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1.
Using extensive N-body simulations we estimate redshift space power spectra of clusters of galaxies for different cosmological models (SCDM, TCDM, CHDM, ΛCDM, OCDM, BSI, τCDM) and compare the results with observational data for Abell–ACO clusters. Our mock samples of galaxy clusters have the same geometry and selection functions as the observational sample which contains 417 clusters of galaxies in a double cone of galactic latitude |b|>30° up to a depth of 240 h−1 Mpc. The power spectrum has been estimated for wave numbers k in the range 0.03k0.2 h Mpc−1. For k>kmax0.05 h Mpc−1 the power spectrum of the Abell–ACO clusters has a power-law shape, P(k)∝kn, with n≈−1.9, while it changes sharply to a positive slope at k<kmax. By comparison with the mock catalogues SCDM, TCDM (n=0.9), and also OCDM with Ω0=0.35 are rejected. Better agreement with observation can be found for the ΛCDM model with Ω0=0.35 and h=0.7 and the CHDM model with two degenerate neutrinos and ΩHDM=0.2 as well as for a CDM model with broken scale invariance (BSI) and the τCDM model. As for the peak in the Abell–ACO cluster power spectrum, we find that it does not represent a very unusual finding within the set of mock samples extracted from our simulations.  相似文献   

2.
We compute the big bang nucleosynthesis limit on the number of light neutrino degrees of freedom in a model-independent likelihood analysis based on the abundances of 4He and 7Li. We use the two-dimensional likelihood functions to simultaneously constrain the baryon-to-photon ratio and the number of light neutrinos for a range of 4He abundances Yp = 0.225–0.250, as well as a range in primordial 7Li abundances from (1.6 to 4.1) ×10−10. For (7Li/H)p = 1.6 × 10−10, as can be inferred from the 7Li data from Population II halo stars, the upper limit to Nν based on the current best estimate of the primordial 4He abundance of Yp = 0.238 is Nν < 4.3 and varies from Nν < 3.3 (at 95% C.L.) when Yp = 0.225 to Nν < 5.3 when Yp = 0.250. If 7Li is depleted in these stars the upper limit to Nν is relaxed. Taking (7Li/H)p = 4.1 × 10−10, the limit varies from Nν < 3.9 when Yp = 0.225 to Nν 6 when Yp = 0.250. We also consider the consequences on the upper limit to Nν if recent observations of deuterium in high-redshift quasar absorption-line systems are confirmed.  相似文献   

3.
If neutrinos have mass, we give reasons for a possible pattern of three (squaed) mass eigenvalues: m12 (2.8−5.8) (eV)2, m22 0.01 (eV)2, m32 (1.5−1) × 10−4 (eV)2. The flavor states νμ and νe are mixtures of the eigenstates with m2 and m3 with a significant mixing, corresponding to an effective mixing angle of about 0.45. The ντ is nearly the state with m1; the other two effective mixing angles are about an order of magnitude smaller than 0.45. There is a marked similarity to mixing in the quark sector.  相似文献   

4.
Auroral luminosities of the main emission lines in the aurora have been calculated for excitation by an isotopic primary electron flux with spectra of the form J(E) = AE exp (−E/E1) + B(E2)E exp (−E/E1). The variation of emissions from O and N2+ with height are shown, as are the variations of column integrated intensities and pertinent intensity ratios with the characteristic energy E2, this leading to a method of estimating the electron spectrum from ground observation.  相似文献   

5.
The evolution of the cosmic ray primary composition in the energy range 106–107 GeV (i.e. the “knee” region) is studied by means of the e.m. and muon data of the Extensive Air Shower EAS-TOP array (Campo Imperatore, National Gran Sasso Laboratories). The measurement is performed through: (a) the correlated muon number (Nμ) and shower size (Ne) spectra, and (b) the evolution of the average muon numbers and their distributions as a function of the shower size. From analysis (a) the dominance of helium primaries at the knee, and therefore the possibility that the knee itself is due to a break in their energy spectrum (at EkHe=(3.5±0.3)×106 GeV) are deduced. Concerning analysis (b), the measurement accuracies allow the classification in terms of three mass groups: light (p,He), intermediate (CNO), and heavy (Fe). At primary energies E0≈106 GeV the results are consistent with the extrapolations of the data from direct experiments. In the knee region the obtained evolution of the energy spectra leads to: (i) an average steep spectrum of the light mass group (γp,He>3.1), (ii) a spectrum of the intermediate mass group harder than the one of the light component (γCNO2.75, possibly bending at EkCNO≈(6–7)×106 GeV), (iii) a constant slope for the spectrum of the heavy primaries (γFe2.3–2.7) consistent with the direct measurements. In the investigated energy range, the average primary mass increases from lnA=1.6–1.9 at E01.5×106 GeV to lnA=2.8–3.1 at E01.5×107 GeV. The result supports the standard acceleration and propagation models of galactic cosmic rays that predict rigidity dependent cut-offs for the primary spectra of the different nuclei. The uncertainties connected to the hadronic interaction model (QGSJET in CORSIKA) used for the interpretation are discussed.  相似文献   

6.
It is greatly expected that the relic neutrino background from past supernovae will be detected by Superkamiokande (SK) which is now under construction. We calculate the spectrum and the event rate at SK systematically by using the results of simulations of a supernova explosion and reasonable supernova rates. We also investigate the effect of a cosmological constant, Λ, on the spectrum, since some recent cosmological observations strongly suggest the existence of Λ. We find following results. (1) The spectrum has a peak at about 3 MeV, which is much lower than that of previous estimates (6–10 MeV). (2) The event rate at SK in the range from 10 MeV to 50 MeV, where the relic neutrinos from past supernovae are dominant, is about 25h502(RSN/0.1 yr−1)(nGh50−3/0.02 Mpc−3) events per year, where RSN is the supernova rate in a galaxy, nG is the number density of galaxies, and h50 = H0/(50 km/s Mpc), where H0 is the Hubble constant. (3) The event rate is almost insensitive to Λ. The flux increases in the low energy side (< 10 MeV) with increasing Λ, but decreases in the high energy side (> 10 MeV) in models in which the integrated number of supernovae in one galaxy is fixed.  相似文献   

7.
Intensified Reticon spectra have been obtained at a high dispersion for the Algol system, RT Persei. They were measured by the cross-correlation technique. The spectroscopic elements, revised for the primary component and determined for the secondary for the first time, are: T0 = HJD 2,446,038.9332, K1 = 55.0, K2 = 194.7, V0 = −8.3 km/s. A mass ratio q = m2/m1 = 0.282 is deduced. A circular orbit is adopted. The spectrum of the primary is F5V, and the secondary is a subgiant. With the elements determined here and the published photometric parameters, the absolute dimensions of the binary are: A = 4.20, R1 = 1.20, R2 = 1.08 R; M1 = 1.08, M2 = 0.30 M.  相似文献   

8.
We report intermediate resolution H spectroscopy of the black hole candidate Nova Muscae 1991 during quiescence. We classify the companion star as a K3-K4V which contributes 85±6 percent to the total flux from the binary. The photospheric absorption lines are broadened by 106±13 kms−1 with respect to template field stars, leading to a system mass ratio of q =M1/M2 = 7.8−2.0+3.4. Doppler imaging of the H line shows strong emission coming from the secondary star (EW=3.1±0.6Å) which we associate with chromospheric activity. However, the hot-spot is not detected and this may indicate a lower mass transfer rate than in other X-ray transients of comparable orbital periods. The surface brightness distribution of the accretion disk in H follows a relation I∝R−1.1, less steep than typically observed in cataclysmic variables. Updated system parameters are also presented.  相似文献   

9.
We discuss the data of trignometric parallaxes determined along and δ published by the US Naval Observatory and Van Vleck Observatory. We found that the absolute difference δπ = πx−πy shows a very similar periodic variation with for both observations. This variation is shown to be due to errors in πy and to be related to the current practice of maximising the parallax factor for parallax determination in right ascension. Therefore, if possible, we should increase observations where the parallax factor in declination is maximised.  相似文献   

10.
《Astroparticle Physics》2002,17(4):1083-475
Using data from the HEGRA air shower array, taken in the period from April 1998 to March 2000, upper limits on the ratio Iγ/ICR of the diffuse photon flux Iγ to the hadronic cosmic ray flux ICR are determined for the energy region 20–100 TeV. The analysis uses a gamma–hadron discrimination which is based on differences in the development of photon- and hadron-induced air showers after the shower maximum. A method which is sensitive only to the non-isotropic component of the diffuse photon flux yields an upper limit of Iγ/ICR (at 54 TeV) <2.0×10−3 (at the 90% confidence level) for a sky region near the inner galaxy (20°< galactic longitude <60° and |galactic latitude |<5°). A method which is sensitive to both the isotropic and the non-isotropic component yields global upper limits of Iγ/ICR (at 31 TeV) <1.2×10−2 and Iγ/ICR (at 53 TeV) <1.4×10−2 (at the 90% confidence level).  相似文献   

11.
We discuss the capability of ‘100 GeV’ class imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope (IACT) arrays as future powerful instruments of ground-based gamma-ray astronomy. It is assumed that the array is gathered from individually triggered quadrangular 4-IACT ‘cells’ with a linear size of about 100 m. The multi-cell concept allows coverage of large detection areas economically, and at the same time the effective exploitation of the stereoscopic approach of determination of the shower parameters using information obtained by several IACTs simultaneously. Determination of arrival directions of γ-ray primaries on an event-by-event basis with accuracy δθ ≤ 0.1° combined with high suppression efficiency (at both the hardware and software levels) of the background hadronic showers by a factor of ≈ 103, and large, up to 1 km2 collection areas, can provide minimum detectable energy fluxes of ≥ 100 GeV γ-rays from point sources down to 10−13 erg/cm2 s which is about 3 orders of magnitude lower than the current sensitivities achieved by the satellite-borne detectors at MeV and GeV energies. High sensitivities of multi-IACT arrays would partially compensate the limited efficiency of the technique for all-sky surveys, as well as allow study of moderately extended (≤ 1°) γ-ray sources. IACT arrays with minimum detectable fluence of ≥ 100 GeV γ-rays Sγ < 10−8 erg/cm2 are well suited for effective exploration of highly sporadic nonthermal phenomena from different classes of astrophysical objects on time-scales from ≤ 1 s to several minutes.  相似文献   

12.
The odd zonal harmonics in the Earth's gravitational potential are determined by analysing the changes in the eccentricities of six satellites having orbital inclinations spaced as uniformly as possible between 28° and 96°. The most satisfactory representation of the potential is found to be in terms of four coefficients, and their values are, in the usual notation: 106J3 = −2.56, 106J5 = −0.15, 106J7 = −0.44, 106J9 = 0.12. The resulting potential is compared with that obtained by other authors. Three and five-coefficient solutions are also presented.  相似文献   

13.
We compare the tau neutrino flux arising from the galaxy and the earth atmosphere for 103E/GeV1011. The intrinsic and oscillated tau neutrino fluxes from both sources are calculated. The intrinsic galactic ντ flux (E103 GeV) is calculated by considering the interactions of high-energy cosmic-rays with the matter present in our galaxy, whereas the oscillated galactic ντ flux is coming from the oscillation of the galactic νμ flux. For the intrinsic atmospheric ντ flux, we extend the validity of a previous calculation from E106 GeV up to E1011 GeV. The oscillated atmospheric ντ flux is, on the other hand, rather suppressed. We find that, for 103E/GeV5×107, the oscillated ντ flux along the galactic plane dominates over the maximal intrinsic atmospheric ντ flux, i.e., the flux along the horizontal direction. We also briefly mention the presently envisaged prospects for observing these high-energy tau neutrinos.  相似文献   

14.
We calculate the event rates induced by a 51Cr νe source and by a 90Sr---90Y source in BOREXINO through elastic scattering on electrons, assuming a nonzero neutrino magnetic moment μν. We consider a source activity of about 2 MCi and estimate the solar ν (“source-off”) background for various oscillation scenarios. It is shown that values of μν as low as 0.5 × 10−10μB ( 0.2 × 10−10μB) can be proved with the 51Cr source (90Sr source) in about 100 days of data taking.  相似文献   

15.
The nearby (d=5.0 pc) brown dwarf LP 944-20 was observed with the XMM-Newton satellite on 07 January 2001. The target was detected with the Optical Monitor (V=16.736±0.081), but it was not detected during the ≈48 ks observation with the X-ray telescopes. We determine a 3σ upper limit for the X-ray emission from this object of LX<3.1×1023 ergs·s−1, equivalent to a luminosity ratio upper limit of log(LX/Lbol)≤−6.28. This measurement improves by a factor of three the previous Chandra limit on the quiescent X-ray flux. This is the most sensitive limit ever obtained on the quiescent X-ray emission of a brown dwarf. Combining the XMM-Newton data with previous ROSAT and Chandra data, we derive flare duty cycles as a function of their luminosities. We find that very strong flares [Log(LX/Lbol)>−2.5] are very rare (less than 0.7% of the time). Flares like the one detected by Chandra [Log(LX/Lbol)=−4.1] have a duty cycle of about 6%, which is lower than the radio flare duty cycle (13%). When compared with other M dwarfs, LP 944-20 appears to be rather inactive in X-rays despite of its relative youth, fast rotation and its moderately strong activity at radio wavelengths.  相似文献   

16.
Small-scale spatially periodic distortions of auroral forms have been studied utilizing low-light level television observations made at various locations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The most commonly observed features were folds and vortex-like curl formations. The curls, identified here with the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability due to fluid shear, invariably had a counterclockwise rotational shape and motion when viewed in a direction anti-parallel to the Earth's magnetic field. The typical measured wavelength (5 km) and measured growth rate (4.2 sec−1) were used to evaluate the Kelvin-Helmholtz dispersion relation for the apparent shear ωs = ∂ νx/ ∂y (28 sec−1). The apparent horizontal velocities of both folds (0–5 km/sec) and curls (0–22 km/sec) were invariably observed to be counterclockwise with respect to the multiple arc centre when viewed antiparallel to B. Consistent agreement between rotational shape and rotational motion suggests that the apparent growth rate and the apparent horizontal velocities closely approximate the actual values. If the shear results from E×B drifts in a space charge field, the calculated value for ωs, implies an unneutralized electron density 0–1 cm−3 and a ΔE across the arc element 500mV/m. The velocity measurements indicate that the ΔE values for individual elements can combine to produce transient electric fields at the edges of multiple arcs as high as 1000 mV/m.  相似文献   

17.
Diffuse γ-rays probe the highest-energy processes at the largest scales. Here we derive model-independent constraints on the hadronic contribution to the Galactic and extragalactic γ-ray spectra at in the energy range 50 MeVEγ10 GeV. The hadronic component is dominated by emission from neutral pions, with a characteristic spectrum symmetric about mπ0/2. We exploit the well-defined properties of the pion decay spectrum to quantify the maximum pionic fraction of the observed γ-ray intensity. We find that the Galactic spectrum above 30 MeV can be atmost about 50% pionic. The maximum pionic contribution to the extragalactic spectrum is energy dependent; it also depends on the redshift range over which the sources are distributed, ranging from as low as about 20% for pions generated very recently, to as much as 90% if the pions are generated around redshift 10. The implications of these constraints for models of γ-ray and neutrino emission are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

18.
Charged boson stars and vacuum instabilities   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
We consider charged boson stars and study their effect on the structure of the vacuum. For very compact particle like “stars”, with constituent mass m* close to the Planck mass mPl, i.e. m2* = O(m2Pl), we argue that there is electric charge Zc, which, primarily, is due to the formation of a pion condensate (Zc 0.5−1e, where is the fine structure constant and e is the electric charge of the positron). If the charge of the “star” is larger than Zc we find numerical evidence for a complete screening indicating a limiting charge for a very compact object. There is also a less efficient competing charge screening mechanism due to spontaneous electron-positron pair creation in which case Zc −1e. Astrophysical and cosmological abundances of charged compact boson stars are briefly discussed in terms of dark matter.  相似文献   

19.
Recent rocket observations of the N2 V-K (Vegard-Kaplan) system in the aurora have been reinterpreted using an atmospheric model based on mass spectrometer measurements in an aurora of similar intensity at the same time of year. In contrast to the original interpretation, we find that population by cascade from the C3Πu and B3Πg states in the A3Σu+v=0,1 levels, as calculated using recently measured electron excitation cross sections, accurately accounts for the observed relative emission rates (IV-K/12PG0.0). In addition there is no need to change the production rate of A 3 Σ u+ molecules relative to that of C3Πuv=0 as a function of altitude in order to fit the profile of the deactivation probability to the atmospheric model. Quenching of A 3 Σ u+ molecules at high altitudes is dominated by atomic oxygen. The rate constants for the v=0 and v=1 levels are 8 × 10−11 cm3 sec−1 and 1.7 × 10−10 cm3 sec−1 respectively, as determined using the model atmosphere mentioned above. Recent observations with a helium cooled mass spectrometer suggest that conventional mass spectrometer measurements tend to underestimate the atomic oxygen relative concentration. The rate coefficients may therefore be too large by as much as a factor of 3. Below 130 Km we find that it is possible to account for the deactivation in bright auroras by invoking large nitric oxide concentrations, similar to those recently observed mass spectrometrically and using a rate constant of 8 × 10−11 cm3 sec−1 for both the v=1 levels. This rate constant is very nearly the same as that measured in the laboratory (7 × 10−11 cm3 sec−1). Molecular oxygen appears not to play a significant role in deactivating the lower A 3 Σ u+ levels.  相似文献   

20.
Correlation of cosmic-ray intensity (I) with the solar magnetic field expanded into the spherical surface harmonics, Bns(n 9), by Hoeksema and Scherrer has been studied using the following regression equation:
, where are subgroups of Bns classified in ascending order of n, and τi is the time lag of I behind correlation coefficient between the observed and simulated intensities (Iobs, Isml) in the period 1976–1985 is 0.87 and considerably better than that derived from any single index of solar activity. The lag time τ3 is greater than others, indicating that the higher order magnetic disturbances effective to the cosmic-ray modulation have a longer lifetime in space than the lower order disturbances. The rigidity spectrum of the cosmic-ray intensity variation responsible for AI due to the dipole moment is harder than those for others (A2,A3), indicating that the lowest order (i.e. largest scale) magnetic disturbances can modulate cosmic rays more effectively than the higher order disturbances. As another result of the present analysis, it has been found that the intensity depends also on the polarity of the polar magnetic field of the Sun; the residual (Iobs−Isml) of the simulation changes its sign from positive to negative with a time lag (0–5 Carrington rotation periods) behind the directional change of the solar magnetic dipole moment from northward to southward, and has a softer rigidity spectrum than AiS. The dependence is consistent with the result having been obtained in the previous period, 1936–1976, by one (K.N.) of the present authors. The polarity dependence can be found also in the 22-year variation of the time lags obtained every solar cycle in the period 1936–1985. The theoretical interpretation of these polarity dependences is discussed on the basis of the diffusion-convection-drift model.  相似文献   

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