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1.
Jacek Malczewski 《GeoJournal》2010,75(1):79-92
The paper presents an exploratory analysis of the geographical patterns of life expectancy at birth by sex in Poland. For the purpose of spatial statistical analysis the geographical variation of life expectancy is partitioned into two components: regional (global) trend and the local variation (or residuals). The spatial autocorrelations of the residuals from the trend surface analysis are examined using global and local statistics. The results indicate that there are statistically significant geographical clusters of high and low life expectancies for men and women in Poland. 相似文献
2.
Květa Kalibová 《GeoJournal》1993,30(3):255-258
Geographic and demographic characteristics of Gypsies were elaborated on the basis of population census' results in 1970 and 1980. In 1980, there were about 300 000 of Gypsies in Czechoslovakia (2% of the total population). The fast numerical growth of Gypsies becomes a subject of increasing interest of both specialists and large public. According to the prognosis till 2005, in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic will be about 495 000 of Gypsies (3% of the total population). The spatial structure of Gypsies is very uneven, they are concentrated mainly in the East Slovakian districts. The differences between Gypsies and other inhabitants in the demographic behaviour are evident from the age structure. Gypsies are demographically young population with the progressive type of the age structure (high proportion of children and low proportion of the aged). Gypsy women have a high level of fertility during the whole childbearing period. The number of live born children per one Gypsy woman was 6,0 in the age group 45–49 (total population 2,3) in 1980. The effort has been made to estimate the expectation of life of Gypsies on the basis of results from population census 1970 and 1980. The probability of death was derived from the probability of survival between 1970 and 1980. In the period 1971–1980 the expectation of life at birth of Gypsy men was 55,3 years and 59,5 years for Gypsy women. The level of life expectancy like this we can find in developing countries of the Third World. Changes in the demographic behaviour occur as permanent changes only on the basis of the overall social and economic development. The consequences of this development appear usually after a certain delay, measured by the length of generation, not by calendar years. 相似文献
3.
Annie Chéneau-Loquay 《GeoJournal》2007,68(1):55-70
This paper gives an account of the work carried out in the AFRICA’NTI research network, which gathered together a hundred, mostly African, researchers. The results were presented at the conference on “the North–South Digital Divide” in 2003 and 2004 (see www.africanti.org). From network to uses patterns, it first questions the way in which the subject is defined. This is a controversial question; should we speak of a “ditch” rather than of “fracture”? This depends on the point of view, but also on the geopolitical situation, and is difficult to measure. The digital divide may be less important than it is usually believed. This paper presents several types of approaches dealing with the opportunities of new technologies for Africa, geographical aspects stressing the diversity of the situations considered, and the importance of a multilevel systemic analysis based on case studies. It is shown that a slow down in the dynamics of equipment has been observed in Africa for both mobile telephony and the Internet. This then raises the question of a risk of regression for the continent, based on the idea that inequalities in access and uses of ICTs matter less than whether these uses improve the living conditions of the poor people concerned. 相似文献
4.
Doklady Earth Sciences - The level of public health in the regions of Russia in the years 2002–2012 is characterized based on the indices of life expectancy of men and women, as well as... 相似文献
5.
纵观南非、埃及的水资源管理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
南非地处南半球,是非洲大陆最大的国家,地处非洲大陆南端.埃及跨亚、非两洲,大部分位于非洲东北部.两国都属资源性缺水国家,两国从各自的国情出发,实行着切合实际的、严格的水资源管理政策.我国和南非、埃及有着人口多、耕地资源少、水资源紧张等相同特点,两国在水资源管理、保护和节约等方面的诸多成功经验和做法值得我国学习和借鉴. 相似文献
6.
Dimensions of drought: South African case studies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The recent drought in southern Africa has underscored the need for detailed analysis of the phenomenon. While geographers have researched the causes and impacts of drought in many African contexts, South Africa and in particular its Bantustans have not received sufficient similar attention. This paper outlines firstly the dimensions of drought in South Africa, including the biophysical and socio-economic factors. Issues such as land-use management, drought planning and relief are interrogated in the South African context. The final section of the paper highlights these debates with specific reference to case studies of past and present drought initiatives in South Africa. 相似文献
7.
根据近年收集、整理的历史文献冷暖记载及过去有关研究结果,对中国东部地区过去2000年冬半年的温度状况进行了定量推断,重建了中国东部地区过去2000年分辨率为10～30年的冬半年温度距平变化序列,并分析了中国东部过去2000年的冷暖变化阶段与变化幅度。结果发现:在过去2000年中,中国东部冬半年温度高于1951～1980年平均值且持续时间超过百年的暖期有4个,其中最暖的30年出现在1230’s～1250’s(较1951～1980年高0.9℃);低于1951～1980年平均值且持续时间超过百年的冷期有3个,其中最冷的30年出现在1650’s～1670’s(较1951～1980年低1.1℃)。在冷暖期之间相互转换的过程中,冬半年温度一般都出现1℃左右的升、降温;在冷暖期内,一些幅度较大的升、降温也与之相仿;在相邻的两个30年中,温度变化幅度达0.5℃以上的有19次之多。对比过去2000年中的冷暖交替变化还可以看出:20世纪回暖时的升温幅度与过去2000年中的其他回暖过程所出现的幅度相似,特别是与5世纪末至6世纪的回暖极为相似;而在当前温暖阶段中,1981～1999年较1951～1980年升高了0.5℃,不但使其接近过去2000年中的最暖30年,而 相似文献
8.
Much of southern and eastern Africa is semi-arid and heavily groundwater dependent. Borehole drilling commenced over a hundred years ago with magnetic and electrical resistivity surveys for borehole siting being introduced from 1936. Formalised training of hydrogeologists led in the 1970s to an almost standard approach to hydrogeological investigation and a period of stability followed, during which some major investigations were carried out. A period of decentralisation and fragmentation has since taken place in many parts of southern and eastern Africa, and groundwater monitoring and management are inadequate in many countries. All but six of the 14 SADC (Southern African Development Community) member states reportedly have an adequate monitoring network in place. However, groundwater demand is increasing and hydrogeologists need to promote the use of appropriate methodologies as an essential part of tackling the severe issues now facing the water sector in the region. 相似文献
9.
Increasing urbanisation and the growth of urban areas in cities in developing countries present major challenges for local governments, policy makers and urban planners even though the phenomenon offers opportunities. Studies focusing on the quality of life (QoL) help in assessing objectively, urban conditions which inform urban policy and planning. Using Kumasi as a case study, this paper investigates the relationship between quality of life and socio-economic characteristics such as gender, age, marital status, educational background, household income and housing type. To this end, the paper uses data from 500 households to examine the relationship between urban dwellers socio-economic characteristics and quality of life index in Kumasi. Findings indicated that objective QoL varied considerably with some of the socio-economic variables (household income and housing type) in the study area and these variables contributed significantly to the objective quality of life in Kumasi. The paper concludes that there are six (6) dimension of quality of life in Kumasi. 相似文献
10.
Since the late 1960's the Rhodesian Meteorological Services, using a network of six seismograph stations in Rhodesia and neighbouring countries, have greatly improved the monitoring resolution of the seismicity of southern Africa. These data together with existing data for the period January 1950–December 1976 have been used in this study to delineate the main seismicity zones, in southern Africa, which are considered to be areas of incipient rifting forming the southern continuation of the East African Rift System. Fault-mechanism studies further indicate that crustal extension within these zones is similar to the sense found further north in East Africa. 相似文献
11.
R. Sallares 《Quaternary International》2006,150(1):21
This article proposes the hypothesis that environmental changes altering mosquito breeding sites in coastal wetlands had a substantial influence on the history of malaria in many parts of Europe during the Holocene. The effects of both climatic and landscape changes on malaria itself and its vector mosquitoes are considered. It is argued that the forms of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum that occurred in southern Europe in the past actually evolved in North Africa and the Near East and that its most important vectors in southern Europe in the past (Anopheles labranchiae and A. sacharovi) also came from North Africa and the Near East. It is suggested that the establishment of these mosquitoes in many parts of southern Europe was facilitated by substantial landscape changes which coincided with the spread of the disease as documented by written sources. The relationship of malaria to environmental change in northern Europe is also reviewed briefly. 相似文献
12.
The Denver Basin bedrock aquifer system is an important source of water for municipal and agricultural uses in the Denver and Colorado Springs metropolitan areas. The Denver area is one of the fastest growing areas in the United States with a population of 1.2 million in 1960 that has increased to over 2.4 million by 2000. This rapid population growth has produced a corresponding increase in demand for potable water. Historically, the Denver area has relied on surface water, however, in the past 10 years new housing and recreation developments have begun to rely on groundwater from the bedrock aquifers as the surface water is fully appropriated and in short supply.The Denver Basin bedrock aquifer system consists of Tertiary and Cretaceous age sedimentary rocks known as the Dawson, Denver, Arapahoe and Laramie-Fox Hills Aquifers. The number of bedrock wells has increased from 12,000 in 1985 to 33,700 in 2001 and the withdrawal of groundwater has caused water level declines of 76 m. Water level declines for the past 10 years have ranged from 3 to 12 m per year. The groundwater supplies were once thought to last 100 years but there is concern that the groundwater supplies may be essentially depleted in 10 to 15 years in areas on the west side of the basin.Extensive development of the aquifer system has occurred in the last 25 years especially near the center of the basin in Douglas and El Paso Counties where rapid urban growth continues and surface water is lacking. Groundwater is being mined from the aquifer system because the discharge by wells exceeds the rate of recharge. Concern is mounting that increased groundwater withdrawal will cause water level declines, increased costs to withdraw groundwater, reduced well yield, and reduced groundwater storage. As the long-term sustainability of the groundwater resource is in doubt, water managers believe that the life of the Denver Basin aquifers can be extended with artificial recharge, water reuse, restrictions on lawn watering, well permit restrictions and conservation measures. 相似文献
13.
In the last decades, employment policy design and implementation partly shifted from the national to local and regional scales
in most European countries. In addition, the European Union appeared as an important new actor in this policy field in the
late 1990s. We argue that the new geographical multi-scaling of employment policy can be used strategically by feminists to
promote different aspects of gender equality simultaneously: Feminist claims related to gender equity, i.e., demands to secure equal participation of women and men in the labour market, should be advocated at the national scale.
Claims related to the recognition of gender difference, i.e., demands related to typical female and male employment needs and their social recognition should be promoted at the
local scale. The regional scale is the most appropriate one to advance gender plurality, i.e., non-traditional employment of women and men. In the empirical part of the paper we discuss how the ideal leverage
of claims at different spatial scales and inter-linkage between scales could operate. We will show that the link to EU policy
strengthens feminist claims in the highly gender-differentiated societies and political settings of Austria and Germany.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
This paper is aimed at examining the role of African Global Earth Observation System of Systems (AfriGEOSS) in Earth Observation (EO) mission cooperation on the continent of Africa. It discusses the importance of earth observation programs for developing countries as well as the benefits of international cooperative efforts. The paper further examined some collaborative projects on Earth Observation in Africa and their associated problems. It specifically looked at the EO data coordination initiatives such as the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), GEOSS, Africa Discovery Broker, etc. It then situates AfriGEOSS in the context of African Space Agenda (ASA) with recommendations especially to the Africa Union Commission for the realization of ASA set goals. The paper reiterated that regardless of whether developed or developing, Earth observation information provides substantial benefit supporting economic development, decision making and policy implementation of all countries of the world. This is as a result of its multifarious benefits to humans in areas like agriculture, forestry, risk management, disaster monitoring, maritime, defence and security and natural resources management. Consequently, the paper argued that the numerous benefits from space assets have driven countries within the continent of Africa to either acquire or develop capabilities in space systems which is devoted to improving quality of life in general. The paper concluded that while space systems are expensive, there is need for continuity and sustainability as a result of its numerous advantages to the human’s society. 相似文献
15.
中国现代人类起源:来自南方化石地点的年代学证据 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
现代人类起源的时间和地点是当前古人类学研究和争议的热点。文中评述了 2 0多年来第四纪测年技术取得的进展及其对现代人类起源研究的影响。基于新生碳酸盐岩铀系测年 ,研究了中国南方柳江人洞等多个晚期人类化石地点的年代 ,结果远大于原认为的 2 0～ 30ka。晚期智人在中国出现的时间很可能不晚于西亚和南非 ,中国 4 0～ 1 0 0ka间人类化石的“缺环” ,很可能只是测年技术系统误差造成的假象。上述年代学新证据不支持中国现代人类全部来自非洲的假说。对岩溶洞穴遗址进一步的综合研究 ,有可能为破解有关现代人类起源的诸多疑点提供重要的以至一锤定音的证据 相似文献
16.
Morris J. Viljoen 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》1999,28(4):873-878
South and southern Africa are currently facing a major skills shortage in the applied earth sciences, particularly in the minerals industry and in the environmental field. This paper offers outlines of course curricula, developed in South Africa, which are designed to meet these needs.It is argued that insufficient time is devoted to applied geology in degree courses in South Africa and that appropriate specialisations should be introduced into the third and fourth years of Earth Science degrees. More detailed specialisation should be offered at master's level. Examples of such courses currently run in South Africa are cited.The important contribution of the earth sciences to contemporary environmental issues is stressed and the need for environmental geologists emphasised. It is argued that the huge amount of information essential to environmental geology requires postgraduate level teaching of this subject. An example of such a master's level course is taken from a course planned at the University of the Witwatersrand.Courses similar to those being developed in southern Africa need to be developed in other African regions. 相似文献
17.
N.N. Ambraseys 《地学学报》1991,3(2):202-211
We reappraised the Rukwa earthquake of 1910 in the East African Rift System. With a magnitude of 7.4, no earthquake in East Africa is known to be larger and it is rivalled only by the recent earthquake in southern Sudan on 20 May 1990. More than 80 per cent of the moment release in the Rift during the last 110 years is due to the Rukwa earthquake and its aftershocks that occurred between the Tanganyka and Nyasa systems. In spite of its large magnitude, the Rukwa earthquake caused very little damage to local types of dwellings and no loss of life. With increasing development of urban areas with modern types of houses, there is now increasing risk in East Africa from major earthquakes. 相似文献
18.
Turkey's urban growth has been unprecedented for the last two decades with women playing an increasingly substantial role in its development. In this context, we examine determinants of women's migration and quality of life in cities in 1990 (the most recent published census of Turkey) and onwards. Factor analysis of provincial data identified three quality of life dimensions: affluence, deprivation, and housing. Substantial disparities in quality of life indices exist between men and women, urban and rural milieu, and geographic regions. Migrants, especially women, still tend to move with their families but they prefer provinces with high scores on (relative) urban affluence and avoid deprived, rural provinces. Thus Istanbul, Ankara, and southern coastal provinces are preferred destinations. Policy implications for urban growth, regional development, and gender equality relative to migration are discussed. 相似文献
19.
20.
Analysis of urbanisation-induced land subsidence in Shanghai 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Since 1980, land subsidence has accelerated and groundwater levels have decreased in the centre of Shanghai, although the net withdrawn volume of groundwater has not increased. Theoretical analysis of the monitored data shows that the decrease in the groundwater level is the primary reason for the observed land subsidence. Meanwhile, the net withdrawn volume of groundwater in the urban centre of Shanghai has not increased during this period. Many underground structures have been constructed in the multi-aquifer-aquitard system of Shanghai since 1980. This paper discusses the factors related to the development of land subsidence during the process of urbanisation in Shanghai during the past 30?years. These factors include additional load during and after structure construction, the cut-off and/or partial cut-off effect of underground structures in aquifers, the decrease in the groundwater level due to leakage of underground structures and the reduction in recharge of groundwater from the surroundings. 相似文献