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1.
Regional stream sediment surveys at a 1:200,000 scale reveal positive and negative regional multi-element geochemical anomalies over medium to large copper-polymetallic orefields of different genetic types in China. Regional geochemical anomalies of orefield refer to those geochemical anomalies that are related to metallogenesis of an orefield in a certain area. The anomaly area is typically 10 to 100 km2. The regional multi-element anomalies related to mineralization can be divided into three groups, that is, the ore-element anomaly association, indicator element anomaly association, and metallogenic environmental element anomaly association. Their common spatial distributions over ore deposits or orefields possess unique structures.The model of spatial structure of regional multi-element geochemical anomalies (RAGSS) of an orefield delineates structural feature possessed by orderly spatial distributions of different groups of multi-element anomaly associations related to orefield metallogenesis. It is  相似文献   

2.
In this study the abundances of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs Table 1, I–XXI) have been measured throughout three Permian/Triassic (P/Tr) sections from Meishan (South China), Kap Stosch area (East Greenland) and Peace River Basin (Western Canada). Dibenzothiophene (I) and dibenzofuran (II) were found to decrease in abundance just before or shortly after the P/Tr transition in all three sections while perylene (III) was observed to increase in abundance at the onset of the main extinction horizon (bed 25) in Meishan. Perylene has been attributed to a wood degrading fungal source and, therefore, it seems possible these phenomena are related to the demise of land plants. Further, distinct patterns of various combustion-derived PAHs occurring in each section imply that forest fire events occurred within the Late Permian and Early Triassic. In the Meishan section high amounts of combustion-derived PAHs [pyrene (IV), fluoranthene (V), benzo[a]anthracene (VI), benzofluoranthenes (sum, i.e. VII), benzo[a]pyrene (VIII), benzo[e]pyrene (IX) and coronene (X)] occur within bed 25, also containing ash attributed to the fallout from massive volcanic eruptions in Siberia and/or China.  相似文献   

3.
Mammalian teeth are invaluable archives of ancient seasonality because they record along their growth axes an isotopic record of temporal change in environment, plant diet, and animal behavior. A major problem with the intra-tooth method is that intra-tooth isotope profiles can be extremely time-averaged compared to the actual pattern of isotopic variation experienced by the animal during tooth formation. This time-averaging is a result of the temporal and spatial characteristics of amelogenesis (tooth enamel formation), and also results from laboratory sampling. This paper develops and evaluates an inverse method for reconstructing original input signals from time-averaged intra-tooth isotope profiles. The method requires that the temporal and spatial patterns of amelogenesis are known for the specific tooth and uses a minimum length solution of the linear system Am = d, where d is the measured isotopic profile, A is a matrix describing temporal and spatial averaging during amelogenesis and sampling, and m is the input vector that is sought. Accuracy is dependent on several factors, including the total measurement error and the isotopic structure of the measured profile. The method is shown to accurately reconstruct known input signals for synthetic tooth enamel profiles and the known input signal for a rabbit that underwent controlled dietary changes. Application to carbon isotope profiles of modern hippopotamus canines reveals detailed dietary histories that are not apparent from the measured data alone. Inverse methods show promise as an effective means of dealing with the time-averaging problem in studies of intra-tooth isotopic variation.  相似文献   

4.
Hemimorphite is a refractory mineral in surface environments and occurs commonly in supergene non-sulfide Zn deposits and Zn mine tailings. Single-crystal electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of gamma-ray-irradiated hemimorphite from Mapimi (Durango, Mexico) reveal two arsenic-associated oxyradicals: [AsO4]4− and [AsO4]2−. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses confirm this sample to contain 270 ppm As and that hemimorphite from other Zn deposits has appreciable amounts of arsenic as well. Spin Hamiltonian parameters, including matrices g, A (75As) and P(75As), show that the [AsO4]4− radical formed from electron trapping by a locally uncompensated [AsO4]3− ion substituting for [SiO4]4−. Matrices g, A(75As) and P(75As) of the [AsO4]2− radical show it to have the unpaired spin on the bridging oxygen of an [AsO4]3− ion at a Si site and linked to a monovalent impurity ion. This structural model for the [AsO4]2− radical is further supported by observed 29Si and 1H superhyperfine structures arising from interactions with a single Si atom (A/geβe = ∼1 mT at B//c) and two equivalent H atoms (A/geβe = ∼0.3 mT at B∧b = 10°), respectively. Hydrothermal experiments at 200 °C and ∼9.5 MPa show that hemimorphite contains up to ∼2.5 wt% As2O5 and suggest that both the arsenate concentration and the pH value in the solution affect the As content in hemimorphite. These results demonstrate that hemimorphite is capable of sequestering arsenate in its crystal lattice, hence is a natural sink for attenuating As in supergene non-sulfide Zn deposits and Zn mine tailings. Moreover, results from hemimorphite potentially have more far-reaching implications for major silicates such as zeolites in the immobilization and removal of arsenic in surface environments.  相似文献   

5.
Factor analysis method is a multivariate analysis technique that is widely used for the interpretation of stream sediment geochemical data. The purpose of factor analysis is describing the changes in a set of multi-element geochemical data by reducing the dimension of the data and variables to a number of factors that can present the hidden association between elements. Differences in mobility, physical, and chemical properties of the elements and the nature of the factor analysis method in which the matrix of all data is used cause paragenes elements not to be found on the output of factor analysis. In this research, to improve the output of factor analysis for deriving the best reagent multi-element mineralization, robust staged factor analysis method was used according to the close nature of geochemical data in order to identify the Cu-mineralization potential in Khusf 1:100,000 sheets located at the east of Iran. The robust staged factor analysis enhances the recognition of anomalous geochemical signatures and increases geochemical anomaly intensity and the percentage of the total explained variability of data. As indicated by the results of the study, few anomalous zones have been found in the study area. The observation of chalcopyrite and malachite mineralization in andesite and dacite–andesite rocks in a region during the field study confirms the effectiveness of the robust SFA technique. Such studies can be used by mine engineers and geologists for designing an optimum grid exploration on the next exploration steps.  相似文献   

6.
The apparent inconsistency in calcite-water fractionation does occur between the arithmetic combination of Zhou and Zheng [Zhou G.-T., and Zheng Y.-F. (2003) An experimental study of oxygen isotope fractionation between inorganically precipitated aragonite and water at low temperatures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta67, 387-399] and the experimental determination of Zhou and Zheng [Zhou G.-T., and Zheng Y.-F. (2005) Effect of polymorphic transition on oxygen isotope fractionation between aragonite, calcite and water: a low-temperature experimental study. Am. Mineral90, 1121-1130]. To resolve this issue is to acknowledge whether or not the isotope salt effect of dissolved minerals would occur on oxygen isotope exchange between water and the minerals of interest. The question is whether or not a term of mineral-water interaction should be taken into account when calculating mineral-water 103ln α factors by an arithmetic combination between theoretical 103ln β factors for mineral and water, respectively. The hydrothermal experiments of Hu and Clayton [Hu G.-X., and Clayton R.N. (2003) Oxygen isotope salt effects at high pressure and high temperature, and the calibration of oxygen isotope geothermometers. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta67, 3227-3246] demonstrate the absence of isotope salt effect on the oxygen isotope fractionation between calcite and water, and this abnormal behavior reasonably explains the so-called inconsistency in the calcite-water fractionations of Zhou and Zheng (2003, 2005). We argue that the mineral-water correction is still necessary for calculation of fractionations in mineral-water systems. New experimental data for oxygen isotope fractionations involving dolomite and cerussite are consistent with the calculations of Zheng [Zheng Y.-F. (1999a) Oxygen isotope fractionation in carbonate and sulfate minerals. Geochem. J.33, 109-126], but also shed light on the assumptions used in modifying the increment method. We argue that the modified increment method has developed into a theoretical mean of predictive power for calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation factors for crystalline minerals of geochemical interest.  相似文献   

7.
Kaolinitic clays associated with sedimentary rocks cover widespread in the Yeniköy formation from the Akhar?m district, (Afyonkarahisar, W Anatolia). Due to the proximity to the ceramic industry areas such as Kütahya and U?ak Province of Turkey, the clays in the Akhar?m district have been intensively exploited for the last few years. The Akhar?m kaolinitic clays were hosted by Middle-Upper Miocene-aged Yeniköy formation and divided into two parts as northeastern and southwestern via normal fault. The alteration degree increases from lower levels to surface in the NE part of deposit. Besides layered structure in their N70° W/30° SW direction and gray-beige, yellowish brown colored in SW part. This study focused on mineralogy, geochemistry, and ceramic properties of kaolinitic clays. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, chemical, physical, and mechanical tests were conducted on studied samples from the wall of clay quarry. Akhar?m clay deposits consist of mainly kaolinite and quartz. Additionally, they include smectite, biotite, feldspar, jarosite, calcite, and hematite minerals. Akhar?m clays are characterized with their moderate plasticity (PL = 17.07–24.09), low water absorption (3.64–9.53 wt.%), low linear shrinkage (8.08–15.55 wt.%), high bending strength (17.72–32.69 N/mm2), and ideal lightness values (L* = 46.50–82.74) and color values (a* = 4.71–29.87; b* = 14.67–28.72). These properties vary related with mineralogical and geochemical features of Akhar?m clays. In conclusion, Akhar?m clays have desired specifications for floor and wall t to their mineralogical, geochemical, and ceramic properties.  相似文献   

8.
This paper describes a chemical model that calculates solute and solvent activities and solid-liquid equilibria in the H-Na-K-OH-Cl-HSO4-SO4-H2O system from dilute to high solution concentration within the 0° to 250°C temperature range. All binary and ternary subsystems are included in the model parameterization. The model is validated by comparing predictions with experimental data, primarily in higher order systems, not used in the parameterization process. Limitations of the model due to data insufficiencies are discussed.The Harvie and Weare (GCA44, 981, 1980) solubility modeling approach, incorporating their implementation of the concentration-dependent specific interaction equations of Pitzer (J. Phys. Chem.77, 268, 1973), is employed. This model expands the variable temperature Na-K-Cl-SO4-H2O model of Greenberg and Moller (GCA53, 2503, 1989) by including acid (H2SO4, HCl) and base (NaOH, KOH) species. Temperature functions for the chemical potentials of 5 acidic (sodium bisulfate, sodium sesquisulfate, mercallite, potassium sesquisulfate and misenite) and 6 basic (4 sodium hydroxide hydrates and 2 potassium hydroxide hydrates) solid phases are determined.  相似文献   

9.
利用多元素组合异常指示元素平均值与大兴安岭森林沼泽区水系沉积物地球化学元素丰度值的差,以及与其所在地球化学子区元素变化系数的乘积关系,度量多元素组合异常指示元素在成矿地质作用中的聚集变化强度;计算多元素组合异常元素变化强度的和,对多元素组合异常进行元素变化强度和的评序,遴选主要组合异常.利用多元素组合异常指示元素蕴涵R型因子分析因子结构组合元素矿化类型的意义,判别多元素组合异常因子矿化类型.依据主要组合异常分布、因子矿化类型以及与测区物探、遥感解译线性、环形构造的关系,建立测区主要组合异常聚集带、聚集区.依照主攻矿种元素、相应主要组合异常因子矿化类型信息和相关成矿地质理论,开展测区多元素组合异常优中选优的找矿验证工作.  相似文献   

10.
To document the plume-ridge interaction at the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC), we present neon 3-isotope analyses performed on vesicles-trapped volatiles of MORB glasses dredged along the ridge axis between 86°W and 98°W. 4He-40Ar∗-CO2 relative abundances were also measured in order to study gas loss in this context and discern between source and degassing effects. Neon isotopic compositions are in the MORB range with 21Ne/22Ne ratios extrapolated to the 20Ne/22Ne mantle ratio of 12.5 varying between 0.053 and 0.072. Unradiogenic plume-like compositions were not measured. The 4He-40Ar∗-CO2 relative abundances are highly variable along the ridge, for example 4He/40Ar∗ ratio varies between 3 and 433, but these variations can be fully explained by a simple model of Rayleigh distillation, with a single volatile source composition for the entire GSC. Magma fractional crystallisation, which increases in the plume influenced zone, seems to be the main motor for degassing. As other geochemical and geophysical studies indicate a significant plume influence on the GSC, these results suggest the plume component feeding the ridge is either degassed or else different from the plume core.  相似文献   

11.
《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2018,350(4):180-191
The delineation of populations of stream sediment geochemical data is a crucial task in regional exploration surveys. In this contribution, uni-element stream sediment geochemical data of Cu, Au, Mo, and Bi have been subjected to two reliable anomaly-background separation methods, namely, the concentration-area (C–A) fractal and the U-spatial statistics methods to separate geochemical anomalies related to porphyry-type Cu mineralization in northwest Iran. The quantitative comparison of the delineated geochemical populations using the modified success-rate curves revealed the superiority of the U-spatial statistics method over the fractal model. Moreover, geochemical maps of investigated elements revealed strongly positive correlations between strong anomalies and Oligocene–Miocene intrusions in the study area. Therefore, follow-up exploration programs should focus on these areas.  相似文献   

12.
A precise estimate of the variation of the position of a celestial body in the case of small variations of the elements of its orbit is obtained using an Euclidean (mean-square) norm for the deviation in the position. A relatively simple expression for the mean-square deviation of the radius vector dr in terms of the deviations of the elements is derived. These are taken to be first-order small quantitites, with second-order quantities neglected. This relation is applied to estimate the norm ||dr|| in two problems. In the first one, small and constant differences between six orbital elements (including the mean anomaly) are considered for two orbits. In the second one, a zero-mass point moves under the gravitation of a central body and a small perturbing acceleration F. The vector F is taken to be constant in a co-moving coordinate system with axes directed along the radius vector, the transversal, and the binormal vector. In this latter problem, dr is the difference between the position vectors in the osculating and mean orbit. The norm ||dr||2 is the weighted sum of the squares of the components of F, neglecting higher-order small quantities. The coefficients of the quadratic form depend only on the semi-major axis and the eccentricity of the mean orbit. The results are applied to the motion of a small asteroid under the action of a low-thrust engine imparting a small force.  相似文献   

13.
Increasing the prediction rate in the identification of mineralization zones using the stream sediment geochemical data is an essential issue in the regional exploration stage. The various univariate (such as fractal and probability plot (PP) methods) and multivariate methods (such as principal component analysis (PCA)) have been performed for interpreting the geochemical data and detecting the mineralization areas. In this study, a new geochemical criterion named geochemical anomaly intensity index (GAII) was proposed for geochemical anomaly mapping. This approach was developed based on the PCA method and the catchment basin coefficient (CBC). The GAII as a weighted geochemical index is calculated using the mineralization principal component (MPC) scores and CBC. GAII can be mapped and utilized for geochemical anomaly mapping and detecting the mineralization areas. Besides, GAII can identify paragenesis elements better than the current methods. In this research, GAII was successfully used to generate geochemical anomaly maps on shear zone gold mineralization in the southwest of Saqqez, NW Iran. The geochemical data have been divided into three groups based on catchment basins and the host rock type. Then the MPCs and paragenesis elements of Au mineralization have been obtained individually using PCA. Three mineralization paragenesis groups consisting of (Au, Sn), (Au, W), and (Au, As, Sb and Ba) have been recognized for different catchment basins of the southwest of Saqqez district using PCA. GAII was calculated and mapped based on the CBC(Au, Sn), CBC(Au, W), CBC(Au, As, Sb, Ba), and their MPC scores. GAII accurately detected the Au mineralization zones and improved the geochemical anomaly map in this area compared to the PP method, concentration-area fractal model, and U-spatial statistics method. The results demonstrated that GAII was successfully used for (a) identifying the mineralization paragenesis elements, (b) intensifying the geochemical anomaly, and (c) increasing the prediction rate of mineralization zones. The shear zone gold mineralization areas in the southwest of Saqqez district were effectively detected using this new data analysis approach. GAII has provided better results than the current PP method, concentration-area fractal model, and U-spatial statistics method.  相似文献   

14.
基于分形与多重分形理论的非线性化探数据处理方法及以空间加权主成分分析模型为代表的地学多源信息融合技术,为致矿地球化学异常信息的识别和提取提供了有力的工具。本文以钦-杭结合带南段庞西垌地区1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学数据为例,研究如何综合运用多重分形局部奇异性与空间加权主成分分析这两种地学信息处理方法来识别和提取致矿地球化学异常信息。首先,采用滑动窗口的方法绘制了研究区与银金矿化关系密切的五种地球化学元素Au、Ag、Cu、Pb和Zn的局部奇异性指数图以增强局部弱缓异常信息。然后,在控矿条件分析的基础上,运用北东向断裂构造这一重要控矿要素对Ag-Au成矿作用的影响范围,即距离北东向断裂的距离,作为应变量来构建用于空间加权主成分分析的空间权重系数的计算模型,以此来突显化探样品在控矿地质条件约束下的空间相关性。进而,采用空间加权主成分分析方法来得到Au、Ag、Cu、Pb和Zn多元素奇异性指数值的组合异常(第一主成分因子得分)。结果表明:综合运用多重分形局部奇异性与空间加权主成分分析方法可以有效的识别和提取Ag-Au致矿地球化学异常信息,圈定具有示矿意义的多元素组合异常区。  相似文献   

15.
Gutenberg and Richter developed an empirical relation, \(\log_{10} N(M) = a - bM\), to quantify the seismicity rate of various magnitudes in a given region and time period. They found the equation fit observed data well both globally and for particular regions. In conventional G–R relation, N(M) represents an arithmetic mean. As a result, the arithmetic standard deviation cannot be explicitly incorporated in the log-linear G–R relation. Moreover, this representation is susceptible to influence of spuriously large numbers of aftershocks of major earthquake sequences. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose an alternative representation of the G–R relation in terms of the logarithmic mean annual seismicity rate and its standard deviation. We select the crustal earthquake data from 1973 to 2011, as listed in the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) global catalog and the Central Weather Bureau (CWB) Taiwan regional catalog, to illustrate our methodology. We first show that by using the logarithmic annual seismicity rates we can significantly suppress the influences of spuriously large numbers of aftershocks following major earthquake sequences contained in the Taiwan regional catalog. More significantly, both the logarithmic mean annual seismicity rate and its standard deviation can be explicitly represented in the Gutenberg–Richter relation as follows:
$${\text{For}}\,{\text{global}}\,{\text{crustal}}\,{\text{seismicity}}{:}\;\log_{10} N = 8.14 - 1.03M \pm (0.04M - 0.13);$$
$${\text{For}}\,{\text{Taiwan}}\;{\text{crustal}}\,{\text{seismicity}}{:}\;\log_{10} N = 5.62 - 0.90M \pm (0.02M + 0.17)$$
where log10 N represents the logarithmic annual seismicity rate. Above analytical equations are very well constrained by observed global seismicity data with \(5.0 \le M \le 7.0\) and by Taiwan seismicity data with \(3.0 \le M \le 5.0\). Both equations can be extrapolated with confidence to simultaneously estimate not only the median annual seismicity rates but also their uncertainties for large earthquakes for the first time since inception of the G–R relation. These equations can be used to improve the conventional probabilistic seismic hazard assessment by including the dispersion of the annual seismicity rate. Finally, the corresponding numerical median annual seismicity rate with its upper and lower bounds obtained from above equations for \(5.0 \le M \le 9.0\) is listed in Table 1.
Table 1 Observed and estimated median annual seismicity rate and return period with their dispersions for Taiwan and global crustal earthquakes
Magnitude Catalog
Taiwan catalog (CWB) Taiwan catalog (CWB) Global catalog (NEIC) Global catalog (NEIC)
Annual rate (event/year) Return period (year) Annual rate (event/year) Return period (year)
M ≥ 5.0 24.55 13.18 7.08 0.041 0.076 0.14 1148.16 977.24 831.76 0.0009 0.001 0.0012
M ≥ 5.5 8.91 4.68 2.45 0.11 0.21 0.41 367.28 298.54 242.66 0.0027 0.0033 0.0041
M ≥ 6.0 3.24 1.66 0.85 0.31 0.60 1.18 117.49 91.20 70.79 0.0085 0.011 0.014
M ≥ 6.5 1.17 0.59 0.30 0.85 1.69 3.33 37.58 27.86 20.65 0.027 0.036 0.048
M ≥ 7.0 0.43 0.21 0.10 2.33 4.76 10.0 12.02 8.51 6.03 0.083 0.12 0.17
M ≥ 7.5 0.15 0.074 0.036 6.67 13.51 27.78 3.85 2.60 1.76 0.26 0.38 0.57
M ≥ 8.0 0.056 0.026 0.012 17.86 38.46 83.33 1.23 0.79 0.51 0.81 1.27 1.96
M ≥ 8.5 0.020 0.009 0.004 50.00 111.11 250.0 0.39 0.24 0.15 2.56 4.17 6.67
M ≥ 9.0 0.0074 0.0033 0.0015 135.14 303.03 666.67 0.13 0.074 0.04 7.69 13.51 25.00
Observed value is shown in bold number, estimated value in regular number \(\log_{10} N = 5.62 - 0.90M \pm (0.02M + 0.17)\) for Taiwan crustal earthquakes \(\log_{10} N = 8.14 - 1.03M \pm (0.04M - 0.13)\) for global crustal earthquakes
  相似文献   

16.
Geochemical and statistical analyses of 165 soil samples led to Cu-Au anomaly separation in Dalli-Northern Hill by using fractal geometry and U-spatial statistic. There was a good correlation between the anomaly areas and outcrops of quartz diorite porphyry (QDP) in the study area. Based on the interpretation of soil data and anomaly areas determination, one trench was suggested in NE-SW direction for follow-up exploration. Based on the rock sample analyses from the trenches in QDP rocks, the ratio of $ \frac{{{\mathrm{Ba}} \times {\mathrm{K}}}}{{{\mathrm{Ca}} \times {\mathrm{Zn}}}} $ clearly separated the mineralization area and considered as an index ratio for follow-up exploration stage. Dalli-Northern Hill anomaly includes pyrite/chalcopyrite/bornite, which is dominantly abundant in the ore body. Three IP profiles (IP04, IP05, and IP06) confirmed the conductivity of the sulfide zone. The background chargeability in the study area was about 5.4 mV/V and the average of maximum apparent chargeability in the study area was 44.4 mV/V, which could be related to the higher intensity of Cu-Fe sulfide minerals. The contact of andesite and quartz diorite has shown the strongest chargeability (71 mV/V) and high magnetic anomalies in the study area. DDH03 and DDH04 boreholes mostly confirmed that the IP/magnetic/geochemical anomalies were related to the contact of intrusive rocks and the wall rock of andesite. The combination of geochemical information from soil and rock together with geophysical data (induced polarization/resistivity) led to the subsurface geological cross sections and location of the mineralized zone enriched of sulfide. The mineralized zone in Dalli-Northern Hill distinct could be identified by potassic to weak sericitic and trace chloritic alteration, high values of the $ \frac{{{\mathrm{Ba}} \times {\mathrm{K}}}}{{{\mathrm{Ca}} \times {\mathrm{Zn}}}} $ ratio accompanied with high gold and copper values and enrichment from magnetite minerals. The high magnetic susceptibility, low resistivity, and high chargeability are considered as geophysical properties of the mineralized zones.  相似文献   

17.
地球化学元素的分布特征反映了元素矿化富集及空间变化的规律。通过对鄂西地区水系沉积物地球化学测量数据的统计分析,圈定了铅锌地球化学异常,并应用因子分析方法确定了主要成矿元素的共生组合及元素组合异常,为鄂西地区铅锌多金属矿勘查提供了有用的找矿信息。Pb、Zn两元素异常主要分布在青峰断裂带附近、神农架地区、黄陵背斜周缘、鹤峰地区和恩施地区南部。Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn四种元素关系密切,反映了该区矿化以铅锌多金属元素矿化富集为主的特征。青峰断裂带附近、神农架地区和恩施南部地区三个区域铅锌多金属元素异常强度大,可以作为鄂西地区铅锌多金属矿下一步找矿勘查重点区。  相似文献   

18.
通过龙沟河-鲜花山地区1：5万水系沉积物测量工作,获得了较丰富的区域地球化学测量成果.利用变异系数、浓幅分位值、相关性和异常特征研究对11种元素进行了数理分析,分析元素的地球化学特征,发现Au、Ag、Mo、As、Sb为主成矿元素.结合异常分布和元素成矿特征优选出了2处成矿远景区,经槽探验证,双目咀金锑成矿远景区发现2条金矿化体.  相似文献   

19.
For ABO 4 type ternary oxides, high pressure phase transformations known up to the present are reviewed, and an attempt is made to explain and predict crystal structures of their high pressure phases. When ABO 4 type compounds are plotted based on the two variables, k=r A /r B and t=(r A +r B )/2r O, where r A , r B , and r O are the ionic radii of A and B cations and divalent oxygen, they can be classified into the major structure types. It is found empirically that a compound basically transforms to the structure type isostructural with a compound lying in a classified area with the same k and larger t values in the diagram.  相似文献   

20.
Sensitive multi-element analysis techniques were applied to water samples collected in the vicinity of a small Zn-Pb-Cu sulfide mineralization in the region of Menez-Albot (Finistère, France).The variation of the trace-element content along a local stream shows the presence of the mineralization, mainly through a simultaneous positive anomaly in solution for a group of about 10 elements (e.g. Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sb) which are connected with this type of mineralization. The anomaly decreases steeply due to the influx of swamp water rich in Fe, Mn and organic matter. The precipitation barrier is reflected in the stream sediment composition. Contamination from fertilizers was observed in some samples.  相似文献   

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