共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
In this work, many global tomographic inversions and resolution tests are carried out to investigate the influence of various mantle and core phase data from the International Seismological Center (ISC) data set on the determination of 3D velocity structure of the Earth's interior. Our results show that, when only the direct P data are used, the resolution is good for most of the mantle except for the oceanic regions down to about 1000 km depth and for most of the D″ layer, and PP rays can provide a better constraint on the structure down to the middle mantle, in particular for the upper mantle under the oceans. PcP can enhance the ray sampling of the middle and lower mantle around the Pacific rim and Europe, while Pdiff can help improve the spatial resolution in the lowermost mantle. The outer core phases (PKP, PKiKP and PKKP) can improve the resolution in the lowermost mantle of the southern hemisphere and under oceanic regions. When finer blocks or grid nodes are adopted to determine a high-resolution model, pP data are very useful for improving the upper mantle structure. The resulting model inferred from all phases not only displays the general features contained in the previous global tomographic models, but also reveals some new features. For example, the image of the Hawaiian mantle plume is improved notably over the previous studies. It is imaged as a continuous low velocity anomaly beneath the Hawaiian hotspot from the core-mantle boundary (CMB) to the surface, implying that the Hawaiian mantle plume indeed originates from the CMB. Low-velocity anomalies along some mid-oceanic ridges extend down to about 600 km depth. Our results suggested that later seismic phases are of great importance in better understanding the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior. 相似文献
2.
Matthew J. Fouch Karen M. Fischer Michael E. Wysession 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2001,190(3-4):167-180
We utilized recordings of seismic shear phases provided by several North American broadband seismometer arrays to provide unique constraints on shear wave anisotropy beneath the northern and central Pacific Ocean. Using a new analysis method that reduces measurement errors and enables the analysis of a larger number of available waveforms, we examined relative travel times of teleseismic S and Sdiff that sample a large area of lowermost mantle structure. The results of this study provide evidence for small-scale lateral and depth variations in shear wave anisotropy for a broad region of the lowermost mantle beneath the Pacific Ocean. In particular, we image a localized zone of anomalously strong anisotropy whose strength increases toward the top of D″ beneath Hawaii. Our results, combined with a previous study of VP/VSH ratios, indicate that ancient subducted slab material may be responsible for observations beneath the northern Pacific, while lenses or layers of core–mantle boundary reaction products or partial melt, oriented by horizontal inflow of mantle material to the Hawaiian plume source, can explain observations beneath the central Pacific. 相似文献
3.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(5)
Quantifying the density contrasts of the Earth's inner core boundary(ICB) is crucial to understand core-mantle coupling and the generation of the geodynamo. The PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio is commonly used to obtain the density contrast at the ICB, but its applications are limited by scattered observed data. In this study, we selected the PKiKP and PcP phases reflected at the same region of inner-core and core-mantle boundaries beneath Northeast Asia from different earthquakes for the first time, and the observations suggested that the PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio is widely scattered. We also compared the PKiKP and PcP amplitudes, which demonstrated that the scatter cannot be attributed only to ICB anomalies but might also arise from raypath differences and heterogeneities throughout the crust and mantle. By fitting the observed PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio, we obtained a density contrast of approximately 0.65 g cm~(-3) and a compressional velocity contrast of approximately 0.87 km s~(-1) at the ICB beneath Northeast Asia. The larger contrast values indicate the possible occurrence of local crystallization occurring at the inner core surface. 相似文献
4.
Seismic studies of the lowermost mantle suggest that the core-mantle boundary (CMB) region is strongly laterally heterogeneous
over both local and global scales. These heterogeneities are likely to be associated with significant lateral viscosity variations
that may influence the shape of the long-wavelength non-hydrostatic geoid. In the present paper we investigate the effect
of these lateral viscosity variations on the solution of the inverse problem known as the inferences of viscosity from the
geoid. We find that the presence of lateral viscosity variations in the CMB region can significantly improve the percentage
fit of the predicted data with observations (from 42 to 70% in case of free-air gravity) while the basic characterisics of
the mantle viscosity model, namely the viscosity increase with depth and the rate of layering, remain more or less the same
as in the case of the best-fitting radially symmetric viscosity models. Assuming that viscosity is laterally dependent in
the CMB region, and radially dependent elsewhere, we determine the largescale features of the viscosity structure in the lowermost
mantle. The viscosity pattern found for the CMB region shows a high density of hotspots above the regions of higher-than-average
viscosity. This result suggests an important role for petrological heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle, potentially associated
with a post-perovskite phase transition. Another potential interpretation is that the lateral viscosity variations derived
for the CMB region correspond in reality to lateral variations in the mechanical conditions at the CMB boundary or to large-scale
undulations of a chemically distinct layer at the lowermost mantle. 相似文献
5.
Koki Idehara 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2011,184(1-2):80-90
An ScP phase reflected and converted at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) beneath the region east of the Philippine Islands shows clear pre- and postcursors, recorded on short-period seismic networks in Japan. These waveform variations can be explained by interaction of the ScP wavefield with thin layers at the CMB. The results of forward modeling of double-array stacks reveal two different structural heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle beneath the region east of the Philippine Islands. One of the structures represents a decreased velocity, and increased density across the reflector at the lowermost ～10 km of the mantle, with P- and S-wave velocity reductions of 5–10% and ～30%, respectively, and an increase in density of 5–10%. Another structure consists of a pair of reflectors at ～10 km and ～5 km above the CMB, both of which are characterized by reduced P- and S-wave velocities. The upper reflector is the interface of a low-velocity zone in which P- and S-wave velocities decrease of 10% and 30%, respectively, accompanied by an extremely large increase in density (20–25%). The lower reflector is characterized by a 25% reduction in S-wave velocity relative to the above low-velocity layer, as well as a 5% decrease in P-wave velocity and no change in density. The nature of the low-velocity zone detected locally at the CMB is comparable with that of ultra-low-velocity zones (ULVZs) observed by various seismic probes in the South Pacific and Central America. Extensive observations of the ULVZ beneath the region east of the Philippine Islands indicate massive partial melting at the bottom of the mantle. Low-S-velocity basal layer partly detected within the ULVZ may be resulting from core–mantle chemical interactions, driven by massive partial melting. 相似文献
6.
PKP震相包含了下地幔底部P波速度结构的重要信息.中国地震台网（CSN）台站记录到的南美洲地震的PKP波的射线，对中太平洋下的D″层有很好的采样.本研究采用这些PKP波的AB和DF两个分支的走时差，研究了中太平洋下地幔底部P波速度的小尺度变化.AB DF的走时差减小了上地幔横向不均匀性的影响，而对下地幔底部P波速度的横向变化十分敏感.与此同时，AB DF的走时差也减小了地震定位误差的影响，消除地震发震时间测定误差的影响.本研究的结果表明，在中太平洋的地幔底部存在着大范围的AB DF走时正残差，也即低速异常区，这可能是太平洋下超大地幔热柱的源处.观测到的P波速度异常的空间分布总体上与Grand通过层析成像得到的CMB的S波的速度异常相一致，并在变化的幅度上很好地相关，P波速度的扰动值（在D″层大约为2%）是Grand 速度模型中的S波异常的36%.这一结果有助于太平洋下超大地幔热柱的结构和性质的进一步研究. 相似文献
7.
利用来自汤加—斐济及周边地区发生的47次地震并由中国地震台网中心和IRIS台站记录到的数据，与来自东亚北部及北太平洋地区发生的26次地震并由IRIS台站记录到的数据， 使用ScS-S相对走时分析方法研究了西太平洋下D区的剪切波各向异性， 得到了核幔边界反射点上ScS波径向分量和横向分量的分裂时间， 并计算了D区的地震波各向异性强度. 发现ScS波通过西太平洋下D区时普遍呈现出径向分量走时大于横向分量走时的模式. ScS波的分裂时间值为-0.91~3.21s， 平均值为1.1 s； 各向异性强度值为-0.45%~1.56%， 平均值为0.52%. 观测和分析结果表明， 西太平洋下D区水平流应占支配地位，各向异性结构主要是具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性介质. 形成这种结构的可能原因是地幔底部水平流导致的核幔边界反应产物或部分熔融物质的形状优选方向, 或下地幔物质的晶格优选方向. 相似文献
8.
Using seismic shear phases from 47 Tonga-Fiji and its adjacent region events recorded by the CENC and IRIS, and from 26 northeast Asia and north Pacific events recorded by IRIS, we studied the shear wave anisotropy in D" region beneath the western Pacific utilizing the ScS-S differential travel time method and obtained the splitting time values between the radial and transverse components of each ScS wave corresponding to each core-mantle boundary (CMB) reflection point. We found that most shear waves involved horizontally polarized shear wave components traveling faster than vertically polarized shear wave components through the D" region. The splitting time values of ScS wave range from ?0.91 s to 3.21 s with an average value of 1.1 s. The strength of anisotropy varies from ?0.45% to 1.56% with an average value of 0.52%. The observations and analyses show that in the D" region beneath the western Pacific the lateral flow is expected to be dominant and the vertical transverse isotropy may be the main anisotropic structure. This structure feature may be explained by the shape preferred orientation of the CMB chemical reaction products or partial melt and the lattice preferred orientation of the lower mantle materials caused by the lateral flow at lowermost mantle. 相似文献
9.
Satoru Tanaka 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2004,141(3):141-152
I have examined precisely the differential travel times and waveforms of SmKS seismic phases propagating under the southern Indian Ocean obtained from African broadband seismic arrays. The SmKS phases analyzed in this study travel in the mantle with weak heterogeneity confirmed by a global tomographic study for the distance range of 115-135°. The SmKS differential times were obtained from a vespagram (a stack intensity on a time-slowness diagram), and comparison with the vespagram created from synthetic waveforms with PREM gives the travel-time residual for each event-array pair. Although the residuals of S3KS-S2KS times exhibit apparently a systematic dependence on epicentral distance, this is likely due to small-scale heterogeneity beneath the Oceania where is covered by the SmKS ray entering points at the CMB. Waveform modeling was applied to a record section with a small travel-time residual that suggests a small effect from the mantle heterogeneity on the data set, I found that a low-velocity zone in the outermost 50 km in the core rather than PREM can explain an additional arrival detected just after the S3KS phase. This result is still inconclusive because of the small number of data and non-uniqueness of the model and ambiguity due to mantle structure. However, accumulation of the precise measurement described in this study may help the reduction of uncertainty and trade-offs. 相似文献
10.
Teresa Mae Lassak Allen K. McNamara Edward J. Garnero Shijie Zhong 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2010,289(1-2):232-241
The origin of large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) in the lowermost mantle beneath the central Pacific and Africa is not well constrained. We explore numerical convection calculations for two proposed hypotheses for these anomalies, namely, thermal upwellings (e.g., plume clusters) and large intrinsically dense piles of mantle material (e.g., thermochemical piles), each of which uniquely affects the topography on Earth's core–mantle boundary (CMB). The thermochemical pile models predict a relatively flat but elevated CMB beneath piles (presumed LLSVPs), with strong upwarping along LLSVP margins. The plume cluster models predict CMB upwarping beneath upwellings that are less geographically organized. Both models display CMB depressions beneath subduction related downwelling. While each of the two models produces a unique, characteristic style of CMB topography, we find that seismic models will require shorter length scales than are currently being employed in order to distinguish between the end-member dynamic models presented here. 相似文献
11.
Edmond K.M. Sze Robert D. van der Hilst 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2003,135(1):27-46
We use a total of 839,369 PcP, PKPab, PKPbc, PKPdf, PKKPab, and PKKPbc residual travel times from [Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88 (1998) 722] grouped in 29,837 summary rays to constrain lateral variation in the depth to the core-mantle boundary (CMB). We assumed a homogeneous outer core, and the data were corrected for mantle structure and inner-core anisotropy. Inversions of separate data sets yield amplitude variations of up to 5 km for PcP, PKPab, PKPbc, and PKKP and 13 km for PKPdf. This is larger than the CMB undulations inferred in geodetic studies and, moreover, the PcP results are not readily consistent with the inferences from PKP and PKKP. Although the source-receiver ambiguity for the core-refracted phases can explain some of it, this discrepancy suggest that the travel-time residuals cannot be explained by topography alone. The wavespeed perturbations in the tomographic model used for the mantle corrections might be too small to fully account for the trade off between volumetric heterogeneity and CMB topography. In a second experiment we therefore re-applied corrections for mantle structure outside a basal 290 km-thick layer and inverted all data jointly for both CMB topography and volumetric heterogeneity within this layer. The resultant CMB model can explain PcP, PKP, and PKKP residuals and has approximately 0.2 km excess core ellipticity, which is in good agreement with inferences from free core nutation observations. Joint inversion yields a peak-to-peak amplitude of CMB topography of about 3 km, and the inversion yields velocity variations of ±5% in the basal layer. The latter suggests a strong trade-off between topography and volumetric heterogeneity, but uncertainty analyses suggest that the variation in core radius can be resolved. The spherical averages of all inverted topographic models suggest that the data are best fit if the actual CMB radius is 1.5 km less than in the Earth reference model used (i.e. the average outer core radius would be 3478 km). 相似文献
12.
Michael A. H. Hedlin Peter M. Shearer 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2002,130(3-4):195-208
We investigate the utility of PKP coda waves for studying weak scattering from small-scale heterogeneity in the mid-mantle. Coda waves are potentially a useful probe of heterogeneity in the mid-mantle because they are not preferentially scattered near the CMB, as PKP precursors are, but are sensitive to scattering at all depths. PKP coda waves have not been used for this purpose historically because of interference with other late-arriving energy due to near-surface resonance and scattering. Any study of deep mantle scattering using coda waves requires the removal of near-surface effects from the data. We have analyzed 3624 recordings of PKP precursors and coda made by stations in the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Global Seismographic Network (GSN). To study the range and time dependence of the scattered waves, we binned and stacked envelopes of the recordings. We have considered precursors that arrive within a 20 s window before PKP and coda waves in a 60 s window after PKP. The PKP scattered waves increase in amplitude rapidly with range as predicted by scattering theory. At ranges below 125°, we predict and observe essentially no scattered energy preceding PKP. Coda amplitudes at these ranges are independent of range and provide an estimate of energy due to near-surface effects that we can expect at all ranges. We use the average coda amplitude at ranges from 120 to 125° to correct coda amplitudes at other ranges. PKP coda waves show a strong dependence on time and range and are clearly influenced by scattering in the lower mantle. PKP coda waves, however, do not provide a tighter constraint on the vertical distribution of mantle heterogeneity than is provided by precursors. This is due, in part, to relatively large scatter in coda amplitudes as revealed by a resampling analysis. Modeling using Rayleigh–Born scattering theory and an exponential autocorrelation function shows that PKP coda amplitudes are not highly sensitive to the vertical distribution of heterogeneity in the mantle. To illustrate this we consider single-scattering in two extreme models of mantle heterogeneity. One allows heterogeneity just at the CMB; the other includes heterogeneity throughout the mantle. The amplitudes of precursors are tightly constrained by our stack and support our earlier conclusion that small-scale heterogeneity is uniformly distributed throughout the lower mantle. The best-fit model includes 8 km scale length heterogeneity with an rms velocity contrast throughout the mantle of 1%. 相似文献
13.
Xian-Feng Liu Jeroen Tromp Adam M Dziewonski 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1998,160(3-4):343-351
In 1983, Lay and Helmberger [Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 75 (1983) 799–837] reported the detection of a precursor to the seismic phase ScS. They attributed this precursor to a sharp seismic discontinuity located several hundred kilometers above the core–mantle boundary. Such a lowermost mantle discontinuity implies the existence of a sharp phase change or a chemical boundary. Precursors to ScS and, less frequently, PcP have since been observed in numerous locations, but are not a global phenomenon. Frequently, PcP precursors are weak or absent when ScS precursors are observed in the same location, and vice versa. There can be significant variations in the amplitude and arrival time of the precursor relative to the main phase. The presence or absence of these precursors has led to speculations about the nature of the lowermost mantle. Here we demonstrate that ScS or PcP precursors may be produced by gradients in seismic wave speed associated with large-scale lowermost mantle heterogeneity. Rather than a phase or chemical boundary with substantial topography, such gradients require lateral variations in temperature and, close to the core–mantle boundary, composition. 相似文献
14.
《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2006,241(3-4):438-453
Although many geochemical, geophysical and seismological studies have suggested that the Hawaiian mantle plume originates from the core–mantle boundary (CMB), so far no tomographic model shows a continuous image of the Hawaiian plume in the entire mantle because of the few seismic stations on the narrow Hawaiian island chain. Here we present a new tomographic image beneath Hawaii determined by using simultaneously 10 kinds of seismic phases, P, pP, PP, PcP, Pdiff, PKPab, PKPbc, PKiKP, PKKPab and PKKPbc, extracted from the data set compiled by the International Seismological Center. Of these phases, PKiKP, PKKPab and PKKPbc are, for the first time, attempted to use in the global seismic tomography. Our results show a slow anomaly beneath Hawaii ascending continuously from the CMB to the surface, implying that the Hawaiian plume indeed originates from the CMB. This image is improved notably over the previous results in the whole mantle, particularly in and below the middle mantle, suggesting that later phases, PP, Pdiff, PKP and particularly PKiKP, are of great importance for better imaging the Hawaiian plume. This slow anomaly is considered to be a plume conduit being tilted, which is likely caused by the mantle flow. This indicates that the position of the Hawaiian hotspot on the surface is not stationary, as evidenced by the recent paleomagnetic and numerical modeling studies. 相似文献
15.
针对太平洋大型横波低速带(Large Low Shear Velocity Province, 简写为LLSVP)东部边界的D″各向异性强度的问题, 利用中美洲和南美洲部分台站的地震记录, 通过对SKS和SKKS震相进行横波分裂分析, 得到22个SKS-SKKS震相对的横波分裂结果, 其中有6个震相对存在显著差异. 对比分析震相对的横波分裂结果差异, 可以保守地估计D″各向异性. 横波分裂结果显示, 地幔最下部存在各向异性; 对D″各向异性成因的分析结果认为, 如果LLSVP边界上的地幔最下部物质存在变形以及内部存在小尺度的非均匀体, 则有助于解释这些观测, 但是本文在LLSVP边界上并没有看到大量的有差异震相对聚集. 结合前人的观测研究推测, 该研究区域下方的LLSVP及其周围地幔的边界可能不是很陡峭, 边界附近没有积累强烈的变形, 并在此基础上讨论了地幔最下部各向异性结构的研究意义. 相似文献
16.
—A seismological characterization of crust and upper mantle can refer to large-scale averages of seismic velocities or to fluctuations of elastic parameters. Large is understood here relative to the wavelength used to probe the earth.¶In this paper we try to characterize crust and upper mantle by the fluctuations in media properties rather than by their average velocities. As such it becomes evident that different scales of heterogeneities prevail in different layers of crust and mantle. Although we cannot provide final models and an explanation of why these different scales exist, we believe that scales of inhomogeneities carry significant information regarding the tectonic processes that have affected the lower crust, the lithospheric and the sublithospheric upper mantle.¶We focus on four different types of small-scale inhomogeneities (1) the characteristics of the lower crust, (2) velocity fluctuations in the uppermost mantle, (3) scattering in the lowermost lithosphere and on (4) heterogeneities in the mantle transition zone. 相似文献
17.
Gerhard Müller Abdel Hafiz Mula Søren Gregersen 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1977,14(1):30-40
The amplitudes of the core reflection PcP are sensitive to the wave velocities and densities in the neighborhood of the core-mantle boundary (CMB). We study the amplitude ratio of the long-period phases PcP and P from two South American deep-focus earthquakes with favorable fault-plane solution, depth and magnitude, as recorded by WWNSS and CSN stations in North America.Comparison is made with long-period PcP/P amplitude ratios, derived from theoretical seismograms for a variety of CMB models. Models from previous studies, which were mainly derived from short-period PcP observations and which are characterized by discrete layers above the CMB, are almost all inconsistent with the long-period data. The data also discriminate against low nonzero S velocities below the CMB. Simple first-order-discontinuity models of the CMB, for instance according to the Jeffreys-Bullen earth model or according to recent models based mainly on free oscillations, explain the data reasonably well.Model improvements are attempted by varying the P-velocity gradient above the CMB. The best amplitude fit is obtained for a rather strong decrease in P velocity with depth in this zone which, however, gives no acceptable traveltime fit for PcP. The scatter in body-wave amplitudes is considerable even for long-period waves and may prevent the correct assessment of that part of the amplitude variation of a phase with distance that is due to the variation of velocities and densities with depth alone. 相似文献
18.
Seismic ray path variations in a 3D global velocity model 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A three-dimensional (3D) ray tracing technique is used to investigate ray path variations of P, PcP, pP and PP phases in a global tomographic model with P wave velocity changing in three dimensions and with lateral depth variations of the Moho, 410 and 660 km discontinuities. The results show that ray paths in the 3D velocity model deviate considerably from those in the average 1D model. For a PcP wave in Western Pacific to East Asia where the high-velocity (1-2%) Pacific slab is subducting beneath the Eurasian continent, the ray path change amounts to 27 km. For a PcP ray in South Pacific where very slow (−2%) velocity anomalies (the Pacific superplume) exist in the whole mantle, the maximum ray path deviation amounts to 77 km. Ray paths of other phases (P, pP, PP) are also displaced by tens of kilometers. Changes in travel time are as large as 3.9 s. These results suggest that although the maximal velocity anomalies of the global tomographic model are only 1-2%, rays passing through regions with strong lateral heterogeneity (in velocity and/or discontinuity topography) can have significant deviations from those in a 1D model because rays have very long trajectories in the global case. If the blocks or grid nodes adopted for inversion are relatively large (3-5°) and only a low-resolution 3D model is estimated, 1D ray tracing may be feasible. But if fine blocks or grid nodes are used to determine a high-resolution model, 3D ray tracing becomes necessary and important for the global tomography. 相似文献
19.
Chang Li Robert D. van der Hilst M. Nafi Toksöz 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2006,154(2):180-195
We have produced a P-wave model of the upper mantle beneath Southeast (SE) Asia from reprocessed short period International Seismological Centre (ISC) P and pP data, short period P data of the Annual Bulletin of Chinese Earthquakes (ABCE), and long period PP-P data. We used 3D sensitivity kernels to combine the datasets, and mantle structure was parameterized with an irregular grid. In the best-sampled region our data resolve structure on scale lengths less than 150 km. The smearing of crustal anomalies to larger depths is reduced by a crustal correction using an a priori 3D model. Our tomographic inversions reveal high-velocity roots beneath the Archean Ordos Plateau, the Sichuan Basin, and other continental blocks in SE Asia. Beneath the Himalayan Block we detect high seismic velocities, which we associate with subduction of Indian lithospheric mantle. This structure is visible above the 410 km discontinuity and may not connect to the remnant of the Neo-Tethys oceanic slab in the lower mantle. Our images suggest that only the southwestern part of the Tibetan plateau is underlain by Indian lithosphere and, thus, that the upper mantle beneath northeastern Tibet is primarily of Asian origin. Our imaging also reveals a large-scale high-velocity structure in the transition zone beneath the Yangtze Craton, which could have been produced in multiple subduction episodes. The low P-wave velocities beneath the Hainan Island are most prominent in the upper mantle and transition zone; they may represent counter flow from the surrounding subduction zones, and may not be unrelated to processes beneath eastern Tibet. 相似文献
20.
Crust and upper mantle structure of the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and adjacent regions 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
XU Yi LIU Jianhua LIU Futian SONG Haibin HAO Tianyao & JIANG Weiwei Institute of Geology Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(2):156-164
Using arrival data of the body waves recorded by seismic stations, we reconstructed the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and the northwestern continental margin of the South China Sea through a travel time tomography technique. The result revealed the apparent tectonic variation along the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and its adjacent regions. High velocities are observed in the upper and middle crust beneath the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and they reflect the character of the fast uplifting and cooling of the metamorphic belt after the ductile shearing of the fault zone, while low velocities in the lower crust and near the Moho imply a relatively active crust-mantle boundary beneath the fault zone. On the west of the fault zone, the large-scale low velocities in the uppermost mantle beneath western Yunnan prove the influence of the mantle heat flow on volcano, hot spring and magma activities, however, the upper mantle on the eas 相似文献