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1.
Compositional Data Analysis of Some Alkaline Glasses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The approach to the analysis of compositional data involving log-ratio transformation of the data has not been generally adopted by researchers wishing to analyse such data. In the context of exploratory methods of multivariate analysis, such as principal components analysis, where the hope is to identify (cluster) structure in the data, this may be because traditional methods can produce more interpretable results than the log-ratio approach. After illustrating this with an example, circumstances under which the log-ratio approach performs poorly when traditional approaches work well are identified. Log-ratio analysis can be dominated by variables having low absolute presence and high relative variation that do not contribute to, and can obscure, structure in the data. Traditional methods can detect certain kinds of structure in the data that correspond to structure on a ratio scale, after a suitable redefinition of the composition. Since traditional methods often detect such structure more directly than log-ratio analysis it can be concluded that claims that the traditional analysis is inappropriate or meaningless are exaggerated. This conclusion is based on empirical experience rather than theoretical concerns. The arguments are illustrated using compositional data for alkaline glasses, but have more general application. 相似文献
2.
B. C. Papazachos Ch. A. Papaioannov D. J. Papastamatiou B. N. Margaris N. P. Theodulidis 《Natural Hazards》1990,3(2):141-151
Historical and present century instrumental data have been used to determine seismic hazard in 35 sites of Greece by the application of Cornell's method (Cornell, 1968) and the mean value method. The macroseismic intensity has been considered as a measure of seismic hazard. Comparison of the results of the two methods showed that, in general, the mean value method gives higher values, particularly for low probabilities of exceedance. In addition, for some sites, the differences of the expected intensities resulting from the two methods, indicate that finer tuning of the seismogenic souce model is required, or suggest time dependence. Although each one of these methods has its own merits, the method based on seismic zonation (Cornell's method) has several advantages and must be preferred when an accurate zonation is possible by the use of macroseismic and instrumental seismic data, together with geological and geomorphological information. However, reliable estimates of seismic hazard at a particular site require work on a microzoning scale, incorporating historical, archaeological, and recent geological data.Paper presented at the 21st General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission held in Sofia, 1988. 相似文献
3.
岩浆岩定量分类方法探讨——以甘肃省西秦岭地区为例 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
现有岩浆岩定量分类图解,因分类结果不具唯一性,而且不能用于大样本量的分类,备受质疑。本文以聚类分析和判别分析交替使用的方法,对甘肃省西秦岭地区现有523件岩浆岩样本中的11个氧化物测试数据进行定量处理,构建起"甘肃省西秦岭地区岩浆岩(氧化物)定量分类系列模型",该模型将西秦岭地区岩浆岩分为4大类共20小类。与传统的岩浆岩分类方法相比较,定量分类模型不受地质理论和个人主观因素限制,完全由测试数据自身特征和其相关关系所决定,避免了传统分类的种种缺陷,其分类结果更加精准、真实。在区域Au找矿靶区研究过程中,岩浆岩定量分类结果显现出比传统定性分类结果高出11个百分点的判定效果。 相似文献
4.
Additional analytical data for the thirteen oxides usually determined in a rock analysis by wet methods and estimates and, conclusions from the analysis of variance are presented for the eight new USGS rock standards STM-1, RGM-1, QLO-1, SCo-1, MAG-1, SDC-1, BHVO-1 and SGR-1. The "single-solution" method of sample dissolution, and the "rapid methods" described by Shapiro were used. Three bottles of each standard were analyzed in duplicate, providing six replicate analyses of each sample. Relative standard deviations ranged from 0. 00 to 202 %, with only 12 of the possible 104 sample-oxide combinations exceeding 10 %. Most deviations exceeding 10 % occur with oxides at very low concentrations or with the determi-nation, of H2 O+ and CO2 , all of which often yield poor precision. These data indicate that the rapid wet chemical methods, except possibly for H2 O+ and CO2 , or when very low concentrations are present, can be considered reliable. Of the 104 F-ratios calculated during the analysis of variance for sample-oxide combinations, only eight equal or exceed the tabled value of 9. 55 for F0.95 (d. f. 2, 3). These data strongly support the conclusion that the contents of the bottles may be considered homogeneous for most oxides determined. When our data for an oxide in the several samples are plotted versus similar data in the USGS Prof. Paper 840 by several methods, the plots generally show good agreement for most sample-oxide combinations, but approximately thirty of the 104 show substantial differences, with no obvious correlation between the various methods used or the nature or magnitude of the differences. 相似文献
5.
为解决现有煤矿电法探测技术存在的电测深、电剖面、电透视需分多次施工且采集数据量少等方面的不足, 借鉴并行电法数据采集思路, 应用“矩形波型”电极布置方式结合“多装置数据提取”技术, 设计一种电法集成勘探系统。实验结果表明:应用该系统可一次布线、一轮供电完成电测深、电剖面、电透视等多种电法施工方式的原始数据采集工作, 提取出多种电法工作方法和装置类型的测量数据, 综合处理得到多种地电场的三维勘探结果, 同时相同施工条件下多种成果相互对比, 提高物探成果解析的精细度和可靠性。研究成果对现有的传统直流电法、高密度电法、并行电法、电透视法等电法技术取长补短、融合创新、集成应用, 实现工作面煤岩层富水性的高效、精细、立体探测。 相似文献
6.
Juan L. Fernández Martínez José P. Fernández Alvarez Luis M. Pedruelo González 《Mathematical Geology》2006,38(3):343-374
Transmission tomography methods show a great sensibility to data variability, which eventually includes data errors, often present in field experiments. Local optimization methods, traditionally used to solve this inverse problem, are very sensitive to these difficulties, failing to converge properly in the presence of spurious data. Regularization methods partially cope with these weaknesses, damping the instabilities.A complementary approach, adopted here, is to perform a structured analysis of data variability before the inversion, oriented to discriminate the contribution of errors from that of true geological heterogeneities. The key concept of mean traveltime curves ( and ) is introduced and described. Their analytical equations are deduced for isotropic homogeneous media and any recording geometry. Empirical mean traveltime curves can be inferred based solely on traveltime data, using the corresponding discrete estimators. The methodology proposed here proceeds through a user-defined subdivision of the domain of interest into isotropic homogeneous areas. Least squares velocity estimations and associated data misfits are used to scrutinize the behaviour of the implied source-receiver sets and of the ray-swept part of the geologic medium. Data are considered suspicious if zonal estimated velocities are non-consistent with a priori information. Also, independent fitting of both empirical curves helps to classify the genesis of the residuals: some situations are illustrated.Finally, we show the application of this technique to a data set from the Grimsel test site in Switzerland. Using this methodology, we detect some anomalous gathers, which may be responsible for the large range of velocities found in the initial imaging with this data set. Also, we give some indications of the possible sources of these anomalies. This approach offers a quick data variability analysis in the pre-processing stage, which, even if no data editing algorithms are finally used, always improves the understanding of the data structure. 相似文献
7.
大数据背景下地质云的构建与应用 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
地质学属于数据密集型科学,并与地球科学面临的问题息息相关。已经收集的和将要收集的大量数字国土相关数据,由于科学研究的需要,正在不断加以检验和扩充。大数据时代背景下,中国国土资源数字化、信息化的战略行动具有深远意义,大数据的相关技术应用为实现地质工作的现代化和信息化提供了有效的支撑。重点介绍大数据背景下的"地质云"构建理念与方法,以及大数据在地学领域的应用。大数据为非结构化、半结构化的地质数据带来了新的处理方法与理念。地质云的构建旨在探索以需求带动的地质核心数据的应用,挖掘非结构化数据的新数据信息,以支撑国土资源管理决策。 相似文献
8.
The objectives of the interdisciplinary pilot project "Development of a municipal environmental information system" in Hannover
encompassed the development, modification and improvement of data acquisition methods and methods for describing the environment
on the basis of this data, as well as methods for evaluating the data as a basis for measures affecting the environment taken
by the community.
The subproject "Urban Soils" had the following two main objectives: (i) development of a data acquisition method for soils
in municipal areas and a method for evaluating this data, and (ii) development of methods for making this information available
to local government in the form of a "soil information system" for urban areas.
To achieve these objectives, the following work was carried out: (1) a factor analysis to determine which factors affect the
soil in an urban area; (2) study of methods for mapping soils in cities; (3) development of a concept for a soil information
system; and (4) evaluation of environmental problems of the municipality using the soil information system.
Data acquisition was done in two steps: First, soil-relevant data was selected, standardized, digitized and stored in an alphanumeric
and a graphic database for a factor analysis. By intersection of the eight information levels, the factors affecting the soil
were determined for the city of Hannover (200 km2). To test the hypothesis that the results for one site can be transferred to another site with the same combination of factors,
43 test sites typical of urban land use were selected. These test sites were mapped in a way to fulfill geostatistical requirements;
physical and chemical analyses of the soils were made. A prognosis of soil distribution and properties was made on the basis
of the factor analysis. and compared with the actual conditions.
Concurrent with the pedological research, a prototype soil information system was developed. The system consists of databases,
a methodbase, a geometrical tool, and a control system. Alphanumeric data is stored in a relational database, the geometric
data in ISAM files. Methods for determining soil parameter values were selected and tested for their applicability.
Using the pedological data and the soil information system, information can be obtained about soil conditions in Hannover
as well as about soil processes (e.g. infiltration rates) and interaction with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, etc. This information
can be obtained in the form of thematic maps and statistical representations, which can be used by decision-makers at the
municipal level.
Received: 3 September 1994 · Accepted: 19 December 1995 相似文献
9.
音频大地电磁测深(AMT)与可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)均为深部勘查常用方法。AMT方法采集频带较宽,但存在“死频带”,在“死频带”范围无法完全得到地质体响应。CSAMT信噪比高,但通常受发射功率的限制,收发距离一般放置不够远,容易过早进入“近区”。本文展示了将两种方法数据拼接组合的一种处理方式:首先在前人理论研究的基础上,利用CSAMT和AMT均匀半空间模型进行了正演计算,结果表明,CSAMT远区与AMT数据拼接具有可行性;选择湖南仁里铌钽矿床7号剖面的野外实测数据进行实验,将同测点位置的CSAMT远区数据和AMT同测点同模式数据相“拼接”,合成新AMT数据;最后进行反演,反演结果与钻探结果对应较好,表明该方法具有一定的效果。 相似文献
10.
Hydraulic exponents and unit hydraulic exponents are unit-sum constrained, which requires that they be analyzed by statistical methods designed for compositional data. Though uncertainties remain regarding selection of the best constraining operation and method of handling departures from the unit-sum constraint, neither category of uncertainty should be an impediment to the selection of the appropriate statistical methodology. In a small sample study, the hydraulic geometry of different types of streams were compared: (1) semi-arid: perennial vs. ephemeral; (2) tropical: Puerto Rico vs. West Malaysia; and (3) semi-arid vs. tropical (by pooling the previous data sets). All three comparisons revealed statistically significant differences in either logratio mean vectorsor logratio covariance matrices but not both. All six categories of data had logistic normal distributions. Because the derivatives at a given discharge of curvilinear hydraulic geometry relationships and hydraulic exponents on either side of the breakpoints of piecewise linear relationships are unit-sum constrained, they also can be studied by compositional methods. However, the compositional approach is limited in cases where distributions have large departures from logistic normality and for streams that have negative hydraulic exponents. 相似文献
11.
文中针对大庆油田特高含水期精细调整挖潜,需要精细精确刻画储层的要求,充分利用大庆长垣油田密井网条件下储层精细描述成果及高密度三维地震资料,建立了处理-解释一体化高保真地震处理、大密度合成记录精细标定及地层切片优选方法;针对不同类型砂体分布特点,给出了利用地层切片采用"砂中找泥"和"泥中找砂"的单一河道识别分析方法,形成了"地震趋势为引导,井点相控"的井震结合储层精细刻画方法;实际应用证明对剩余油的分析认识更具针对性,应用点坝识别成果指导了D区水平井方案设计,取得了较好的钻遇效果。 相似文献
12.
Barrie D. Spurr 《Mathematical Geology》1981,13(2):163-173
The method of maximum likelihood used in analyzing data which are bimodal in the range (0, )is lengthy and not always successful. Two alternative methods are proposed and the results compared with those obtained by using the method of maximum likelihood on orientation data from clasts and shells. It is shown that a procedure based on the Method of Moments gives comparable results and is much more practicable. 相似文献
13.
MapBasic提供了一组能创建新对象的语句和函数,其中经纬网格的实现主要采用创建区域的CreateRegion语句,可整体画一个区域再采用"分割区域创建经纬网法",也可使用"循环语句创建经纬网法"。实现地理编码,则可以通过采用导入电子表格数据的方法以及编程实现的方法。 相似文献
14.
Some Bayesian methods of dealing with inaccurate or vague data are introduced in the framework of seismic hazard assessment. Inaccurate data affected by heterogeneous errors are modeled by a probability distribution instead of the usual value plus a random error representation; these data are generically called imprecise. The earthquake size and the number of events in a certain time are modeled as imprecise data. Imprecise data allow us to introduce into the estimation procedures the uncertainty inherent in the inaccuracy and heterogeneity of the measuring systems from which the data were obtained. The problem of estimating the parameter of a Poisson process is shown to be feasible by the use of Bayesian techniques and imprecise data. This background technique can be applied to a general problem of seismic hazard estimation. Initially, data in a regional earthquake catalog are assumed imprecise both in size and location (i.e errors in the epicenter or spreading over a given source). By means of scattered attenuation laws, the regional catalog can be translated into a so-called site catalog of imprecise events. The site catalog is then used to estimate return periods or occurrence probabilities, taking into account all sources of uncertainty. Special attention is paid to priors in the Bayesian estimation. They can be used to introduce additional information as well as scattered frequency-size laws for local events. A simple example is presented to illustrate the capabilities of this methodology. 相似文献
15.
To simultaneously evaluate the decay constant of 40K () and the age of a standard (t
std) using isotopic data from geologic materials, we applied a series of statistical methods. The problem of estimating the most probable intercept of many nonlinear curves in and t
std space is formulated by an errors-in-variables nonlinear regression model. Then a maximum likelihood method is applied to the model for a point estimate, which is equivalent to the nonlinear least square method when measurement error distributions are Gaussian. Uncertainties and confidence regions of the estimates can be approximated using three methods: the asymptotic normal approximation, the parametric bootstrap method and Bonferroni confidence regions. Five pairs of published data for samples with ages from 2 ka to 4.5 Ga were used to estimate and the age of Fish Canyon sanidine (t
FCs). The statistical procedure yields most probable estimates of (5.4755 ± 0.0170 × 10–10 (1)/year) and t
FCs (28.269 ± 0.0661 (1) Ma) which are in between previously published values. These results indicate the power of our approach to provide improved constraints on these parameters, although the preliminary nature of some of the input data require further review before the values can be adopted. 相似文献
16.
L. I. Chetverikov 《Mathematical Geology》1991,23(1):33-40
This paper considers the present state of mathematical geology. Three directions are recognized: applied, theoretical, and mathematical. Applied mathematical geology includes formal use of mathematics to solve problems and computer processing of data. Success is achieved by a correspondence of mathematical methods used to the nature of geological data. This correspondence can be demonstrated by purely mathematical means. Theoretical mathematical geology uses mathematics as a language of geology; however, a number of methodological problems must be solved: formalization of initial geological concepts and creation of a strict conceptual basis, substantiation of initial principles of mathematical simulation, creation of theoretical geological models, problems of elementary and coincidence in geology, and methodological substantiations of possibilities of any mathematical model to approximate geological models. The essense and significance of these problems are considered. The main task of mathematical geology is to prove its correspondence to the nature of the geological objects studied, geological data obtained, and geological problems solvable. Finally, the main problems of mathematical geology are not so much mathematical as geological and methodological. 相似文献
17.
采用普遍测网法对广东省清（远）—连（州）高速公路沿线岩质边坡结构面进行测量,然后利用＂赤平投影结构数据分析软件包＂对测量的参数进行统计分析,并据此运用蒙特-卡洛（Monte-Carlo）模拟的原理和方法,进行岩体结构的室内网络模拟,从而得出该高速公路边坡岩体结构面的稳定性分析结果,为其稳定性评价及支护设计服务。 相似文献
18.
Correlation coefficients of modal variables from several suites of granitic rocks have been calculated and tested for significance using the Chayes-Kruskal and Chayes methods. The results show that although Chayes' remaining-space transformation does, in general, weaken the original proportion correlations, the positive and low-negative original proportion correlations tend to increase in absolute value because of a tendency of positive increment of the covariance by such transformation. However, no satisfactory procedure for choosing the variable to be transformed (V2)could be determined, and testing of the significance of remaining-space correlations is found to be highly problematic. It is shown also that the Vistelius-Sarmanov procedure of calculation of correlation coefficients from closed-table data does not effectively eliminate the closure effect. It is concluded that assigning statistical significance to the correlation coefficients between modal variables is, in general, unsatisfactory, except where the number of variables 8,the sample size is large (say, 30),and there is no negative element in the variance vector of the corresponding open variables. 相似文献
19.
The asymptotic distribution of the coefficient of cross-association between two sequences of nominal data is investigated under the assumption of independent random sampling from a multinomial distribution slightly modified to suit geological applications. This modification is due to merging consecutive strata of the same rock type into one lithological unit, and can be described by a simple Markov chain. A distinction is made between the case in which the theoretical frequencies are known, and the situation where these have to be estimated from the observed data. 相似文献
20.
Triangle based interpolation is introduced by an outline of two classical planar interpolation methods, viz. linear triangular facets and proximal polygons. These are shown to have opposite local bias. By applying cross products of triangles to obtain local gradients, a method designated slant-top proximal polygon interpolation is introduced that is intermediate between linear facets and polygonal interpolation in its local bias. This surface is not continuous, but, by extending and weighting the gradient planes, a C1
surface can be obtained. The gradients also allow a roughness index to be calculated for each data point in the set. This index is used to control the shape of a blending function that provides a weighted combination of the gradient planes and linear interpolation. This results in a curvilinear, C1,interpolation of the data set that is bounded by the linear interpolation and the weighted gradient planes and is tangent to the slant-top interpolation at the data points. These procedures may be applied to data with two, three, or four independent variables. 相似文献