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1.
A practical combined finite–discrete element method was developed to simulate the breakage of irregularly shaped particles in granular geomaterials, e.g., rockfill. Using this method, each particle is discretized into a finite element mesh. The potential fracture paths are represented by pre-inserted cohesive interface elements (CIEs) with a progressive damage model. The Mohr–Coulomb model with a tension cut-off is employed as the damage initiation criterion to rupture the predominant failure mode occurs at the particle scale. Two series of biaxial tests were simulated for both the breakable and unbreakable particle assemblies. The two assemblies have identical configurations, with the exception that the former is inserted with CIEs and is breakable. The simulated stress–strain–dilation responses obtained for both assemblies are in agreement with experimental observations. We present a comprehensive study of the role of particle breakage on the mechanical behavior of rockfill materials at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. The underlying mechanism of particle breakage can be explained by the force chain in the assemblies. 相似文献
2.
为探讨颗粒形状对粒状材料的颗粒破碎演化规律及强度特征的影响,提出了一个新的粒状材料颗粒形状量化参数,设计了一种考虑三维颗粒形状的人工试样制备方法,随即进行了常规三轴压缩试验,并分析了颗粒破碎和强度特征,最终建立了一个二元介质强度准则,具体的研究成果为：建立颗粒形状量化参数——球形模量GM,在此基础上制备了5种不同形状的可破碎粒状材料三轴试样,并发现球形模量影响着粒状材料的三轴压缩强度特征;通过筛分确定试样的颗粒破碎情况,对试样的颗粒破碎演化规律和临界状态进行探讨,发现颗粒形状通过影响颗粒破碎规律而控制着宏观强度的非线性演化特征;以二元介质理论为基础,建立了考虑颗粒形状的可破碎粒状材料强度准则,并通过试验对其适用性进行了验证。 相似文献
3.
Empirical evidence has shown that particle breakage affects the mechanical behaviour of granular materials. The source of this mechanism takes place at the particle scale, and the main consequence on the macromechanical behaviour is increasing compressibility. Due to the inverse correlation between particle size and particle crushing strength, coarse rockfill materials are particularly vulnerable to mechanical degradation due to particle breakage. However, such coarse materials do not fit in standard laboratory devices, and the alternative of large sample testing is usually unavailable or too expensive. Alternatively, recent works have proposed multi-scale approaches using the discrete element method (DEM) to carry out numerical testing of coarse crushable materials, although few studies have focused on size effects. This article presents the application of a DEM bonded-cell model to study particle size-strength correlation on angular rock aggregates. Each particle is modelled by a cluster of perfectly rigid polyhedral cells with Mohr–Coulomb contact law. Constant cell density within particles implies that the presence of potential fragmentation planes increases with size. Therefore, particle strength decreases with size. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was carried out through 1477 particle crushing simulations in a given particle size. Based on published experimental data on calcareous rock aggregates, part of the simulations were used for calibration, and 97 additional simulations of a coarser size fraction were performed for validation. The results show a good agreement with the empirical data in terms of size effect and data scatter through Weibull statistics. 相似文献
4.
结合边界元法和离散元法,提出一种可以进行计算颗粒内部应力和破碎路径的方法。该方法利用离散元法求解颗粒的相互作用和每个颗粒上的荷载。然后利用边界元法计算颗粒的应力分布,为了实现动态平衡,将颗粒的加速度视为恒定大小的体力。但体力导致边界积分方程中出现域积分,故采用直线积分法将域积分转化为边界积分,以保证边界元法降维的优势。为了提高边界元的计算效率,对于几何形状相似的颗粒,以其中一个颗粒作为模板颗粒,只需要计算模板颗粒在局部坐标系中的系数矩阵,其他相似颗粒可以通过局部和全局坐标系之间的映射获得。在得到应力后,基于Hoek-Brown准则来判断颗粒是否破碎。此外,将破坏路径简化为直线,并采用最小二乘法拟合得到破坏路径。 相似文献
5.
Presented is a study on the geometrical characteristics of sand particles and the mechanical behavior of sand material under external loading. Based on computed tomography technique, a reconstruction method of granular particles was developed and used to build a database of 3D geometrical models for sand particles. The studied sand particles showed good regularities in morphological characteristics and thus were suitable to be used for the random generation of numerical samples. DEM tests using realistically shaped particles were proven to better simulate the mechanical behavior of the sample during elastoplastic loading stage, which was an issue for the simplified spherical particles. The generation, extension, and breakage of the force chains controlled the strain softening behavior of sands. Anisotropy analysis using the spherical harmonic series showed that the evolution of anisotropy directions and parameters corresponded well with the macroscopic mechanical behavior of the material. Pore volume computation based on Voronoi diagram was performed to illustrate the formation and evolution of localized shear zone. The mesoscopic analysis showed that particle shape significantly influences the mechanical behavior of sands and thus should be properly modeled in numerical simulations. 相似文献
6.
为了揭示钙质砂在大位移剪切作用下的破碎及形状演化规律,对南海钙质砂进行了系列不同剪切位移下的环剪试验。首先,利用筛分和激光粒度分析获取试验后的颗粒粒径分布,分析颗粒分布变化情况;其次,通过粒径分布对破碎进行定量分析;最后,运用图像处理技术计算颗粒圆度和扁平度,分析了颗粒形状的变化情况。试验结果表明,在不同的竖向压力下,颗粒会达到不同的稳定级配,但达到稳定所需的剪切位移相同;经历大位移剪切后,出现粒径为0.01～0.075 mm钙质砂破碎严重的现象;随剪切位移的增加,颗粒的圆度和扁平度减小。针对细小颗粒破碎严重的现象,修正了相对破碎率;修正后的相对破碎率能考虑粒径为0.01～0.075 mm颗粒发生的破碎。剪切后的钙质砂颗粒更为规则,整体轮廓趋于圆形、表面更光滑。 相似文献
7.
通过室内大型直剪试验和基于PFC2D的颗粒离散元数值模型,探讨考虑块石破碎的土石混合料的剪切特性及块石破碎特征。以土石混合料室内大型直剪试验和筛分试验为基础,提出了一种能真实描述块石形态特征并准确反映块石破碎效应的土石混合料颗粒离散元数值建模方法,模拟并分析了6种含石量土石混合料在4种不同法向应力作用下的剪切特性及块石破碎特征。结果表明：土石混合料抗剪强度随含石量的增大而增大,且基本符合摩尔-库仑（M-C）强度准则,随着含石量增大,内摩擦角呈现“慢-快-慢”增长趋势,黏聚力则呈现先增后减再增大的变化趋势。剪切后土石混合料块石破碎形式可归纳为表面研磨、局部破碎、完全破裂、完全破碎4种方式。提出了一种新的颗粒破碎指标,该指标能够准确描述粒径大于5 mm的块石的破碎程度,其随含石量和法向应力的增大而增大。通过对土石混合料颗粒离散元数值模型剪切面的分析发现,剪切面出现“剪斜”现象,其起伏程度随含石量增大愈加明显,且随着含石量增大剪切面附近剪裂隙数量增多,土石混合料在剪切过程中的破坏为拉-剪混合破坏。 相似文献
8.
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) treatment often involves particle migration and is applied for propping or plugging fractures. Particle migration behaviors, e.g., bridging, packing, and plugging, significantly affect the HF process. Hence, it is crucial to effectively simulate particle migration. In this study, a new numerical approach is developed based on a coupled element partition method (EPM). The EPM is used to model natural and hydraulic fractures, in which a fracture is allowed to propagate across an element, thereby avoiding remeshing in fracture simulations. To characterize the water flow process in a fracture, a fully hydromechanical coupled equation is adopted in the EPM. To model particle transportation in fractures with water flow, each particle is treated as a discrete element. The particles move in the fracture as a result of being dragged by fluid. Their movement, contact, and packing behaviors are simulated using the discrete element method. To reflect the plugging effect, an equivalent aperture approach is proposed. Using this method, the particle migration and its effect on water flow are well simulated. The simulation results show that this method can effectively reproduce particle bridging, plugging, and unblocking in a hydraulic fracture. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that particle plugging significantly affects water flow in a fracture and hence the propagation of hydraulic fracture. This method provides a simple and feasible approach for the simulation of particle migration in a hydraulic fracture. 相似文献
9.
提出了一种新的无网格数值模拟计算方法--广义粒子动力学法(GPD),并在GPD算法中引入了粒子损伤理论。运用GPD方法,建立了TBM单滚刀、双滚刀作用下的完整岩体破岩模型,成功模拟了TBM滚刀破岩过程。通过与数值模拟结果及室内试验结果的对比分析,验证了GPD法模拟TBM滚刀破岩过程的有效性。同时,运用GPD方法建立了含节理岩体及高围压条件下岩体的TBM滚刀破岩模型,研究了节理及围压条件下TBM滚动破岩过程。得到了节理对TBM滚刀破岩效率的影响,既可能是促进作用又可能是抑制作用,高围压对TBM滚刀破岩过程中裂纹的起裂及扩展和破岩深度有较大的影响。 相似文献
10.
The particle breakage of granular materials under compression is a phenomenon of great importance. In this paper, a micromechanically based model for the compression of crushable granular materials is developed in the framework of thermomechanics. Both the internal and dissipative energies in the model are derived using the micro–macro volume averaging approach to ensure that all parameters involved have concrete physical meanings. The particle breakage is quantified by the change of the maximum particle size, the size polydispersity and the fractal dimension of the gradation. Compared to other breakage models, there is a major difference that highlights the novelty of the proposed model: neither the ultimate particle size distribution, nor the evolution path of the gradation is predefined in the model. The initiation, evolution and the attenuation of the breakage can be determined by the maximum dissipation principle using thermomechanics and micromechanics. Finally, it is demonstrated that the proposed model can predict the stress dependence of the elastic bulk modulus, the size dependence of the yielding stress and the elastic–plastic-pseudoelastic phase transition of granular materials. 相似文献
11.
在外荷载等因素作用下,粗粒土易发生颗粒破碎。对泥岩和砂岩颗粒进行了一系列的单颗粒破碎试验,基于尺寸效应和颗粒破碎分形模型,研究了单颗粒破碎强度、破碎能量及Weibull模量等与分形维数间的关系。利用PFC3D对单颗粒破碎过程进行分析,并与试验数据对比,验证了数值程序的可靠性;随后扩展到大颗粒粒径,分析了其单破碎强度及破碎能量。结果表明：在同类试验条件下,不同材料所得的分形维数是不同的;不同粒径砂岩的破碎程度均大于泥岩;单颗粒破碎强度具有明显的尺寸效应;单颗粒破碎强度与破碎能量均可通过分形维数与颗粒粒径预测得出;修正后的Weibull模量也可通过分形维数得出;数值模拟结果与试验结果及预测结果基本一致;大颗粒粒径单颗粒破碎强度模拟结果与预测结果基本一致,破碎能量稍有差异,需进一步试验验证。研究成果可为获取大粒径粗粒土的单颗粒强度与变形特性提供参考。 相似文献
12.
岩石断裂力学的亚临界裂缝扩展理论认为微裂缝扩展可导致岩石破碎,即岩石颗粒破碎具有时间效应。根据亚临界裂缝扩展理论,提出了考虑微裂缝扩展导致堆石颗粒破碎时间效应的数值流变模拟新方法,并进行了考虑颗粒不同典型破碎模式的单轴流变颗粒流数值试验。在对比数值与室内流变试验曲线的基础上,分析了数值流变过程中颗粒破碎情况与颗粒体内部结构发展过程等。研究成果表明,两种试验手段得到的堆石流变的发展趋势基本一致,由微裂缝扩展引起的颗粒延时破碎是堆石流变的主要原因之一,深化了对堆石料变形机制的认识。 相似文献
13.
The characteristics of particle breakage and shear strength of soil-rock aggregate with six rock contents under six normal pressures were studied from macro and mecro perspectives by large-scale direct shear test, particle observation test and particle sieving test. The relationship between macroscopic shear strength properties and mecroscopic particle breakage characteristics was established, thus further revealing the influence mechanism of rock content and particle breakage on the shear strength characteristics of soil-rock aggregate. The results showed that particle breakage mainly occurred near the shear plane. The breakage morphology can be divided into surface grinding, local fracture, complete fracture and complete breakage, resulting from the stress concentration caused by uneven contact forces between particles. Due to particle breakage, the content of fine particles increased, coarse grains decreased, and intermediate grains fluctuated. The relative particle breakage Br increased with the increase of normal pressure ?n or rock content P5, which accorded with the function of two variables. With the increase of normal pressure ?n, the shear strength τ increased nonlinearly and met the modified M-C strength criterion. When the rock content P5 increased, the cohesive force c0 of soil-rock aggregate decreased, the internal friction angle ?0 of soil-rock aggregate increased, and the non-linear parameter Δ? increased. Particle breakage was the direct cause of non-linear strength characteristics of soil-rock aggregate. 相似文献
14.
A novel, simplified approach is presented in order to compute variations of grading in granular assemblies during confined comminution under quasi‐static compression. The method is based on a population balance equation and requires a breakage probability, considered here as a probabilistic phenomenon that takes into account the particle strength and the loading condition of individual grains. Under basic assumptions, a simple breakage probability can be defined in order to get a valuable result for engineering applications and powder technology. The size effect in the strength of individual particles is introduced according to Weibull's theory. The particle loading and the cushioning effect in the granular packing are accounted for by considering the orientations of the contact forces obtained from 3D discrete element method simulations of highly polydisperse materials. The method proposed could have a value for engineering purposes in powder technology and geomechanics and gives a general framework for further research developments based on population balance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
This paper investigates the particle breakage behaviour of a carbonate sand based on single-particle compression experiments with in situ X-ray microtomography scanning (μCT) and a combined finite–discrete element method (FDEM). Specifically, X-ray μCT is applied to extract the information on grain morphology and intra-particle pores of carbonate sand particles to establish an FDEM model. The model is first calibrated by comparing the simulation results of two carbonate sand grains with the corresponding single-particle compression experiment results and then applied to model the stress evolution, cracking propagation and failure of other carbonate sand particles under single-particle compression. To study the influence of intra-particle pores, FDEM modelling of carbonate sands with completely filled intra-particle pores is also performed. The particle strength of carbonate sands both with and without pore filling is found to follow a Weibull distribution, with that of the sand with pore filling being considerably higher. This behaviour is associated with lower stress concentration, resulting in later crack development in the pore-filled sand than in the sand without pore filling. The cracks are found to usually pass through the intra-particle pores. Consequently, a larger proportion of particles fail in the fragmentation mode in the sand without pore filling. 相似文献
16.
Breakage of particles will have greatly influence on mechanical behavior of granular material(GM)under external loads,such as ballast,rockfill and sand.The discrete element method(DEM)is one of the most popular methods for simulating GM as each particle is represented on its own.To study breakage mechanism of particle breakage,a cohesive contact mode is developed based on the GPU accelerated DEM code-Blaze-DEM.A database of the 3D geometry model of rock blocks is established based on the 3D scanning method.And an agglomerate describing the rock block with a series of non-overlapping spherical particles is used to build the DEM numerical model of a railway ballast sample,which is used to the DEM oedometric test to study the particles’breakage characteristics of the sample under external load.Furthermore,to obtain the meso-mechanical parameters used in DEM,a black-analysis method is used based on the laboratory tests of the rock sample.Based on the DEM numerical tests,the particle breakage process and mechanisms of the railway ballast are studied.All results show that the developed code can better used for large scale simulation of the particle breakage analysis of granular material. 相似文献
17.
In granular soils grain crushing reduces dilatancy and stress obliquity enhances crushability. These are well-supported specimen-scale experimental observations. In principle, those observations should reflect some peculiar micromechanism associated with crushing, but which is it? To answer that question the nature of crushing-induced particle-scale interactions is here investigated using an efficient DEM model of crushable soil. Microstructural measures such as the mechanical coordination number and fabric are examined while performing systematic stress probing on the triaxial plane. Numerical techniques such as parallel and the newly introduced sequential probing enable clear separation of the micromechanical mechanisms associated with crushing. Particle crushing is shown to reduce fabric anisotropy during incremental loading and to slow fabric change during continuous shearing. On the other hand, increased fabric anisotropy does take more particles closer to breakage. Shear-enhanced breakage appears then to be a natural consequence of shear-enhanced fabric anisotropy. The particle crushing model employed here makes crushing dependent only on particle and contact properties, without any pre-established influence of particle connectivity. That influence does not emerge, and it is shown how particle connectivity, per se, is not a good indicator of crushing likelihood. 相似文献
18.
珊瑚砂是一种含钙极高的海洋生物成因材料,具有高棱角性、形状不规则、易破碎等特点。通过珊瑚砂的高压一维蠕变试验,研究颗粒破碎引起颗粒分布曲线和形状因子的演化规律。借助于高速动态图像的激光粒度粒形仪器,从统计学的角度分析试验前后颗粒形状随压力演化的关系,发现颗粒的形状因子,如长宽比、球形度和凹凸度等,随压力增加而逐渐增加。不同粒径的颗粒形状因子均向一个窄幅范围趋近,说明颗粒破碎具有无尺度性和自相似性的分形特性,分形维数随压力增加而逐渐增大,且趋近分形破碎极限。采用Hardin和Einav的方法计算相对破碎量,发现在两种计算方法下相对破碎量与压力呈幂函数关系,且幂指数相同。相对破碎量随时间增加的现象并不明显,说明在高压力下颗粒破碎主要为压缩破碎,且颗粒细化滑移填充孔隙引起的变形是造成蠕变的主要原因。 相似文献
19.
颗粒破碎对于粗粒土的应力变形性质有显著影响。在Rowe剪胀方程的基础上考虑颗粒破碎耗能的影响,并引入颗粒破碎的演化规律对颗粒破碎耗能进行计算,得到了一个简单实用且对粗粒土适用性较好的剪胀方程。主要结论如下：（1）通过粗粒土的三轴CD试验结果分析并证明了弹性应变对于剪胀比的影响较小,因此,可以将剪胀比 表示为 ,进而得到了剪胀方程表达式的一般形式。（2）将剪胀方程中的临界状态应力比Mc折减为摩擦系数M,并引入了颗粒破碎的演化规律,将M定量表示为广义剪应变的函数,从而使得所计算的破碎耗能在剪切过程中是递增的,且逐渐趋于稳定值,符合了颗粒破碎不可逆的规律。（3）试验表明,剪胀方程中的未知量 与摩擦系数M之间呈现显著的线性关系,将该关系代入剪胀方程即确定了方程的具体表达形式,并且利用堆石料的三轴CD试验证明了其对粗粒土的剪胀性预测效果较好。 相似文献
20.
Particle size strongly influences the shear strength of granular materials. However, previous studies of the particle size effect have focused mainly on the macroscopic behavior of granular materials, neglecting the associated micro-mechanism. In this study, the effect of particle size on the shear strength of uncrushable granular materials in biaxial testing is investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). First, a comprehensive calibration against experimental results is conducted to obtain the DEM parameters for two types of quartz sand. Then, a series of biaxial tests are simulated on sands with parallel particle size distributions to investigate the effect of particle size on macro- and microscopic behaviors. Finally, by adopting the rolling resistance method and the clump method, irregular-shaped particles are simulated to investigate how the particle size effect will be influenced by the particle shape. Simulation results demonstrate that (1) the peak shear strength increases with particle size, whereas the residual shear strength is independent of particle size; (2) the thickness of the shear band increases with the particle size, but its ratio decreases with particle size; (3) the particle size effect can be explained by the increase of friction utilization ratio with particle size; and (4) the particle size effect is more significant in granular materials that consist of particles with higher angularity. 相似文献
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