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1.
《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1999,29(2-4):365-395
We present definitive observational evidence that the startling change of the Eastern Mediterranean deep circulation observed in winter 1995 and documented by [Roether, W., Manca, B.B., Klein, B., Bregant, D., Georgopoulos, D., Beitzel, V., Kovacevich, V., Luchetta, A., 1996. Recent changes in the Eastern Mediterranean deep water. Science 271, 333–335.] actually started before October 1991. This change involved not only the deep water mass pathways but also the origin and pathways of the water mass spreading in the intermediate layer. We carry out the first unified analysis of the POEMBC-O91 data set, which shows that, differently from the previous decade of the 80s, the Cretan/Aegean Sea was in 1991 the `driving' engine of the intermediate, transitional and deep layer circulations, with Cretan Intermediate Water (CIW), transitional water and Cretan Deep Water (CDW) spreading out from the Cretan Sea into the basin interior. The most important new results are: (a) the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) formed inside or at the periphery of the Rhodes gyre is blocked in its traditional westbound route on its density horizons σθ=29.05 and 29.10 kg/m3 by a three-lobe strong anticyclonic structure in the Southern Levantine, which induces a substantial LIW recirculation in the Levantine basin itself; (b) the CIW exiting from the Western Cretan Arc Straits spreads into the Ionian interior on the σθ=29.05–29.10 kg/m3 isopycnal surfaces, thus replacing the LIW confined in the Levantine basin. A branch of CIW flows eastward in the Cretan passage and is entrained by the Ierapetra anticyclone to flow again into the Cretan Sea through the Eastern Cretan Arc Straits; (c) on the horizons σθ=29.15 and 29.18 kg/m3 a transitional water mass of Cretan origin, denser than CIW, and CDW are observed to spread out massively from the Cretan Arc Straits both into the Ionian and Levantine interiors. These isopycnal surfaces rise to much shallower depths in 1991 than in 1987, increasing the salt content of the intermediate, transitional and deep layers. This leads to a massive salt increase in the Ionian below 1200 m, clearly related to lateral advection of the new denser waters of Cretan/Aegean origin, thus contradicting the hypothesis of a vertical salt redistribution proposed by Roether et al. 相似文献
2.
北非地区海-陆热力差异与夏季江淮流域旱涝的关系 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
基于NCEP/NCAR月均再分析资料和中国743站降水资料,根据夏季江淮流域51 a(1954-2004年)区域旱涝指数的年代际变化特征,确定北非地区作为研究的关键区.分析发现,关键区的地表温度异常在冬季具有较好的持续性,冬季北大西洋涛动是导致这种异常持续性的重要原因之一.通过对前冬北非地区地表温度和夏季江淮流域降水的SVD分析发现:当北非大陆地区偏冷,其西北侧的海区偏暖时,江淮流域夏季的降水将整体偏多;反之,江淮流域夏季的降水整体偏少.进一步研究发现,北非地区海陆地表温度异常的对比,要比其中单一海洋或陆地区域的异常对夏季江淮流域的旱涝有更好的指示能力.文中定义了一个海陆热力差异指数来表征这种地表温度异常的对比程度,该指数和夏季江淮流域旱涝指数呈较好的正相关关系,并且对夏季江淮流域极端旱涝年份也有较好的指示,认为该指数可以作为一个指示江淮流域整体旱涝事件的预报因子. 相似文献
3.
In this study, satellite-derived outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the reanalysis from the National Centers for Environmental
Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research are used as verification data in a study of intraseasonal variability
in the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (GLA) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) atmospheric general circulation
models. These models simulated the most realistic intraseasonal oscillations (IO) of the 15 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison
Project models previously analyzed. During the active phase of the intraseasonal oscillation, convection is observed to migrate
from the Indian Ocean to the western/central Pacific Ocean, and into the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). The simulated
convection, particularly in the GLA model, is most realistic over the western/central Pacific Ocean and the SPCZ. In the reanalysis,
the baroclinic structure of the IO is evident in the eddy-stream function, and eastward migration of the anticyclone/cyclone
pairs occurs in conjunction with the eastward development of convection. Both the GLA and UKMO models exhibit a baroclinic
structure on intraseasonal time scales. The GLA model is more realistic than the UKMO model at simulating the eastward migration
of the anticyclone/cyclone pairs when the convection is active over the western/central Pacific. In the UKMO model, the main
heating is located off the equator, which contributes to the irregular structures seen in this model on intraseasonal time
scales. The maintenance and initiation of the intraseasonal oscillation has also been investigated. Analysis of the latent
heat flux indicates that evaporative wind feedback is not the dominant mechanism for promoting the eastward propagation of
the intraseasonal oscillation since evaporation to the west of the convection dominants. The data suggest a wave-CISK (conditional
instability of the secondkind) type mechanism, although the contribution by frictional convergence is not apparent. In the
GLA model, enhanced evaporation tends to develop in-place over the west Pacific warm pool, while in the UKMO simulation westward
propagation of enhanced evaporation is evident. It is suggested that lack of an interactive ocean may be associated with the
models systematic failure to simulate the eastward transition of convection from the Indian Ocean into the western Pacific
Ocean. This hypothesis is based upon the examination of observed sea surface temperature (SST) and its relationship to the
active phase of the intraseasonal oscillation, which indicates that the IO may evolve as a coupled ocean-atmosphere mode.
The eastward propagation of convection appears to be related to the gradient of SST, with above normal SST to the east of
the convection maintaining the eastward evolution, and decreasing SST near the western portion of the convective envelope
being associated with the cessation of convection.
Received: 13 September 1996/Accepted: 14 April 1997 相似文献
4.
利用1951-2008年三峡库区范围内10个国家基本站的夏季降水资料,通过Z指数分析了三峡库区夏季旱涝的变化特征,确定出6个严重涝年(1954,1956,1980,1982,1983年和1998年)和6个严重旱年(1959,1966,1972,1976,2001年和2006年)。结合NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料以及NOAA的OLR资料,对严重旱涝年份的大气环流形势进行合成分析。结果表明:三峡库区夏季旱涝变化具有较好的一致性,1979年经历了由旱到涝的年代际转变;2001年后,三峡库区进入偏旱阶段。三峡库区夏季严重涝年和旱年环流形势存在显著差异,当100hPa南亚高压异常强大,500hPa高度距平场欧亚高纬度地区从自西向东呈"-+-"距平波列分布,乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海地区有持续性阻塞高压发展,西太平洋暖池对流偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压位置易偏南,三峡库区以南的西南水汽输送增强,使得三峡库区的水汽辐合增强,这种环流形势配合有利于三峡库区洪涝的发生,严重旱年则相反。 相似文献
5.
Summary An investigation has been undertaken to assess the manner in which the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) influences average,
climatic conditions, and also extremes of dynamic and thermodynamic variables. By choosing representative sites in the Swiss
Alps, the present study shows that there is a high sensitivity of the extremes of the probability density functions of temperature,
moisture and pressure to periods when the NAO index is either strongly positive or strongly negative. When the NAO index is
strongly positive, temperature and pressure shift towards positive anomalies and there is a general reduction in atmospheric
moisture at high elevation. Furthermore, a change in typical alpine winter weather patterns can be detected during strongly
positive NAO anomaly phases. The winters of the last decade of the 20th Century (1989–99) are characterized by a substantial
decrease in cold advective high pressure situations and simultaneously an important increase in warm convective high pressure
systems. These patterns differ significantly from the weather types which have been recorded for earlier periods of the 20th
Century. As a result of the highly-positive nature of the NAO index in the latter part of the 20th Century it is speculated
here that a significant part of the observed warming in the Alps results from the shifts in temperature extremes induced by
the behavior of the NAO. These changes are capable of having profound impacts on snow, hydrology, and mountain vegetation.
Received January 11, 2001 Accepted Revised May 24, 2001 相似文献
6.
J. Lelieveld P. Hadjinicolaou E. Kostopoulou J. Chenoweth M. El Maayar C. Giannakopoulos C. Hannides M. A. Lange M. Tanarhte E. Tyrlis E. Xoplaki 《Climatic change》2012,114(3-4):667-687
The Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East (EMME) are likely to be greatly affected by climate change, associated with increases in the frequency and intensity of droughts and hot weather conditions. Since the region is diverse and extreme climate conditions already common, the impacts will be disproportional. We have analyzed long-term meteorological datasets along with regional climate model projections for the 21st century, based on the intermediate IPCC SRES scenario A1B. This suggests a continual, gradual and relatively strong warming of about 3.5–7°C between the 1961–1990 reference period and the period 2070–2099. Daytime maximum temperatures appear to increase most rapidly in the northern part of the region, i.e. the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey. Hot summer conditions that rarely occurred in the reference period may become the norm by the middle and the end of the 21st century. Projected precipitation changes are quite variable. Annual precipitation is expected to decrease in the southern Europe – Turkey region and the Levant, whereas in the Arabian Gulf area it may increase. In the former region rainfall is actually expected to increase in winter, while decreasing in spring and summer, with a substantial increase of the number of days without rainfall. Anticipated regional impacts of climate change include heat stress, associated with poor air quality in the urban environment, and increasing scarcity of fresh water in the Levant. 相似文献
7.
The Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) was formed in the UK in 1974 in order to determine realistic spatial, temporal and intensity distributions of tornadoes in the UK and, eventually, throughout Europe. Currently, TORRO's databases contain nearly 2000 tornadoes and over 550 waterspouts for the UK alone. In 1972, TORRO's founder, Terence Meaden, devised the Tornado Intensity Scale. This scale enables the wind speeds of tornadoes to be rated on a scale from T0 to T10, or more (since it is an open-ended scale). Using this scale, estimates have been made of the statistical return periods of differing intensities of UK tornadoes. TORRO's research into understanding the conditions of tornado development is ultimately intended to lead to issuing forecasts of tornadoes. In 1991, TORRO issued the first tornado watch in the UK for 12 November and this proved to be accurate—not only did three property-damaging tornadoes strike East Anglia but the forecast maximum intensity of T5 was attained. In 1975, TORRO expanded its activities to include conventional thunderstorm reporting and investigations. In 1982, TORRO incorporated the British and Irish thunderstorm data-collection organisation, the Thunderstorm Census Organisation (TCO), which was established in 1924. By the early 1980s, TORRO's network of voluntary thunderstorm observers, located throughout the UK and Ireland and increasingly in other European countries, numbered around 350 and the network continues to grow. In addition to TORRO's early focus on tornadoes and thunderstorms, its data collection and research has expanded to consider other whirlwinds (such as waterspouts and land devils), hailstorms, lightning (including ball lightning) and blizzards/heavy snowfalls. In 1996, TORRO began providing easy access to its databases (e.g. post-1995 UK and European severe weather events, especially tornadoes and hailstorms) and other information via its internet site at http://www.torro.org.uk/. Building on over 25 years of experience—and of the half a century of the TCO before it—TORRO continues to expand its European role in severe weather data collection and research, helped by the on-going appointment of European representatives and its increasing European membership. 相似文献
8.
龙眼成花差、花而不实和寒 (冻 )害问题是制约广西龙眼发展的三大农业气象问题。根据调研资料及生产实践资料分析研究认为 :暖冬、冬春季连续低温阴雨 ,光照不足 ,是造成成花差和花而不实的主要原因。并提出在使用常规药物控梢促花的基础上 ,根据不同情况选择新型药物促花 ,提高果园整体成花率的对策 相似文献
9.
利用青藏高原积雪深度资料分析了青藏高原冬季１月平均积雪深度与云南夏季气温、降不的联系。结果表明：青藏高原冬季积雪与云南夏季气温和降水有较好的联系,即青藏高原冬季１月积雪峰值年对应云南北部７－８月气温低谷年,云南夏季易出现“８月低温”天气;青藏高原积雪多的年份,昆明夏季６－８月降水异常偏我,云南大部７月降水异常偏多,云南哀牢山脉以北、以东地区８月降水异常偏多。５００ｈＰａ异常环流分析表明,冬季青藏高 相似文献
10.
The variations in average annual surface air temperature, precipitation, and runoff in the Selenga River basin (within Russia) are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the considerable increase in average annual temperature of surface air layers occurred in the 1980s-1990s. The decrease in peak water discharge in the rivers and the increase in the frequency of low-water periods were revealed in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the Selenga River basin in 2001-2010. In the southwestern mountain regions (the Dzhida River basin) the river runoff increased during that period. 相似文献