregation on the territory. Owing to the short duration of the occupation, the poor material conditions of the colony and the lack of financial resources, such town-planning projects turned out to be just a political rhetoric exercise. 相似文献
18.
The article discusses the effects of changing the parking situation in the surrounding of shopping centres on consumers store
choice behaviour. To get insight into these effects a hierarchical logit model of parking lot and store choice behaviour is
estimated and validated. The research is based on before-and-after data of supermarket visitors collected in a major regional
shopping centre in a suburban area in The Netherlands.
The model is estimated using the before data. At the level of the supermarkets the estimated hierarchical logit model performs
very well. The model is less accurate at the level of parking lots but still performs satisfactory. Significant attributes
are a constant representing the characteristics of the supermarket, the distance between supermarket and parking lot, the
number of parking spaces per parking lot, the location of the parking lot vis-à-vis the origin of the consumer, and the availability
of supermarket trolley facilities at the parking lot. Validating the model by reproducing the after data yields less satisfactory
results. Especially the model does not perform very well on predicting parking lot choice.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Ernst Löffler 《Geoforum》1973,4(1):17-29
Present development and future planning of Canberra, the Australian National Capital, is described as an example of modern town planning emphasising the spatial and functional organisation of the urban area. Canberra is a rapidly growing city and is being expanded by the creation of new dispersed satellite towns which are grouped around Inner Canberra in three growth corridors. The towns are structured into a hierarchical order of centers and provide a large range of services and facilities as well as a concentration of employment opportunities. Although the towns are self-supporting to a great degree, they remain integral parts of the metropolis with the City center providing the greatest range of services and facilities, as well as employment. One of the main problems facing the Capital is the inefficiency of public transport and accordingly the strong reliance on private motor vehicles, which will be difficult to overcome If present population densities are not substantially increased. 相似文献
20.
Christopher H. Flockton 《Geoforum》1982,13(3):193-208
Many of the imbalances which the successive strategic plans for the Paris region sought to correct have persisted, whether in employment location, transport access or structure and location of the housing stock. The reasons for these relative failures can be found, in part, in the content of the strategies, in housing, land and transport policies and in shortcomings of the urban planning and economic planning systems. The weakness of the Paris Region as the strategy's executor in relation to the central and local governments and public corporations cannot, however, be underestimated. In the first part, French strategic planning is assessed within the urban planning system, followed in the second part by a detailed study of the failures of plan implementation in transport policy and housing and office location. 相似文献