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1.
Abstract— In an effort to confirm earlier observations of fullerenes in the Allende meteorite by Becker et al. (1994), we have treated nine separate whole-rock chips of this meteorite with toluene to search for extractable C60 and C70 fullerenes. The analysis was done with high performance liquid chromatography. Less than 1 ppb C60 and C70 were detected in a total of 131.82 g of this meteorite. Becker et al. (1994) have estimated a content of 100 ppm in one Allende sample. Either they have grossly overestimated the C60 content of their sample, or Allende is very inhomogeneous concerning fullerenes.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract Radicati di Brozolo et al. (1994) found the fullerenes C60 and C70 in and around a micrometeorite impact pit on the skin of the LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) spacecraft and concluded that the fullerenes had formed from C of the micrometeorite. Becker et al. (1994) concluded that C60 and C70 in C-bearing rocks from the large Sudbury impact structure had come mostly from C of the impacting bolide. These observations suggested that fullerenes had formed by analogous impacts on the Moon. One sample from the Apollo 11 site and one from the Apollo 17 site were treated with toluene for the extraction of C60 and C70. The extracts were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for the presence of C60 and C70 fullerenes. No fullerenes were detected. Either the formation of fullerenes from extra lunar C on the Moon had very low yields, or fullerenes were formed with detectable yields but were quantitatively removed from the surface of the Moon in a short time.  相似文献   

3.
Smith et al. (1978) measured the isotopic composition of tellurium in a number of whole rock meteorites by solid source spectrometry and concluded that all the data were identical to a terrestrial standard within experimental errors. However, Oliver et al. (1981) reexamined the data reported by Smith et al. (1978) and argued that, in the case of the Abee meteorite, a negative anomaly in 124Te may be present, supporting the claim for a similar anomaly in Allende. The present work reports two sets of measurements of the tellurium isotopic composition of Abee, and compares the meteoritic data with a terrestrial tellurium standard. No isotopic anomalies can be distinguished within the error limits. However, further work on the isotopic composition of Te in residues from the Allende meteorite need to be pursued by accurate mass spectrometric analysis.  相似文献   

4.
In the present paper, variations in the vertical structure of the cloud layer of the atmosphere of Uranus in 1981, 1993, and 1995 were analyzed from the data on the geometric albedo of Uranus in the profiles of the absorption bands of methane at λ = 543, 619, 702, 727, 842, 864, 887 nm (Neff, et al., 1984; Karkoschka, 1994; 1998). We used Morozhenko’s method that allows us to identify how much the vertical structure of the atmosphere diverges from the conditions of homogeneity. This method is based on the estimation of the optical depths of the layers which form the intensity in the optically-thick vertically homogeneous gasaerosol atmosphere, i.e., the effective optical depths. It has been shown that, at the depths of formation of these absorption bands, there are two extensive cloud layers, the strength of which was maximum in 1981 and minimum in 1995. They are approximately positioned at the levels that correspond to the pressure intervals from 1.4 to 2 bar and from 3.5 to 5.8 bar.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract— Since their discovery, fullerenes have been reported from various geological environments. One group of these findings has been related to bolide impacts, e.g., the Sudbury crater and the K‐T and P‐T boundaries. Impact rocks of the Ries crater, Germany, including samples of suevites, metamorphosed crystalline clasts, and glass bombs, have been collected in the Otting, Altebürg, and Seelbronn quarries. No fullerenes in concentrations above 1 ppb have been found in analyzed samples. Laser desorption time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LD‐TOF‐MS) confirmed the absence of fullerenes in the analyzed samples. These results support the concept that the Ries impactor was a stony meteorite.  相似文献   

6.
M.R. Sanad 《New Astronomy》2011,16(2):114-121
We present low-resolution UV spectra of the dwarf novae SS Cyg and WX Hyi in both quiescence and outburst states from observations taken by the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) during the period between 1978–1994 and 1979–1993 for two systems respectively. Both SS Cyg and WX Hyi are characterized by emission lines in quiescence physical states and absorption lines in states of outburst. We concentrated on calculating the line fluxes and line widths of the C IV 1550 Å emission line arising from the disk around the white dwarf of SS Cyg and WX Hyi. We found that there is spectral variability for these physical parameters at different times, similar to that known for their light curves (Voloshina and Khruzina, 2006, Kuulkers et al., 1991). We attribute it to the variations of both density and temperature as a result of changing the mass transfer rate (Long et al., 2005, Patterson, 1984, Meyer and Meyer-Hofmeister, 1994, Cannizzo, 2001, Schwope et al., 2002). Also we found that both line fluxes and line widths of SS Cyg are greater than the line fluxes and line widths of WX Hyi.  相似文献   

7.
WALSH  R. W.  BELL  G. E.  HOOD  A. W. 《Solar physics》1997,171(1):81-91
The response of the coronal plasma in a magnetic loop to the release of discrete, random amounts of energy quanta over fixed time intervals is investigated. Nanoflare heating (1024 erg per event) with event lifetimes on a scale of 1–20 s are shown to be able to maintain a coronal loop at typical coronal temperatures, 2 x 106 K (Parker, 1988; Kopp and Poletto, 1993). Microflare events (1027 erg) observed by Porter et al. (1995) with a lifetime of approximately 1 min are also investigated and it is found that the loop apex temperature varies by at most 40% from its initial static condition. However, larger energy events of the order of 1028 erg (Schmieder et al., 1994) occur too infrequently and the plasma cools to chromospheric values. The implications of time-dependent heating of the corona upon observations are also discussed.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract— We describe a previously unreported meteorite found in Axtell, Texas, in 1943. Based on the mineralogical composition and texture of its matrix and the sizes and abundance of chondrules, we classify it as a CV3 carbonaceous chondrite. The dominant opaque phase in the chondrules is magnetite, and that in refractory inclusions is Ni-rich NiFe metal (awaruite). Axtell, therefore, belongs to the oxidized subgroup of CV3 chondrites, although unlike Allende it escaped strong sulfidation. The meteorite bears a strong textural resemblance to Allende, and its chondrule population and matrix appear to be quite similar to those of Allende, but its refractory inclusions, thermoluminescence properties, and cosmogenic 60Co abundances are not. Our data are consistent with a terrestrial age for Axtell of ～100 years and a metamorphic grade slightly lower than that of Allende.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract— All groups of chondritic meteorites contain discrete grains of forsteritic olivine with FeO contents below 1 wt% and high concentrations of refractory elements such as Ca, Al, and Ti. Ten such grains (52 to 754 μg) with minor amounts of adhering matrix were separated from the Allende meteorite. After bulk chemical analysis by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), some samples were analyzed with an electron microprobe and some with an ion microprobe. Matrix that accreted to the forsterite grains has a well‐defined unique composition, different from average Allende matrix in having higher Cr and lower Ni and Co contents, which implies limited mixing of Allende matrix. All samples have approximately chondritic relative abundances of refractory elements Ca, Al, Sc, and rare‐earth elements (REE), although some of these elements, such as Al, do not quantitatively reside in forsterite; whereas others (e.g., Ca) are intrinsic to forsterite. The chondritic refractory element ratios in bulk samples, the generally high abundance level of refractory elements, and the presence of Ca‐Al‐Ti‐rich glass inclusions suggest a genetic relationship of refractory condensates with forsteritic olivine. The Ca‐Al‐Ti‐rich glasses may have acted as nuclei for forsterite condensation. Arguments are presented that exclude an origin of refractory forsterite by crystallization from melts with compositions characteristic of Allende chondrules: (a) All forsterite grains have CaO contents between 0.5 and 0.7 wt% with no apparent zoning, requiring voluminous parental melts with 18 to 20 wt% CaO, far above the average CaO content of Allende chondrules. Similar arguments apply to Al contents. (b) The low FeO content of refractory forsterite of 0.2‐0.4 wt% imposes an upper limit of ～1 wt% of FeO on the parental melt, too low for ordinary and carbonaceous chondrule melts, (c) The Mn contents of refractory forsterites are between 30 to 40 ppm. This is at least one order of magnitude below the Mn content of chondrule olivines in all classes of meteorites. The observed Mn contents of refractory forsterite are much too low for equilibrium between olivine and melts of chondrule composition, (d) As shown earlier, refractory forsterites have O‐isotopic compositions different from chondrules (Weinbruch et al., 1993a). Refractory olivines in carbonaceous chondrites are found in matrix and in chondrules. The compositional similarity of both types was taken to indicate that all refractory forsterites formed inside chondrules (e.g., Jones, 1992). As refractory forsterite cannot have formed by crystallization from chondrule melts, we conclude that refractory forsterite from chondrules are relic grains that survived chondrule melting and probably formed in the same way as refractory forsterite enclosed in matrix. We favor an origin of refractory forsterite by condensation from an oxidized nebular gas.  相似文献   

10.
《New Astronomy Reviews》1999,43(6-7):411-414
The formation and early evolution of planetary nebulae represent one of the most poorly understood phases of stellar evolution (Kwok, 1987; Maddox, 1995). One of the youngest, the Stingray Nebula (He3-1357) (Henize, 1967; Henize, 1976), shows all the tell-tale signs of a newly born planetary nebula: it has become ionized only within the past few decades (Parthasarathy et al., 1993); the mass-loss from the central star has ceased within the past few years; and the central star is becoming hotter and fainter as expected from a star on its way to becoming a DA white dwarf (Parthasarathy et al., 1995). The Stingray Nebula thus provides the ideal laboratory for examining the early structure and evolution of this class of objects. Images of the Stingray Nebula, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, show for the first time that its multiple expulsions of matter are focused by an equatorial ring and bubbles of gas located on opposite sides of the ring (Bobrowsky et al., 1995). The position angle of the outflows has changed, possibly as a result of precessional motion induced by the presence of a companion star. This is consistent with the precessing jet model by Livio & Pringle (1996). Indeed, we have reported the discovery of a companion star in the Stingray Nebula (Bobrowsky et al., 1998). Finally, we present evidence of the companion star dynamically distorting the gas in this newly-born planetary nebula.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract— One of the five lines of evidence used by McKay et al. (1996) for relic life in the Martian meteorite Allan Hills (ALH) 84001 was the presence of objects thought to be microfossils. These ovoid and elongated forms are similar to structures found in terrestrial rocks and described as “nanobacteria” (Folk, 1993; McBride et al, 1994). Using the same procedures and apparatus as McKay et al. (1996), we have found structures on internal fracture surfaces of lunar meteorites that cannot be distinguished from the objects described on similar surfaces in ALH 84001. The lunar surface is currently a sterile environment and probably always has been. However, the lunar and Martian meteorites share a common terrestrial history, which includes many thousands of years of exposure to Antarctic weathering. Although we do not know the origin of these ovoid and elongated forms, we suggest that their presence on lunar meteorites indicates that the objects described by McKay et al. (1996) are not of Martian biological origin.  相似文献   

12.
《Planetary and Space Science》1999,47(3-4):363-383
The Ulysses spacecraft is orbiting the Sun on a highly inclined ellipse (i = 79°). After its Jupiter flyby in 1992 at a heliocentric distance of 5.4 AU, the spacecraftreapproached the inner solar system, flew over the Suns south polar region in September 1994,crossed the ecliptic plane at a distance of 1.3 AU in March 1995, and flew over the Suns northpolar region in July 1995. We report on dust impact data obtained with the dust detector onboardUlysses between January 1993 and December 1995. We publish and analyse the complete dataset of 509 recorded impacts of dust particles with masses between 10−16 g–10−7 g. Together with 968 dust impacts from launch until the end of 1992 published earlier (Grün et al., 1995c), information about 1477 particles detected with theUlysses sensor between October 1990 and December 1995 is now available. The impact ratemeasured between 1993 and 1995 stayed relatively constant at about 0.4 impacts per day andvaried by less than a factor of ten. Most of the impacts recorded outside about 3.5 AU arecompatible with particles of interstellar origin. Two populations of interplanetary particles havebeen recognized: big micrometer-sized particles close to the ecliptic plane and smallsub-micrometer-sized particles at high ecliptic latitudes. The observed impact rate is comparedwith a model for the flux of interstellar dust particles which gives relatively good agreement withthe observed impact rate. No change in the instruments noise characteristics or degradation of thechanneltron could be revealed during the three-year period.  相似文献   

13.
We report on our search campaign for the fragments of the Jupiter family cometand target of NASA's CONTOUR mission, Comet 3P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 3, one orbit revolution after the splitting of its nucleus in 1995 (Boehnhardt et al., 1995). Fragment C was found back with coma in November 1999 at 4 AU inbound and it continued to be active during the perihelion arc until at least December 2001 when we observed it last at 3.3 AU outbound. Fragment B was observed with coma between July and September 2001 when moving outbound from 2.35 to 2.75 AU. The search for other fragments including A, D (Boehnhardt et al., 1995) and E (Kodata et al., 2000a, b; Nakamura et al., 2000) in a search area of 15 × 4 arcmin starting at fragment C along direction of the extended radius vector was not successful in July and September 2001. The limiting magnitude of this search of ∼ 25 mag in R puts an upper limit on the radius of potential fragments of about 200 m (assuming albedo 0.04). The orbit deceleration parameter and the observed coma brightness of component C suggest that this object is the primary fragment that may contain a major part of the original nucleus.  相似文献   

14.
Cover     
Three specimens from the pristine suite of the Tagish Lake meteorite, showing variability in texture, from relatively chondrule‐rich (specimen 5b, upper left) to chondrule‐poor (specimen 11i, right) to intermediate (specimen 11h, lower left). The textural variation is due to differences in petrographic character, as described by Blinova et al. (this issue); differences in organic matter correlate with the textural variation (Alexander et al. and Hilts et al., this issue), providing insights into parent body processing. Specimens from the University of Alberta Meteorite Collection (MET11611/P?5b, ?11i and ?11h). Scale bar applies to all three images. Photography by C. D. K. Herd and R. K. Herd.  相似文献   

15.
Photometric observations of 11 near-Earth asteroids were made within a regular NEA CCD photometric programme at Ondejov Observatory in the first half of 1994. This paper shows obtained R lightcurves, V-R, R-I, and B-V color indices, and rotation preriods for 6 of them. Among the presented results, the most interesting are those for (4954) Eric, for which we obtained several high-quality lightcurves and which seems to indicate a surface heterogeneity, (1864) Daedalus, for which interesting comparison with older observations by Gehrelset al. (1971) can be made, and 1993 VW, for which the unusual color characteristics were observed. Two (1994 AW1 and 1994 GY) of the other three observed objects have fast rotations with periods of about 2.5 hours and relatively low amplitudes. Subsequent analysis of additional lightcurve data for 1994 AW1 has revealed a presence of two periods in its lightcurve (Pravecet al. 1995). The last object presented here is 1994 JF1, for which only lower limits on period and amplitude were determined.  相似文献   

16.
The Ca-phosphate phases in the Allende CV3 meteorite were selectively dissolved in ammoniacal EDTA solution and measured for abundances of the rare earth elements (REE) by radiochemical neutron activation and mass-spectrometric isotope dilution analyses. The REE abundances in CA-phosphates of Allende are remarkably different from those of ordinary chondrites. All the REE except Eu were observed to be enriched by factors of 50–100 relative to the C1 values. This is 3–4 times lower than concentrations of REE in the ordinary-chondrite phosphates. Allende phosphates have a small positive Eu anomaly, in contrast to the large negative Eu anomaly in phosphates from ordinary chondrites. Though the positive Eu anomaly in Allende Ca-phosphates is puzzling, the lack of a negative Eu anomaly in Allende Ca-phosphates suggests that they never have been in equilibrium with Allende coarse-grained Ca, Al-rich inclusions or their precursor materials.  相似文献   

17.
《Planetary and Space Science》1999,47(10-11):1277-1283
A regular extensive CCD imaging of Saturn allowed us to analyze the discrete cloud activity in the Equatorial Zone from 1995 to 1997. The large-scale storm observed in 1994 at +10° (Sanchez-Lavega et al., 1994, Sanchez-Lavega et al., 1996) was rediscovered in 1995, reaching a lifetime >1 year. Its slow motion characterized by a zonal velocity difference of −150 ms−1 relative to background flow is confirmed. Our red and near infrared observations showed a strong increase of white cloud activity in the southern Equatorial Zone (latitude −13.5°) during 1996, declining later on during 1997. Cloud tracking of two prominent plumes and other features allowed us to measure zonal wind velocities and to compare them to the Voyager zonal flow velocity profile. We note that in general the 1995–1997 features have velocities lower than those measured with the Voyagers. Altitude differences in the clouds and hence different zonal velocities, or real changes in the zonal jet as a consequence of Saturn’s insolation cycle and ring-shadowing, can be the reason for such differences.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract— A study of carbon contents of millimeter-sized dark clasts and of one dark inclusion of the Allende meteorite with the 13C(d,P0)13C method has been undertaken. The results show that C in dark Allende areas varies, perhaps in a “clustered” fashion, from near 0.3%, which is essentially the bulk C-content of the meteorite, to at least 2.1% in the dark rim of a dark inclusion. At least one cluster has now been identified with C-contents in the range 0.4%-0.5%. Raman spectra of C in the dark inclusion ADIR 4E1-fu and in matrix have also been determined. These are identical. Our results are consistent with a comparatively low temperature origin of essentially all elemental carbon in Allende.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract– Diagnostic mineral absorption features for pyroxene(s), olivine, phyllosilicates, and hydroxides have been detected in the near‐infrared (NIR: approximately 0.75–2.50 μm) spectra for 60% of the Tholen‐classified ( Tholen 1984, 1989 ) M‐/X‐asteroids observed in this study. Nineteen asteroids (42%) exhibit weak Band I (approximately 0.9 μm) ± Band II (approximately 1.9 μm) absorptions, three asteroids (7%) exhibit a weak Band I (approximately 1.05–1.08 μm) olivine absorption, four asteroids (9%) display multiple absorptions suggesting phyllosilicate ± oxide/hydroxide minerals, one (1) asteroid exhibits an S‐asteroid type NIR spectrum, and 18 asteroids (40%) are spectrally featureless in the NIR, but have widely varying slopes. Tholen M‐asteroids are defined as asteroids exhibiting featureless visible‐wavelength (λ) spectra with moderate albedos ( Tholen 1989 ). Tholen X‐asteroids are also defined using the same spectral criterion, but without albedo information. Previous work has suggested spectral and mineralogical diversity in the M‐asteroid population ( Rivkin et al. 1995, 2000 ; Busarev 2002 ; Clark et al. 2004 ; Hardersen et al. 2005 ; Birlan et al. 2007 ; Ockert‐Bell et al. 2008, 2010 ; Shepard et al. 2008, 2010 ; Fornasier et al. 2010 ). The pyroxene‐bearing asteroids are dominated by orthopyroxene with several likely to include higher‐Ca clinopyroxene components. Potential meteorite analogs include mesosiderites, CB/CH chondrites, and silicate‐bearing NiFe meteorites. The Eos family, olivine‐bearing asteroids are most consistent with a CO chondrite analog. The aqueously altered asteroids display multiple, weak absorptions (0.85, 0.92, 0.97, 1.10, 1.40, and 2.30–2.50 μm) indicative of phyllosilicate ± hydroxide minerals. The spectrally featureless asteroids range from metal‐rich to metal‐poor with meteorite analogs including NiFe meteorites, enstatite chondrites, and stony‐iron meteorites.  相似文献   

20.
We present a mineralogical assessment of 12 Maria family asteroids, using near-infrared spectral data obtained over the years 2000-2009 combined with visible spectral data (when available) to cover the spectral interval of 0.4-2.5 μm. Our analysis indicates the Maria asteroid family, which is located adjacent to the chaotic region of the 3:1 Kirkwood Gap, appears to be a true genetic family composed of assemblages analogous to mesosiderite-type meteorites. Dynamical models by Farinella et al. (Farinella, P., Gunczi, R., Froeschlé, Ch., Froeschlé, C., [1993]. Icarus 101, 174-187) predict this region should supply meteoroids into Earth-crossing orbits. Thus, the Maria family is a plausible source of some or all of the mesosiderites in our meteorite collections. These individual asteroids were most likely once part of a larger parent object that was broken apart and dispersed. One of the Maria dynamical family members investigated, ((695) Bella), was found to be unrelated to the genetic Maria family members. The parameters of (695) Bella indicate an H-chondrite assemblage, and that Bella may be a sister or daughter of Asteroid (6) Hebe.  相似文献   

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