共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
1.
Ajay Manglik 《Journal of Earth System Science》2005,114(2):169-176
During the solidification of a lava lake heat is released convectively from the top surface as well as conductively into the
country rock from the base, leading to non-uniform solidification. The upper solidified layer grows at a faster rate than
the lower solidified layer. Similarly, solidification of magma intrusion within the crust is also non-uniform due to the presence
of thermal gradient in the crust. Available analytical solution for solidification of a melt layer assumes only symmetric
cooling about the centre of the layer. In the present work a moving boundary solution for thermal evolution and non-uniform
solidification of a melt layer incorporating time-varying contact temperature conditions at both of its boundaries is developed.
The solution is obtained by using the Fourier spectral approach in the space domain and a modified finite difference scheme
in the time domain, and is validated with available analytical solutions for simple cases and a semi-analytical solution for
the case involving temperature gradient in the country rock. This solution can be used to analyse solidification of lava lakes
and magma intrusions experiencing time-dependent temperature variation at their contacts with the country rock. 相似文献
2.
Semnan thermal springs with high TDS and moderate temperature are located northwest of Semnan, the northern part of Iran. The spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical characteristics of the thermal and cold springs were investigated for the recognition of origin and dominant hydrogeochemical processes. Results show that the thermal springs have the same origin, but due to different ascending flow paths and different conductive cooling mechanism, their temperatures vary. The chemical composition of thermal waters is controlled by dolomite, halite and sulfate minerals dissolution and calcite precipitation and bacterial sulfate reduction. The concentration of major and trace elements in the thermal springs does not change in wet and dry seasons notably because they are derived from old groundwater with deep circulation and high temperature. Seasonal change in the concentration of some trace elements is due to the seasonal variation of pH, Eh, temperature and dilution by shallow waters. Decreasing SO4 and carbonate saturation index and increasing Na/Cl ratios and Ca content in the dry season show dilution effect caused by the previous heavy rainfall events. The temperature of the heating reservoir based on K–Mg, chalcedony, quartz and chemical equilibrium approach was approximately estimated in the range of 60–80 °C. Hydrogeologically, a conceptual model was suggested for the thermal springs. The general groundwater flow direction is probably from the dolomite Lar Formation in Chenaran anticline toward the adjacent syncline in a confined condition, and then a thrust fault acts as a conduit and redirects the thermal water to the emerging springs at the surface. 相似文献
3.
Laplace transform solutions are derived for an evolving permafrost region in saturated ground when the freezing interface moves with constant speed. The solution is inverse in the sense that the melting temperature at the interface and the groud surface temperature are prescribed functions of time. The solution procedure incorporates an initial temperature distribution in a domain extended above the ground surface. This allows, by asymptotic analysis, the construction of initially continuous melting and surface temperatures with bounded first and second derivatives. Solutions for two classes of initial conditions are determined by numerical inversion of the transforms. These solutions are used to test the corresponding solutions obtained by a direct finite difference algorithm developed earlier.1 Good agreements for both interface path and temperature profiles are obtained in both classes. 相似文献
4.
Thida Pongsanguansin Montri Maleewong Khamron Mekchay 《Computational Geosciences》2016,20(6):1269-1285
A well-balanced finite volume method for solving two-dimensional shallow water equations with weighted average flux (WAF) is developed in this work to simulate flooding. Friction source terms are estimated with a semi-implicit scheme resulting in an efficient numerical method for simulating shallow water flows over irregular domains, for both wet and dry beds. A wet/dry cell tracking technique is also presented for reducing computational time. The accuracy of these methods are investigated by application to well-studied cases. For practical purposes, the developed scheme is applied to simulate the flooding of the Chao Phraya river from Chai Nat to Sing Buri provinces in Thailand during October 13–17, 2011. The numerical simulations yield results that agree with the existing data obtained from the satellite images. 相似文献
5.
Soil heat flux and day time surface energy balance closure at astronomical observatory,Thiruvananthapuram, south Kerala 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil heat flux is an important input component of surface energy balance. Estimates of soil heat flux were made in the year 2008 using soil temperature data at Astronomical Observatory, Thiruvananthapuram, south Kerala. Hourly values of soil heat flux from 00 to 24 LST are presented for selected days typical of the winter, pre-monsoon, SW monsoon and NE monsoon seasons. The diurnal variation is characterized by a cross-over from negative to positive values at 0700 h, occurrence of maximum around noon and return to negative values in the late evening. The energy storage term for the soil layer 0–0.05 m is calculated and the ground heat flux G ? is estimated in all seasons. Daytime surface energy balance at the surface on wet and dry seasons is investigated. The average Bowen’s ratio during the wet and dry seasons were 0.541 and 0.515, respectively indicating that considerable evaporation takes place at the surface. The separate energy balance components were examined and the mean surface energy balance closure was found to be 0.742 and 0.795 for wet and dry seasons, respectively. When a new method that accounts for both soil thermal conduction and soil thermal convection was adopted to calculate the surface heat flux, the energy balance closure was found to be improved. Thus on the land surface under study, the soil vertical water movement is significant. 相似文献
6.
基于植被指数和土地表面温度的干旱监测模型 总被引：79，自引：4，他引：79
干旱是一种周期性发生的自然现象,其发生过程中有关参数如地表覆盖度、温度和土壤表层含水量等可以通过遥感的途径进行定量反演,而这些参数客观地反映了地表的综合特征。综述了运用遥感反演产品---土地表面温度和归一化植被指数在干旱监测中的应用前景和进展,分析了距平植被指数、条件植被指数、条件温度指数和归一化温度指数等干旱监测方法的优缺点,在前人研究的基础上,提出了条件植被温度指数的干旱监测模型,探讨了其应用前景。 相似文献
7.
Thermal oil recovery processes involve high pressures and temperatures, leading to large volume changes and induced stresses. These cannot be handled by traditional reservoir simulation because it does not consider coupled geomechanics effects. In this paper we present a fully coupled, thermal half‐space model using a hybrid DDFEM method. A finite element method (FEM) solution is adopted for the reservoir and the surrounding thermally affected zone, and a displacement discontinuity method is used for the surrounding elastic, non‐thermal zone. This approach analyzes stress, pressure, temperature and volume change in the reservoir; it also provides stresses and displacements around the reservoir (including transient ground surface movements) in a natural manner without introducing extra spatial discretization outside the FEM zone. To overcome spurious spatial temperature oscillations in the convection‐dominated thermal advection–diffusion problem, we place the transient problem into an advection–diffusion–reaction problem framework, which is then efficiently addressed by a stabilized finite element approach, the subgrid‐scale/gradient subgrid‐scale method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
长期处于变低温环境中的岩石热力学效应主要表现为材料的力学特性参数、热力系数和饱和冻结状态孔隙冰胀系数等随温度改变而发生变化,这种变化对岩体的变形及强度特性均有显著影响。根据变物性参数的非线性热弹性理论,建立了考虑热力系数和冰胀力系数的本构方程,给出了单轴压缩条件下热力效应系数随温度变化的分析格式和确定方法;借助于花岗岩不同低温干燥和饱和冻结状态的单轴压缩试验资料,获得了花岗岩低温热力效应与温度的关系,并探讨了其对花岗岩抗压强度的影响特性。分析表明,在变低温环境下花岗岩热力系数和冰胀力系数均随相对温差的增大而逐渐减小,热力系数降低速率小于冰胀系数降低速率,在同一温差下热力系数大于冰胀系数;热应力和冰胀应力与温度改变量呈非线性增长关系;花岗岩抗压强度在两种状态下均呈增大趋势,但主要以热应力为主,热力系数引起的试样轴向应力增量总是大于冰胀力引起的轴向应力增量。所给方法及研究成果可用于长期处于变低温状态下材料的力学性能研究及其工程应用。 相似文献
9.
Infrared thermography has increasingly gained importance because of environmental and technological advancements of this method and is applied in a variety of disciplines related to non-isothermal flow. However, it has not been used so far for quantitative thermal analysis in saturated porous media. This article suggests infrared thermographic approach to obtain the entire surface temperature distribution(s) in water-saturated porous media. For this purpose, infrared thermal analysis is applied with in situ calibration for a better understanding of the heat transfer processes in porous media. Calibration is achieved with a combination of invasive sensors which are inserted into the medium and non-invasive thermal sensors in which sensors are not inserted to measure temperatures but it works through the detection of infrared radiation emitted from the surface. Thermocouples of relatively thin diameter are used to minimize the disturbance for flow. Thermocouples give the temperature values at specified positions inside the porous medium, and these values are compared with the values suggested by the infrared thermographic device at the same positions, in the calibration exercise. The calibration process was repeated for different temperatures and flow rates to get the temperature distributions of the whole material inside the system. This technique enables us to measure accurate two-dimensional temperature distributions, which is not possible by using thermocouples only. Continuous point heat sources at different flow rates and temperatures are studied experimentally. Additionally, it offers numerical simulations of the experiments utilizing a finite element-based model. A two-dimensional density and viscosity-dependent flow and transport model accounting for thermal dispersion is utilized to simulate the experimental results. Possible small heat losses from the surface are incorporated in the model according to the properties and thickness of the Plexiglass material used for the construction of the experiment tank. The numerical results agree well with the experimental observations. 相似文献
10.
利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)的CCSM2.0全球气候系统模式,并结合重建的古地理资料,研究了晚白垩世(80Ma)东亚气候特征以及CO2浓度变化对东亚气候的影响。模拟结果表明： 与现代气候比较,晚白垩纪时期的东亚大陆冬季风和夏季风都偏强,具有同步变化的特点,并且中高纬度年平均地表气温明显增加,而低纬度地区有所下降,年降水变化的区域性特征明显; 就年平均而言,在 30°～40°N 的内陆地区地面净失去水分、变干燥,而在低纬度、大陆东岸以及高纬度地区,地表获得水分、变湿润。晚白垩纪CO2浓度变化对大气辐射和大气热状况的影响是复杂的; 降低CO2浓度可以导致东亚地区气候显著变化,冬季东亚中纬度地区大陆降温比其附近的海洋大,太平洋中高纬度的低压系统加强,因而造成东亚冬季风偏强; 而在夏季,中纬度大陆地区降温幅度大于海洋,西太平洋副热带高压减弱,因而夏季风减弱。对应于较低的CO2浓度,年降水量在东亚及其沿岸的中、低纬度大部分地区显著减少,在东亚高纬度的大陆和海洋上降水的减少幅度不大,而在 30°N 附近亚洲大陆中部和东部的一些地区降水有所增加; 总体上,地表水分收支在东亚大陆的东部都是以负值为主,地面净失去水分、变干燥,其中 30°N 以南的大陆沿岸最显著; 而在东亚大陆的内陆地区,水分收支差异以0～0.5mm/天的正值为主,东亚大陆的东部是以地面净得到水分、变潮湿为主。 相似文献
11.
热管措施下锥柱式桩基础传热过程及降温效果预测研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
针对青藏直流联网工程塔基热稳定性问题,建立空气-热管-土体耦合传热数学模型,并利用该模型开展锥柱式基础传热过程及热管冷却降温效果的模拟预测研究. 结果表明：冷季热管工作期间,其周围地温梯度明显较大且呈“纺锤形”分布. 同时,由于锥柱式基础及其底座为热的良导体,热管产生的冷量通过锥柱式基础及其底座快速向基础底部传递,使得基础下部形成大范围低温冻土,这对主要考虑融沉病害的锥柱式基础而言十分有利. 暖季热管停止工作期间,浅层地温主要受环境温度影响,锥柱式基础附近融化深度大于天然地表下,二者差值约35 cm. 通过热管剖面及无热管作用中间剖面地温对比,发现单一塔腿在4根热管措施作用下,锥柱式基础周围多年冻土地温分布较为均匀,可避免冻土地基的显著不均匀沉降变形. 热管周围土体快速降温过程主要集中在前5 a,之后受气候变暖影响桩基础及天然地表以下上限深度不断增加,多年冻土地温缓慢升高. 50 a气温升高2.6 ℃背景下,锥柱式基础下部多年冻土仍保持冻结状态,能够满足青藏直流联网工程对于冻土地基热稳定性要求. 相似文献
12.
13.
湘中涟源地穹测水组与龙潭组煤的形成温度 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
毕华 《大地构造与成矿学》1995,19(3):270-273
本文概述了煤形成温度的研究现状，探讨了湘中涟源地穹测水组、尤潭组煤的热演化史。利用ＬＯＭ法同时参考其它测温结果，计算了研究区各煤级的形成温度，并认为在各种受热条件下（深成热、区域岩浆热等），如果受热时间相差不大，形成同一煤级的温度是差别不大的。 相似文献
14.
This study aims to model temperature distributions in an aquifer thermal extraction (ATE) system that contains a single extraction well in a thin confined aquifer. The aquifer is bounded by hot dry rocks with different thermomechanical properties and thicknesses. Based on the heat convection–conduction equation, a mathematical model is developed to describe the spatial and temporal temperature distributions of the ATE systems. The mechanisms of heat transfer in the model involve horizontal convection and thermal conduction in the aquifer, and vertical thermal conduction in both rocks. A semi‐analytical solution in dimensionless form is developed using the Laplace transform technique and its corresponding time‐domain result is computed by the modified Crump method. In addition, the steady‐state solution is obtained by applying the final value theorem. The simulation results from the semi‐analytical solution indicate that the aquifer temperature distributions are affected by aquifer thickness, the thermomechanical properties of the aquifer and rocks, geothermal gradient, outer boundary temperatures of the rocks, extraction rate, and operating time. The present solution can be used as a preliminary tool for assessing heat extraction efficiency in ATE systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
The paper presents the results of an experimental study of thermal effects on the mechanical behaviour of a saturated clay. The study was performed on CM clay (Kaolin) using a temperature-controlled triaxial apparatus. Applied temperatures were between 22 and 90°C. A comprehensive experimental program was carried out, including: (i) triaxial shear tests at ambient and high temperatures for different initial overconsolidation ratios; (ii) consolidation tests at ambient and high temperatures; and (iii) drained thermal heating for different initial overconsolidation ratios. The obtained results provide observations concerning a wide scope of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of clays. Test results obtained at 90°C were compared with tests performed at ambient temperature. Based on these comparisons, thermal effects on a variety of features of behaviour are presented and discussed. Focus is made on: (i) induced thermal volume change during drained heating; (ii) experimental evidence of temperature influence on preconsolidation pressure and on compressibility index; (iii) thermal effects on shear strength and critical state; and (iv) thermal effects on elastic modulus. Thermal yielding is discussed and yield limit evolution with temperature is presented. The directions of the induced plastic strains are also discussed. Several remarks on the difference in the mechanical behaviour at ambient and high temperatures conclude the paper. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Fluid migration patterns are important for understanding gas hydrate and hydrocarbon systems. However, conducting experiments on or below the seafloor is difficult because crustal fluid flow rates are usually very slow, so long term observations are needed. Temperature can be used as a good tracer for studying fluid flows. Temperatures derived from bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRs) might help to understand fluid migration patterns in shallow marine sediments. In this study, we studied 2D fluid flow patterns in two potential gas hydrate provinces offshore southwestern Taiwan: the Yung-An Ridge in the active margin and Formosa Ridge in the passive margin. We used 2D bathymetry, average seafloor temperatures and regional geothermal gradients measured by thermal probes, as constraints to construct 2D theoretical conductive temperature fields using finite element methods. We then compared the BSR-based temperature with the theoretical conductive temperature field. The results show a temperature discrepancy attributed to advective heat transfer due to fluid migration. For the Yung-An Ridge, the BSR-based temperatures are about 2 °C higher than the model: Especially in (1) near a fault zone, (2) under the eastern flank where there are strong seismic reflectors in a pseudo-3D seismic dataset, and (3) near a fissure zone. For the Formosa Ridge, our results showed a distinct decrease in temperatures around the southern peak of the ridge, where an active gas plume was found. BSR-based temperatures predict on average 2 °C lower than the model. At these two sites, the shallow temperature fields are strongly affected by 2D bathymetry. However, new insights regarding fluid flow patterns can be obtained using this model approach. 相似文献
17.
以高庙子（GMZ07）和美国怀俄明州（MX80）钠基膨润土为研究对象,采用热探针法研究温度对压实膨润土试样热传导性能的影响。在保持干密度和含水率不变的情况下,使用KD2 Pro型热特性分析仪测定不同温度（5～90 ℃）试样的热传导系数,并对部分试样进行压汞试验。试验结果表明：GMZ07和MX80膨润土的热传导系数均随着温度的增大而增大,在90 ℃时最高可达5 ℃的1.2～1.5倍,主要原因是温度引起的水汽潜热传输促进了试样内部的热传导;当试样温度高于60 ℃时,温度对热传导系数的影响较低于60 ℃时更显著;含水率不为0时,两种膨润土热传导系数的温度效应均随干密度的增大而减小;干试样的热传导系数几乎不随温度发生变化,这与水汽潜热传输的强化机制有关。热传导系数温度效应的机制可理解为：热传导系数取决于试样内部可供潜热传输的水分和传热通道数。 相似文献
18.
This paper presents a new scheme that can be used to overcome the overshooting effect, one of the well known problems occurs during application of bounding surface plasticity models in numerical analysis of boundary value problems. The scheme is based on definition of clouds of loading surfaces with a specific margin of strains within which unloading does not accompanied kinematic hardening. The basic concept of the scheme is introduced and the methodology and the relevant step by step algorithm to implement this scheme are presented. This scheme has been incorporated in the UNSW bounding surface model and implemented in a finite difference code and used to simulate cyclic triaxial tests as well as complicated monotonic and dynamic boundary value problems. The satisfactory performance of the scheme is demonstrated and its efficiency is discussed thorough these simulations. 相似文献
19.
Several series of one-dimensional heat and moisture flow tests were performed to examine the moisture and temperature distributions in the buffer material compacted to a dry density of 1.67 Mg m−3 and water content of 17.7%. In all tests, water was allowed to infiltrate into a horizontal soil column from one end under a constant hydrostatic head of 276 kPa. Also the specimens were heated from the other end by the heater to a constant temperature.
It is experimentally demonstrated that the moisture moves from both ends toward the mid part of the soil column due to both thermal gradient from one end and hydraulic gradient from the other end. It was observed that, in spite of no overall volume change, local volume change occurs in the system. The measured temperatures along the length of the specimen indicate that temperature distributions stabilize within a short period of time. The time required for the temperature to stabilize decreases as the heater skin temperature increases.
The diffusivity parameters are calculated using the measured moisture and temperature profiles combined with the finite difference method. Powell's optimization algorithm was used to determine the material parameters. Good agreements between experimentally measured and calibrated volumetric water content shows that the diffusion parameters can be expressed in a linear function of the volumetric water content and temperature. 相似文献
20.
J. Cheung 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1988,6(4):343-352
Summary Most theoretical methods for the prediction of strata heat flow in an underground airway assume that the air temperature remains constant or that only small changes take place over the ventilated age of the airway. This assumption is clearly not correct; air temperature (especially those measured in British coal mines) display variation of up to 5° C during any one week at any one point. These variations are periodic in nature and relate to both the daily and weekly production cycle. In order to predict the transient heat flow from strata the Duhamel Theorem is used. Details of the theorem incorporating the air temperature history to calculate the surface temperature of a partially wetted airway are derived. An algorithm is presented for the calculation of surface temperatures and hence the heat flux from the rock. The algorithm is used in the computation of heat and moisture transfer rates from the rock to the ventilating air in the airway. Finally, the air temperatures at the end of the airway are predicted due to the heat flows from the strata and they are compared to the measured data supplied by British Coal, United Kingdom. 相似文献