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1.
Many geotechnical problems involve undrained behavior of clay and the capacity in undrained loading. Most constitutive models used today are effective stress based and only indirectly obtain values for the undrained shear strength. To match the design profiles of undrained shear strengths, in active (A), direct simple shear (D) and passive (P) modes of loading are complicated. This paper presents the elastoplastic constitutive model NGI‐ADP which is based on the undrained shear strength approach with direct input of shear strengths. Consequently, exact match with design undrained shear strengths profiles is obtained and the well‐known anisotropy of undrained shear strength and stiffness is accounted for in the constitutive model. A non‐linear stress path‐dependent hardening relationship is used, defined from direct input of failure strains in the three directions of shearing represented by triaxial compression, direct simple shear and triaxial extension. With its clear input parameters the model has significant advantages for design analysis of undrained problems. The constitutive model is implemented, into finite element codes, with an implicit integration scheme. Its performance is demonstrated by a finite element analysis of a bearing capacity problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
The influence of a diaphragm wall construction on the stress field in a soft clayey soil is investigated by the use of a three‐dimensional FE‐model of seven adjacent wall panels. The installation procedure comprises the excavation and the subsequent pouring of each panel taking into account the increasing stiffness of the placed fresh concrete. The soft clay deposit is described by a visco‐hypoplastic constitutive model considering the rheological properties and the small‐strain stiffness of the soil. The construction process considerably affects the effective earth and pore water pressures adjacent to the wall. Due to concreting, a high excess pore water pressure arises, which dissipates during the following construction steps. The earth pressure finally shows an oscillating, distinct three‐dimensional distribution along the retaining wall which depends on the installation sequence of the panels and the difference between the fresh concrete pressure and the total horizontal earth pressure at rest. In comparison to FE‐calculations adopting the earth pressure at rest as initial condition, greater wall deflections and surface ground settlements during the subsequent pit excavation can be expected, as the average stress level especially in the upper half of the wall is increased by the construction procedure of the retaining structure. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
A hypoplastic constitutive model for clays 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
D. Ma&#x;ín 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2005,29(4):311-336
This paper presents a new constitutive model for clays. The model is developed on the basis of generalized hypoplasticity principles, which are combined with traditional critical state soil mechanics. The positions of the isotropic normal compression line and the critical state line correspond to the Modified Cam clay model, the Matsuoka–Nakai failure surface is taken as the limit stress criterion and the non‐linear behaviour of soils with different overconsolidation ratios is governed by the generalized hypoplastic formulation. The model requires five constitutive parameters, which correspond to the parameters of the Modified Cam clay model and are simple to calibrate on the basis of standard laboratory experiments. This makes the model particularly suitable for practical applications. The basic model may be simply enhanced by the intergranular strain concept, which allows reproducing the behaviour at very small strains. The model is evaluated on the basis of high quality laboratory experiments on reconstituted London clay. Contrary to a reference hypoplastic relation, the proposed model may be applied to highly overconsolidated clays. Improvement of predictions in the small strain range at different stress levels is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
The objective of this study is to derive an effective stress‐based constitutive law capable of predicting rate‐dependent stress–strain, stress path and undrained shear strength and creep behavior. The flow rule used in the MIT‐E3 model and viscoplasticity theory is employed in the derivation. The model adopts the yield surface capable of representing the yield behavior of the Taipei silty clay and assumes that it is initially symmetric about the K0‐line. A method is then developed to compute the gyration and expansion of the loading surface to simulate the anisotropic behavior due to the principal stress rotation after shear. There are 11 parameters required for the model to describe the soil behavior and six of them are exactly the same as those used in the Modified Cam‐clay model. The five additional parameters can be obtained by parametric studies or conventional soil tests, such as consolidation tests, triaxial compression and extension tests. Finally, verification of the model for the anisotropic behavior, creep behavior and the rate‐dependent undrained stress–strain and shear strength of the Taipei silty clay is conducted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
A constitutive model based on the disturbed state concept is presented to describe the behavior of interfaces in unsaturated soil. The model is an extension of an existing model developed for a sand–steel interface. As opposed to the original model, the modified model incorporates two independent stress variables, which are the net normal stress and matric suction. The saturated and dry state of the interface can be modeled as a special case using the constitutive model presented in this paper. The modified model is capable of capturing the main features of unsaturated interfaces observed during laboratory testing, including increasing shear strength and strain softening with increasing suction and net normal stress and increasing dilatancy with increasing suction. Laboratory tests were carried out on unsaturated interfaces in a modified direct shear test apparatus. The observed behavior of interfaces between unsaturated soil and steel plates (rough and smooth) is presented in comparison with model predictions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Impact of constitutive models on the numerical analysis of underground constructions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The constitutive model frequently used in numerical calculations of tunnel excavation is linear-elastic perfectly plastic with a Mohr–Coulomb (MC) failure criterion. Generally, this leads to shallower and wider surface settlement troughs than those observed experimentally. It is therefore necessary to use adapted constitutive models for the design of underground works. In this paper, three constitutive models are implemented in a two-dimensional simulation of an underground excavation in plane strain: a linear-elastic perfectly plastic model (the MC model), an elastoplastic model with isotropic hardening [the hardening soil (HS) model, Schanz et al., Beyond 2000 in computational geotechnics, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 281–290, 1999] and an extension of this model which implies an evolution of the stiffness modulus in the small-strain range according to the strain level (the HS model with small-strain stiffness “HS-Small”, Benz, Small-strain stiffness of soils and its numerical consequences. Ph.D. thesis, Universitat Stuttgart, 189 pp., 2007). The study is based on the results of drained triaxial compression tests representing an overconsolidated clay (Gasparre, Advanced laboratory characterisation of London clay. Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College London, 598 pp., 2005); and is then applied to a shallow tunnel. The impact of the constitutive model is highlighted as well as the limits of the simplest constitutive model. 相似文献
7.
The shear modulus at very small strains (less than 0.001%) is an important parameter in the design of geotechnical structures subjected to static and cyclic loadings. Although numerous soil models are available for predicting shear modulus of saturated and dry soils, only a few ones can predict shear stiffness at very small strains of unsaturated soils correctly. In this study, a few unsaturated soil models are evaluated critically and compared with a newly developed model. This newly proposed model is verified by using measured shear modulus at very small strains for three different low plasticity fine grained soils available in the literature. It is found that this new model can predict shear modulus at very small strain resulting from an increase and a decrease in mean net stress at constant matric suction for low plasticity fine grained soils. Moreover, this model is able to give a reasonably good prediction on shear stiffness at very small strain during wetting of a collapsible unsaturated soil. In addition, the newly proposed model is illustrated to capture a consistent trend with experimental data of shear stiffness at very small strain for non-collapsible soils obtained during drying–wetting cycles. This evaluation revealed that the newly proposed model has better predictive capabilities than some earlier formulations of the same simplicity. In addition, the proposed model with fewer parameters has similar predictive capability as compared with a more complex model. 相似文献
8.
The modelling of interfaces is important for the holistic simulation of geotechnical structures (e.g. piles, tunnels and geogrids). For this reason, advanced constitutive interface models and numerical techniques are needed. There are few user-friendly models, and these are rarely implemented. In this paper, a new approach for advanced interface models is proposed. This is based on the assumption that the fully rough interface can be modelled considering simple-shear behaviour at the interface. A 3D soil model is used as a constitutive driver for a frictional subroutine. This minimises the effort required, and advanced interface models are available with less effort. Two different hypoplastic models are used with the new approach. The approach was verified for several aspects (e.g. mesh size dependence), and the volumetric behaviour was studied. The user-friendliness and absence of additional parameters led to more realistic simulation results. The proposed method can be extended to other modelling techniques and will improve the modelling of contacts in soil-structure interaction analysis. 相似文献
9.
Modelling of interfaces in geotechnical engineering is an important issue. Interfaces between structural elements (e.g., anchors, piles, tunnel linings) and soils are widely used in geotechnical engineering. The objective of this article is to propose an enhanced hypoplastic interface model that incorporates the in-plane stresses at the interface. To this aim, we develop a general approach to convert the existing hypoplastic model with a predefined limit state surface for sands into an interface model. This is achieved by adopting reduced stress and stretching vectors and redefining tensorial operations which can be used in the existing continuum model with few modifications. The enhanced interface model and the previous model are compared under constant-load, stiffness and volume conditions. The comparison is followed by a verification of two the approaches for modelling the different surface roughness. Subsequently, a validation between available experimental data from the literature versus simulations is presented. The new enhanced model gives improved predictions by the incorporation of in-plane stresses into the model formulation. 相似文献
10.
A rigorous semi‐analytical solution for undrained cylindrical cavity expansion in critical state soils 
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下载免费PDF全文 Apostolos Vrakas 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(15):2137-2160
This paper presents a generalized, rigorous and simple large strain solution for the undrained expansion of a vertical cylindrical cavity in critical state soils using a rate‐based plasticity formulation: the initial stress field is taken as anisotropic, that is with horizontal stresses that differ from the vertical stress, and the soil is assumed to satisfy any two‐invariant constitutive model from the critical state (Cam‐clay) family; no simplifying assumption is made during the mathematical derivation; calculating the effective stresses around the cavity requires the solution of a nonlinear equation by means of the Newton–Raphson method in combination with quadrature. Cavity expansion curves and stress distributions in the soil are then presented for different critical state models (including the modified Cam‐clay model). The solution derived can be useful for estimating the instantaneous response of saturated low‐permeability soils around piles and self‐boring pressuremeters and can serve as trustworthy benchmark for numerical analysis codes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
基于冻融交界面直剪试验的冻土斜坡失稳过程研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨多年冻土区自然斜坡失稳机制,开展了不同含水率黏土、粉土、砂土的土-冰交界面直接剪切试验和相应融土的直接剪切试验。结果表明,砂土和砂土-冰冻融交界面剪切应力-变形特性主要表现为弹性变形,且剪应力存在明显峰值;粉土、黏土及相应的冻融交界面在很小的变形范围内表现为塑性变形,且剪应力无峰值。水分对砂土活动层抗剪强度影响较弱,表现为水分增高,内摩擦角小幅降低。水分对粉黏土活动层抗剪强度影响剧烈,表现为水分增高,粉黏土黏聚力急剧减小。研究发现,冻土区斜坡失稳更易发生于细颗粒粉黏土中。相对于粉土,粉土-冰冻融交界面抵抗剪切变形的能力更强,粉土斜坡潜在滑动面更易发育在冻融交界面上层附近;相对于黏土,黏土-冰冻融交界面抵抗剪切变形的能力更弱,黏土斜坡更易在冻融交界面处发生滑动。同时,细粒土斜坡极易在达到最大融化深度前提前失稳,斜坡坡度越高,失稳时间越提前。融化期活动层水分增多导致潜在滑动面黏聚力降低是细粒土冻土斜坡失稳的最主要原因,孔隙水压对冻土斜坡具有一定影响,在稳定性评价时要考虑活动层水位的影响。 相似文献
12.
A constitutive model for simulation of the behavior of unsaturated interfaces is presented here. The model is an extension of an existing critical state compatible interface model for dry and saturated interfaces that was already proposed by one of the authors [Lashkari, A. 2013. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 37 (8): 904–931]. For a proper simulation of the behavior of partially saturated interfaces, the extended model is formulated in terms of two pairs of work conjugate stress–strain‐like variables. The modified model simulations are compared with the existing data of dry, unsaturated, and saturated interfaces. For each interface type, it is shown that the proposed model can capture the essential elements of the behavior using a unique set of parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
David Ma&#x;ín Claudio Tamagnini Gioacchino Viggiani Daniele Costanzo 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2006,30(13):1303-1336
In this paper, the performance of different advanced constitutive models for soils is evaluated with respect to the experimentally observed behaviour of a soft reconstituted clay subject to a wide range of loading directions, see (presented in the companion paper). The models considered include a three‐surface kinematic hardening elastoplastic model; the CLoE hypoplastic model; a recently proposed K‐hypoplastic model for clays, and an enhanced version of the same model incorporating the concept of intergranular strain. A clear qualitative picture of the relative performance of the different models as a function of the loading direction is obtained by means of the incremental strain response envelopes. The definition of suitable error measures allows to obtain further quantitative information in this respect. For the particular initial conditions and loading programme considered in this study, the kinematic hardening and the enhanced K‐hypoplastic models appear to provide the best performance overall. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
在深入探讨海相沉积原状软黏土压缩、变形等力学特性和详细分析加载屈服面随荷载情况变化的基础上,确认了海相沉积原状软黏土的强度、变形特性与结构屈服应力密切相关。即当固结压力小于结构屈服应力时,其力学特性与超固结重塑土的力学特性类似;当固结压力大于结构屈服应力时,其力学特性与正常固结重塑土的力学特性类似。为描述海相沉积原状软黏土的上述力学特性,将姚仰平等提出的超固结重塑土本构模型引入到海相沉积软黏土弹塑性本构模型的构建中。在本构模型构建过程中,考虑了海相沉积原状软黏土具有的抗拉强度及其演化规律,软黏土强度包线的特点及其进一步修正的表达式,使模型更符合海相原状软黏土的强度、变形特性。最后,将3种不同海相沉积软黏土固结排水剪切试验得到的应力-应变-体变曲线与模型预测结果进行对比。比较结果显示,本文提出的弹塑性本构模型能很好地描述海相沉积原状软黏土的剪缩硬化、剪胀软化以及变形的应力水平依存性等力学特性。 相似文献
15.
黏土的应力路径本构模型 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据黏土应力-应变曲线的特点及其应力路径的相关特性,将作者所建立的砂土应力路径本构模型扩展用于黏土,建立了黏土的应力路径本构模型,利用变换应力方法将SMP准则用于黏土的应力路径本构模型,使模型得到了合理的三维化。黏土的应力路径模型与修正剑桥模型相比,在双向加载A区和卸载D区二者完全相同;在单向加载B区和F区,两种模型均可计算塑性应变;特别是在C区和E区,黏土的应力路径模型可计算塑性应变,而修正剑桥模型的塑性应变为0。通过与修正剑桥模型比较和对藤森黏土试验结果的预测,反映了黏土应力路径本构模型描述黏土在不同应力路径条件下应力-应变特性的优越性。 相似文献
16.
敏感环境下基坑数值分析中土体本构模型的选择 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
数值分析已成为敏感环境下基坑工程分析的最重要手段,其关键是选择合适的土体本构模型和计算参数。在分析了岩土数值分析中常用土体本构模型特点的基础上,通过算例较系统地对比了各类模型在基坑开挖数值分析中的适用性。敏感环境下的基坑工程需重点关注墙后土体的变形,从满足工程需要和方便实用的角度出发,建议采用能考虑黏土的塑性和应变硬化特征、能区分加荷和卸荷且刚度依赖于应力水平的硬化类弹塑性模型,如MCC模型和HS模型进行分析。具体工程实例的分析,表明了硬化类弹塑性模型在敏感环境下基坑开挖数值分析中的适用性。 相似文献
17.
A three-dimensional (3D) soil–structure interface model is proposed within the two-mechanism constitutive theory and bounding surface theory originally established for soils. The proposed model has two main characteristics: first, the model is formulated based on two different and superposed deformation mechanisms. The first mechanism is due to the stress ratio increment, and the second is due to the normal stress increment. Each mechanism induces a shear strain component and a normal strain component. The proposed model can be reduced to the conventional single-mechanism interface model. Second, the plastic modulus and stress dilatancy are defined using the bounding surface theory. The plastic flow rule under cyclic loading is modified and assumed to be dependent on both the stress state of the mapping point and the stress reversal loading direction. The proposed model was validated against the available 3D interface tests and was found to satisfactorily reflect the salient features of the interfaces under monotonic and cyclic loading paths with different normal boundaries. The problem in which the elastic normal stiffness in conventional single-mechanism interface models is often underestimated to enhance the simulation performance under varying normal stress conditions is solved by incorporating the second mechanism. And the effect of the second mechanism on the modeling behavior is discussed. The modified plastic flow direction accurately simulates the 3D cyclic shear response, and the difference between the model simulation and test result increases with the number of cycles by use of the plastic flow direction defined in conventional bounding surface theory. 相似文献
18.
The purpose of the present paper is to clarify the effects of permeability and initial heterogeneity on the strain localization of fluid‐saturated cohesive soil modelled by a strain gradient‐dependent poro‐viscoplastic constitutive model. The effects of permeability and gradient parameters on the growth rate of the fluctuation were obtained by a linear instability analysis. Deformation behaviour of clay specimens modelled as a viscoplastic model with a second order strain gradient during shear was numerically analysed by a soil–water coupled FEM under both globally undrained and partially drained conditions. It was found that the deformation pattern and the stress–strain curve greatly depend on the permeability, the drainage conditions and the initial non‐homogeneous properties. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
夹有泥皮粗粒土与结构接触面力学特性试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
进行了粗粒土与结构之间夹有泥皮和无泥皮两种状态的接触面单调和循环剪切试验,初步研究了夹有泥皮时接触面静动力学特性的规律和作用机理。试验表明,泥皮对粗粒土与结构接触面的力学特性有重要影响。当泥皮不厚时,接触面仍表现出粗粒土与结构接触面的基本力学特性。泥皮越厚,接触面的抗剪强度越低,相对法向位移会越大。当泥皮极厚时,泥皮将隔断粗粒土与结构面的接触而成为泥皮与结构接触面。泥皮对接触面力学特性的影响程度不仅与泥皮本身的特性及其厚度有关,还与构成接触面的结构面材料与粗粒土的特性有关。 相似文献
20.
INTRODUCTIONThe mechanical responses of soils are more com-plicated compared with metals.By comparing thephysical and mechanical properties of the metals withsoils,Lade(1988)found that there are17differentpoints between the metals and soils,which differfrom metals inthree basic mechanical characteristics:pressure sensitivity,dilatancy,and dependence ofstress path.Wang(2004)proposed a principle of theinteraction between plastic volume and shear strains,that is,there are two relatively inde… 相似文献