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考虑核电厂地基-基础的动力相互作用,应用显式动力有限差分法分析了地震作用下极软岩、较软岩、坚硬岩上核电厂建筑结构基础的地震响应特征,比较了岩石坚硬程度对基础加速度反应谱的影响。研究表明：随着岩石坚硬程度的提高,核电厂建筑物结构基础的地震响应有增加的趋势;在周期轴上,基础处的加速度反应谱曲线会随着岩石坚硬程度的提高逐渐向短周期（高频段）方向移动。在高频段,建造于较坚硬岩石上基础结构的加速度反应谱值偏大;在中等频段,建造于较软岩石上基础结构的加速度反应谱值偏大;在低频段,岩石坚硬程度对加速度反应谱的影响不显著。 相似文献
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《International Geology Review》2012,54(10):1218-1225
Copper deposits of Cuba belong to the Jurassic lead-zinc-copper, Cretaceous copper and Paleogene copper complexes, which differ substantially in their formation conditions. The island is differentiated into a number of metallogenic zones formed at the initial and early stages of the Cuba folded province. Pinar del Rio, Pinos, Trinidad and Oriente zones, of an intrageanticlinal nature, are prospective with respect to copper vein deposits of the lead-Zinc-copper complex. The Sasa and Cauto zones - intrageosynclinal - are prospective with regard to copper-pyrite and copper vein deposits of the Cretaceous complex. A metallogenic study of the island is indicated in planning the exploration of its copper prospects. -- AGI Staff. 相似文献
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Using the database of automatic hydrometeorological stations, installed in the Don RIver delta and Taganrog Bay seashore, the sources of the anomalois scale water negative surge and salinization of the Azov Sea under conditions of low river flow in 2015–2016 are studied. The new schemes of stratification and advection of salty sea waters in the Don River mouth under different weather conditions, water discharge and levels are given. 相似文献
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Reaction of zoning of garnet 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Timothy P. Loomis 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1975,52(4):285-305
Compositional zoning of garnet in metamorphic or igneous rocks preserves evidence of the equilibration history of the sample and can be interpreted in terms of a growth-fractionation, diffusion-exchange, or diffusion-reaction model. Diffusion zoning is usually assumed to result from exchange reactions between garnet and other phases as the partitioning coefficient varies in response to changing environmental conditions, primarily temperature. However, in many natural environments where garnet grew originally in divariant equilibrium with other phases, changing conditions can promote continuous or “divariant” reactions and consequent compositional shifts of phases that can be much greater in some systems showing these reactions than those related to the small changes of partitioning. Diffusional zoning related to overstepping of these continuous reactions must be related to incongruent reaction and necessitates formulation of a kinetic diffusion-reaction model involving moving phase boundaries as well as solid-state diffusion. Three samples containing zoned garnets from the metamorphic aureole around the Ronda ultramafic intrusion in southern Spain are used to illustrate two possible models of diffusion-reaction processes. The examples are particularly informative because the reactions are demonstrably irreversible and evidence of the reaction system is preserved. Partitioning data indicates that compositions of product phases are not in equilibrium with the original garnet and do not vary with extent of reaction; therefore, exchange reactions with garnet were not possible and garnet changed composition only by incongruent reaction. After a small amount of reaction, Mg/Fe of the rim composition approaches a value apparently in equilibrium with product phases, but the garnets are zoned inward to the original garnet composition preserved in the interior. Grossularite content is approximately constant and spessartite content variable but small, thus, the rim composition of pyrope or almandine is assumed to be fixed by the external reaction process and is taken as a boundary condition in the following models. The zoning profile of pyrope or almandine component between the fixed rim and core compositions (assumed to extend to ∞) is described in semiinfinite, half-space models appropriate for large garnets with narrow rims. The first model corresponds to a reaction system in which all garnet compositions are metastable (case 1) and zoning depends on the independent variables of the diffusion constant, velocity of the interface between garnet and matrix, and time. The second model, corresponding to systems in which the initial garnet composition is metastable but an equilibrium composition is stable (case 2), depends on the independent variables diffusion constant, time, and a function of reaction compositions. In case 1 the consumption velocity is assumed constant and a steady state zoning profile is reached at large time, whereas, in case 2, the velocity decreases with the concentration gradient and steady state is not possible. The models were tested using a reaction time estimated from cooling models of the aureole, mass of garnet consumed, determined petrographically, and phase compositions. The two cases are somewhat independent in that different parameters are independent variables. The estimate of the diffusion constant of 10?18±2 cm2/sec (assumed to be a mutual or binary coefficient for almandine and pyrope) is considered reasonable for the temperature range of reaction (probably 600–900° C), and the two models are consistent considering the probable error and possible real temperature differences. It is obvious that details of the metamorphic reaction system must be known to successfully apply diffusion models. Kinetic models, involving consumption or growth of the phase as well as diffusion are probably necessary when dealing with natural rocks. Several possible and interesting complications, such as cross coupling between components, can be investigated if more data were available. Experimental determination of diffusion constants allow natural reaction rates to be estimated by this method. Diffusion zoning is an important consideration that could increase the efficiency of experimentation with chemically recalcitrant phases. 相似文献
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Spheres of discharge of springs 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Although springs have been recognized as important, rare, and globally threatened ecosystems, there is as yet no consistent and comprehensive classification system or common lexicon for springs. In this paper, 12 spheres of discharge of springs are defined, sketched, displayed with photographs, and described relative to their hydrogeology of occurrence, and the microhabitats and ecosystems they support. A few of the spheres of discharge have been previously recognized and used by hydrogeologists for over 80 years, but others have only recently been defined geomorphologically. A comparison of these spheres of discharge to classification systems for wetlands, groundwater dependent ecosystems, karst hydrogeology, running waters, and other systems is provided. With a common lexicon for springs, hydrogeologists can provide more consistent guidance for springs ecosystem conservation, management, and restoration. As additional comprehensive inventories of the physical, biological, and cultural characteristics are conducted and analyzed, it will eventually be possible to associate spheres of discharge with discrete vegetation and aquatic invertebrate assemblages, and better understand the habitat requirements of rare or unique springs species. Given the elevated productivity and biodiversity of springs, and their highly threatened status, identification of geomorphic similarities among spring types is essential for conservation of these important ecosystems. 相似文献
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震后沟道泥石流启动条件——松散堆积体雨中失稳的水力学机制分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
5.12地震导致大规模的松散崩滑物质堆积于沟道,极大的增加了震后降雨型沟道泥石流爆发的概率。然而,灾后特殊的物源条件和成灾环境改变了传统沟道泥石流的形成机制,给震后沟道泥石流的防治工作带来了巨大的困难。为此,以水文学为基础,在构建松散堆积体潜水位变化水文学模型的前提下,借助水力学理论,分析了沟道堆积体内水力随潜水位变化的规律和特征,研究作用在单元条块堆积体上静水压力和动水压力的计算方法。在合理分段沟道松散堆积体的前提下,基于无限边坡理论完成了对各段堆积体下滑力、基底抗滑力及剩余下滑力的表达构建。结合算例解析了震后降雨条件下堆积体失稳的力学机制。分析表明,震后沟道松散堆积体失稳启动并泥石流化是流域降雨作用下堆积体内潜水位不断抬升、水力环境不断劣化的结果。流域大、沟道窄、堆积深、导水系数小、沟床缓的堆积体因较高的潜水位更易在降雨中失稳,且失稳模式因条块间剩余下滑力差异而分为整体推移启动及解体牵引启动两类。 相似文献
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含水层渗透性空间分布的指示克立格估值 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
详细介绍了指示克立格估值计算的理论和方法。以指示变异函数为基本工具分析了华北某地区第四系含水层渗透性空间分布的结构特征,结果表明该地区含水层渗透性存在明显的各向异性特征。水平方向上,X轴方向的相关性较Y轴方向的好,Z轴的相关性最差。用指示克立格法对未采样点处进行估值,估值结果显示含水层渗透性由山前向滨海逐渐变低,在垂直方向上,渗透性变化不明显,浅部比深部略好;同时给出了估计精度,并认为对估计精度不高的区域可通过增加适当的工程加以控制。最后用交叉验证法对估值结果进行了检验,证明建立的指示变异函数模型合理且估值效果较好。这一实际应用表明指示克立格法可以很好地描述第四系含水层渗透性的空间分布规律。 相似文献
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This work presents the results of a study of the biogeographical distribution of Late Albian-Maastrichtian ammonites, found in sequences of the Pacific coast of Russia. The taxa typical of the Pacific Realm were identified, and their distribution traced beyond the borders of this region. In addition, species-migrants, distributed within the studied area were established. As a results of our works, a high level of endemism of ammonite fauna of the East of Russia was noted (75–88% of endemic species, on average). The bipolarity, previously established in the distribution of ammonoids within the Pacific Paleobiogeographical Realm, as well as their high regional provincialism, was confirmed. The following division of the studied area into faunal ammonite provinces in the Late Cretaceous was proposed: Arctic Province; Boreal-Pacific Province, including northeastern Russia (Chukotka Peninsula, the Koryak Upland, Penzhyna Gulf) and the boreal coast of North America (Alaska Peninsula, Arctic Canada and British Columbia); Northwest Pacific Province, including the Primorye Territory, Sakhalin and Shikotan Islands, the Japanese Islands; Northeast Province of the Pacific (the western coast of the United States and Mexico); Southwest Pacific (Australia, New Zealand, Oceania) and Southeast (the western coast of South America and Antarctica, Seymour and James Ross Islands) Provinces. This division is confirmed by data on inoceramid species. In addition, levels of global transgressions and general sea level rise, associated with the appearances of most of widespread marine taxa in the Pacific shelf seas, are established. These include Late Albian, Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, Late Coniacian, Late Campanian, Early-Late Maastrichtian boundary. Moreover, migration of ammonites occurred due to the Tethys Ocean extension and followed the northern sea straits in the Arctic Ocean and within the Pacific Realm, depending on warm currents. Both the counter and one-way migrations were established. 相似文献
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A review of theories of mechanisms of induced seismicity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Carl Kisslinger 《Engineering Geology》1976,10(2-4):85-98
Theories of the physical processes leading to the stimulation of seismic activity by underground explosions, fluid injection, and reservoir impoundment are summarized. In all cases, the materials must be pre-stressed to a substantial fraction of their breaking strength in order for seismicity to be induced. Stress concentrations due to the presence of old faults or to inhomogeneities in the material properties play an important role in localizing induced seismicity.
For the few cases for which data are available, the stimulation of earthquakes by fluid injection in bore holes is adequately explained by a Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion and the concept of effective pressure in a water-filled porous mechanism. Reservoir-related earthquakes are most likely due to the same mechanism, but, in view of the low injection pressures, additional physical or chemical effects of the water on the materials may play an important role. There may be a weakening of the materials in old fault zones by the introduction of water or static fatigue in silicate rocks due to stress corrosion. 相似文献