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The primary halos of porphyry copper deposits are characterized by compositional zoning in three dimensions. Two ideal zoning patterns can be divided in accordance with the shape of primary halos in space: bell-shaped and anticline-shaped. In the process of alteration-mineralization, K, Si, (OH), Fe, Cu, Mo, Ag, S, Ba, Rb, Pb, Zn, As, etc. were imported, while Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Ti, Mn, V, Co, Sr, Pb, Zn, etc. were exported or became activated, and then transported and reprecipitated. Both import and export of Fe, Pb and Zn may have taken place. The fundamental factors controlling the zoning of primary halos are: the stability of complexes and the activity of elements; pH, Eh, the behaviour of sulfur and the sulphophile character of elements; the concentration of components and the regularities of isomorphism; temperature and pressure; and tectonic setting and lithological characters of wallrocks. The authors consider that the zoning patterns of primary halos in porphyry copper deposits are the outcome of integrated effects of various factors. 相似文献
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江苏省新沂市马陵山地区的4个神秘的印记,传统上被解释为“李存孝打虎处”的“虎爪印”和“人足迹”,重新将其解释为大盛群田家楼组恐龙足迹。这些足迹中只有一个最深的“虎爪印”保存了可识别的趾印,表明它是一个有着后内侧拇趾印的兽脚类恐龙左足迹,是一道单步约50cm的直线行迹的一部分;另一种解释是该足迹为小型蜥脚类恐龙的右后足迹,形成行迹的右侧部分,其左侧部分没有保存。马陵山足迹点提供了恐龙足迹如何影响中国民间传说的另一个案例。 相似文献
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太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物的元素地球化学特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文对太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物的元素地球化学作了较为详细的研究。因子分析提供的信息表明,元素的分布主要受三个因子控制:（1）粘土及Fe、Mn氧化物水化物胶体的吸附作用;（2）生物化学作用过程有关的自生沉积作用;（3）海底页岩风化及附近海区的火山喷发作用。元素的来源:（1）Fe、Mn、Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Cr、Cr、Mg、Al、Ti、K共生,主要来自粘土吸附;（2）C有机、N、Sr、Na及Si、Ca、Sr主要来自生物化学过程沉积;（3）Pb主要来源于岩石碎屑（火山喷发碎屑）。 相似文献
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嫩江现代河流沉积层序及沉积模式 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
以黑龙江省富裕县大马岗现代嫩江沉积体为例,通过深挖探槽、探坑及野外密集采样的精细解剖,详细研究了现代嫩江大马岗沉积体内部岩相、沉积微相、沉积层序及沉积模式。研究表明,大马岗河流沉积体是一个由辫状河与曲流河沉积组成的复合沉积体,其下部以辫状河砾质坝沉积为主,上部则以低能量的曲流河沉积为主。在现代嫩江大马岗沉积体内部,共识别出16种岩相,即Gm,St1,St2,Ft,Ssd,Sh,Stcb,Shcs,Sw,Sm,Fw,Fm,Fsc1,Fsc2,Mm及Mpr,发育五种亚相、六种沉积微相,即曲流河的河漫滩沉积微相、决口扇微相、天然堤微相、点坝微相、辫状河的溢岸微相及心滩微相。这些沉积微相构成了大马岗沉积体内部垂向上三套不同的沉积层序:下部层序以砾石质沉积为主,为辫状河沉积形成;中部层序为一个完整的曲流河沉积层序,以曲流河点坝沙及溢岸漫滩泥沉积构成;上部沉积层序则为曲流河泛滥及决口沉积形成。通过沉积微相及沉积层序分析,本文建立了一种新型的河流复合沉积模式,进一步丰富了河流沉积学理论。 相似文献
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夏河县地区位于中秦岭断褶带西段,观音大庄—力士山断裂带南侧、夏河—合作断裂带中部,属夏河—合作成矿带。通过开展1 ∶ ５万水系沉积物测量工作,并对异常进行查证解释,从区域地质背景和矿区地质特征入手,重点分析了甘加贡玛—阿姨山地区的水系沉积物金异常,表面该区水系沉积物异常分布与构造展布方向一致,金异常对地层的选择性明显;通过对水系沉积物测量中Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、As 、Sb、Hg、Cr、Ni、Sn、W、Mo、Bi等14种元素分析结果进行R型聚类分析和相关性分析,得出区内可选用Au、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种元素作为主成矿元素进行成矿预测。 相似文献
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SHI Jian-sheng LIU Chang-li DONG Hua YAN Zhen-peng WANG Yan-jun LIU Xin-hao GUO Xiu-yan JIAO Hong-jun YIN Mi-ying HOU Huai-ren 《地下水科学与工程》2014,2(4):1-18
Although the Chinese people have, through continuous efforts, built the constantly improving Yellow River flood control system, and created a miracle which has been tranquil for over 50 years, the tendency for the downstream watercourse of the Yellow River to uplift every year has not been fundamentally curbed, and the aboveground river is still the “scourge” of the sons and daughters of the Yellow River. By the use of a variety of modern investigation and survey methods, the geological environment characteristics of the downstream of the Yellow River have been identified basically, including the environmental and geological factors affecting the stability of aboveground rivercourse of the lower Yellow River such as the active fracture of the lower Yellow River, crustal uplift, land subsidence, seismic activity, geological conditions of dike foundation engineering, hydrodynamic conditions of rivers, and geomorphology of watercourses. After a comprehensive analysis of the inability mode of aboveground river on the downstream of the Yellow River and its corresponding impact factors, by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, we have evaluated the crustal stability of the aboveground river, dike foundation stability, watercourse landform stability and overall stability. The results of comprehensive results show that the stability of downstream aboveground rivercourse of the Yellow River can be divided into four grades and 11 sections, i e. “basically stable, unstable, very unstable and extremely unstable”. On the basis of the stability segmentation, we consider the influence of integrally the future structural faults, earthquakes, the difference of watercourse between forward and backward heights of dikes, river regime and river type, historical crevasses, foundation soil liquefaction and seepage deformation, and find out 17 most unstable danger points. Finally, from 17 danger points, we select 7 danger points which are most prone to instability including Wuzhi, Zhongmou, Kaifeng, Fengqiu, Dongming, Changyuan and Dong’e. The calculation and analysis of the range and area inundated by 7 danger points, area, and number of people threatened, possible economic loss, and environmental damage, the inability caused by any one of 7 points could bring disastrous consequences to the downstream. 相似文献
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绿洲地理特征及其气候效应 总被引：43，自引：4，他引：43
根据绿洲的一些共性给出了绿洲的科学定义。并且根据以往大量研究成果,系统地归纳了世界上绿洲分布的区域类型、形成的客观条件、需要的水文环境、植被和土壤类型及其分类等地理特征,全面总结了绿洲"冷岛"结构、"冷岛"效应、"湿岛"结构、临近荒漠逆湿、高额可利用能量、风屏作用、动力和热力效应、增雨作用等主要气候效应。在此基础上,提出了绿洲具有系统性、对水的依赖性、高比照性、尺度性、高效性、脆弱性、演化性等本质特性。最后还讨论了人类活动对绿洲的作用和影响。 相似文献
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N. G. Konopleva G. Yu. Ivanyuk Ya. A. Pakhomovsky V. N. Yakovenchuk Yu. P. Men’shikov Yu. A. Korchak 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2008,50(8):720-731
The rocks of the Khibiny pluton contain 25 amphibole varieties, including edenite, fluoredenite, kaersutite, pargasite, ferropargasite, hastingsite, magnesiohastingsite, katophorite, ferrikatophorite, magnesiokatophorite, magnesioferrikatophorite, magnesioferrifluorkatophorite, ferrimagnesiotaramite, ferrorichterite, potassium ferrorichterite, richterite, potassium richterite, potassium fluorrichterite, arfvedsonite, potassium arfvedsonite, magnesioarfvedsonite, magnesioriebeckite, ferriferronyboite, ferrinyboite, and ferroeckermannite. The composition of rock-forming amphiboles changes symmetrically relative to the Central Ring of the pluton; i.e., amphiboles enriched in K, Ca, Mg, and Si are typical of foyaite near and within the Central Ring. The Fe and Mn contents in amphiboles increase in the direction from marginal part of the pluton to its center. Foyaite of the marginal zone contains ferroeckermannite, richterite, arfvedsonite, and ferrorichterite; edenite is typical of foyaite and hornfels of the Minor Arc. Between the Minor Arc and the Central Ring, foyaite contains ferroeckermannite, arfvedsonite, and richterite; amphiboles in rischorrite, foidolite and hornfels of the Central Ring are (potassium) arfvedsonite, (potassium) richterite, magnesiokatophorite, magnesioarfvedsonite, ferroeckermannite, and ferriferronyboite; amphiboles in foyaite within the Central Ring, in the central part of the pluton, are arfvedsonite, magnesioarfvedsonite, ferriferronyboite, katophorite, and richterite. It is suggested that such zoning formed due to the alteration of foyaite by a foidolite melt intruded into the Main (Central) Ring Fault. 相似文献
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1. The division of main tectonic regions and their minerogenetic belts. In quite a few fold zones of geosynclinal systems, such as Altay, Junggar, Tianshan, Kunlun and Beishan Mountains, there exist ore zones of rare metals, muscovite, Fe, Cr, Mn, Au, P, asbestos, nonferrous metals, etc., whereas in Tarim platform, Fe, Al, Zn, Cr, P, S, Cu and coal minerogenetic belts have already been found. 2. Minerogenetic relations between major types of ore deposits and magmatic series, sedimentary formation, or metamorphic facies. Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe and rare metals of magmatic type are related to magnesian ultrabasic, ferruginous basic-ultrabasic or acid-alkaline rocks, nonferrous and noble metals, Fe and asbestos of hydrothermal type are found associated with acid, intermediate-acid intrusive rocks generally rich in alkali; rare metals and muscovite of pegmatitic type are genetically in connection with acid-alkaline rocks, Fe of volcanic type has to do with alkali-rich acid to basic eruptive rocks, coal, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Pb, Zn, P and S of sedimentary type occur mostly in clastic carbonate-rocks, siliceous carbonate rocks, detrital rocks, red beds, salt-bearing or coal-bearing formations, Fe, P of sedimentary-metamorphic type are preserrt: within such metamorphic facies as ferro-siliceous hornblendite, green schist-marble or siliceous-magnesian carbonatite. 3. Regularity of the formation and distribution of ore deposits. The formation and distribution of ore deposits are generally characterued by zoning, fault-controlling, polycycles, stratabinding, inheritance, regeneration, ore combination, equidistance, migration and superimposition, with individual ore deposit having its specific characteristics. 相似文献
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吐哈盆地草南1井中侏罗统物源方向综合判识及其研究意义 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
利用物源方向综合判识方法，通过吐哈盆地草南１井中侏罗统与物源区岩性特征以及草南１井与邻井地层厚度、岩石学特征和沉积相时空分布等方面的对比研究，认为其物源应来自于盆地南部的觉罗塔格山。这一研究成果对于完善沉积盆地物源方向判识方法，指导油气勘探部署均具有十分重要的意义. 相似文献
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大型水力压裂是干热岩地热能开发中人工储留层建造的最有效手段,其核心力学问题为高温、高压下岩石的水力破岩机制。通过单轴应力下带钻孔花岗岩注入高温蒸汽破坏试验,研究固-热耦合作用下花岗岩的水力破岩机制。结果表明:高温对花岗岩破裂有很大的促进作用,热效应导致强度弱化,降低破裂压力。高速率注入430℃和350℃蒸汽破坏试验中,破裂压力比常温水压裂至少降低58%;低速率注入400℃和450℃蒸汽破坏试验中,花岗岩破裂压力比常温水压裂降低75%。注蒸汽破坏过程可分为热破裂损伤和宏观裂缝扩展两个阶段。高温蒸汽产生的热应力在钻孔周围随机发生热破裂,随着注入蒸汽时间的增加,热破裂范围由钻孔附近逐渐向远处扩展,热破裂分布密度增大,为宏观裂缝的产生提供便利条件。初始宏观裂缝首先出现在钻孔两侧,沿着最终形成的宏观裂缝轨迹扩展,直到试样破坏。与常温水压裂相比,低速率注蒸汽破坏是一个缓慢的延性拉破坏过程,裂缝相对钻孔不对称扩展,宽度小于水力压裂裂缝宽度。 相似文献
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湘中安化黑色页岩土壤玉米的元素地球化学分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用等离子质谱(ICP-MS)等分析技术,对产于安化东坪、烟溪黑色页岩土壤上的玉米进行元素地球化学分析.结果.表明:尽管东坪、烟溪黑色页岩土壤重金属元素富集的程度及其元素组合特征明显不同,但生长在其上的玉米有相似的主量元素和重金属元素的富集特征.玉米中Cd、Cr、Sc、Tl、Zn等重金属相对富集,以Cd的富集尤为明显;而Ba、Co、Cu、Fe、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、U、V等重金属相对亏损.黑色页岩土壤重金属污染的环境地球化学效应表现为Sc、Cr、Cd、Tl等生物毒性重金属元素在玉米中富集,而Ba、V、Co、Ni、Mo、Rb、Sr等生物必需微量金属在玉米中亏损. 相似文献
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湖南省矿产资源形势与发展战略问题探讨 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
湖南省矿产资源比较丰富，有色金属及非金属矿产具有明显优势，但矿产资源形势严峻，保有储量不足，难选治、低品位、共伴生矿多，开发利用难度大，地勘体制改革滞后。矿产资源自给能力明显下降，且矿山数量多、规模小、利用效率低、深加工落后、矿山环境问题严重。应从建立多元化的矿产资源供应体系、调整能源结构、开展科技攻关、改善矿业开发的生态环境等方面实施一系列战略转变，采取建立矿产资源规划体系、建立矿产勘查基金、改善矿业投资环境、提高矿山地质环境保护水平等政策措施，实现湖南矿业的可持续发展。 相似文献
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甘肃省的白垩系 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
依据地层区划分原则,将省内白垩系划分为北山、走廊、潮水、祁连、兰州、陇东、西秦岭区7个地层区和酒泉、武威、六盘山、陕甘宁盆地4个地层分区;分别建立了老树窝群、新民堡群、庙沟群、河口群、志丹群、六盘山群、东河群、金刚泉群、马莲沟群、民和组10个群级岩石地层单位;详述了各建群、组的代表剖面;以“热河动物群”、茹福德蕨-拟金粉蕨植物群存在的最低层位的新民堡群、志丹群及与其相当地层的底界,确立为白垩系的底界。以含具冠女星介生物组合的民和组的顶界为白垩系的顶界;按地层区总结了生物组合特征,并与国内外有关生物组合进行了对比,以此确定了省内白垩系的时代。 相似文献
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新疆阿希金矿床为一形成于古生代的低硫型浅成低温热液金矿床,矿床产于伊犁—中天山板块北部中天山北缘活动大陆边缘的吐拉苏火山岩断陷盆地中。其赋矿围岩为大哈拉军山组安山质火山岩和火岩碎屑岩,矿体呈脉状产于古火山口外围的环形断裂带中,主要金属矿物有自然金、银金矿、黄铁矿、白铁矿、毒砂、赤铁矿、褐铁矿以及微量的浓红银矿、硒银矿、硫锑铜银矿、角银矿等,非金属矿物有石英、玉髓、菱铁矿、方解石、绢云母、冰长石等,围岩蚀变作用主要有硅化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化和青盘岩化。矿床以富集Au、Ag、As、Sb、Bi、Hg、Se、Te、Mo元素组合为特征,Ag/Au比值小,为0.46～11.1。氢、氧、碳、硫及稀有气体同位素组成特征显示其成矿流体主要为循环大气降水;成矿流体盐度主要为0.7%～3.1%NaCl_(eqv),平均为2.2%NaCl_(eqv);成矿温度为120～240℃,平均190℃;最大成矿深度约700 m。沸腾作用是引起成矿流体中矿质发生沉淀富集的主要成矿机制,成矿作用过程中流体处于近中性pH值的还原环境,成矿时代介于晚泥盆世晚期((363.2±5.7)Ma)到早石炭世维宪期。其一系列特征显示该矿是一个典型的、形成于古生代的低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿床。矿床得以保存与矿床形成后很快被阿恰勒河组沉积盖层覆盖有关,从上新世开始由于印度板块对欧亚板块的碰撞挤压作用,天山造山带被快速抬升遭受风化剥蚀作用使矿床重新露出地表而被发现。阿希金矿的发现对于在中、新生代以前的造山带中寻找浅成低温热液型金矿床具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。 相似文献
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准噶尔盆地二叠系风城组白云岩储层特征及成因机理分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
准噶尔盆地云质岩勘探近年来持续获得重大突破,打开了全新的勘探领域。通过岩心观察、薄片观察和分析等方法,结合前人研究成果,初步归纳了盆地云质岩的定义,明确有效储集岩类型及其产出特征和成因机理。云质岩具有岩性独特和分布局限的特点,主要产出于西北缘乌夏地区二叠系风城组。研究表明,盆地白云岩有纹层状、均匀分布状和雪花状等7种产出类型,共有准同生白云化作用、混合白云化作用和埋藏白云化作用等5种成因机理。风城组有效云质岩类储层包括白云质粉砂岩、白云质泥岩、泥质白云岩等多种岩性,最主要的储集空间为微裂缝。裂缝和溶孔的发育程度及配置关系优劣对产能高低有重要影响。不同类型白云岩的微观和宏观分布特征存在差异,多种白云岩化作用的叠加效应共同控制了现今白云岩的整体面貌。 相似文献
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Source and distribution of metals in urban soil of Bombay,India, using multivariate statistical techniques 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Simplification of a complex system of geochemical variables obtained from the soils of an industrialized area of Bombay is attempted by means of R-mode factor analysis. Prior to factor analysis, discriminant analysis was carried out taking rock and soil chemical data to establish the anthropogenic contribution of metals in soil. Trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) are expressed in terms of three rotated factors. The factors mostly indicate anthropogenic sources of metals such as atmospheric fallout, emission from different industrial chimneys, crushing operations in quarries, and sewage sludges. Major elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe) are also expressed in terms of three rotated factors indicating natural processes such as chemical weathering, presence of clay minerals, and contribution from sewage sludges and municipal refuse. Summary statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) for the particle size distribution were interpreted as moderate dominance of fine particles. Mineralogical studies revealed the presence of montmorillonite, kaolinite, and illite types of clay minerals. Thus the present study provides information about the metal content entering into the soil and their level, sources, and distribution in the area. 相似文献