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A study of suspended sediment concentration in Yangshan deep-water port in Shanghai,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) plays an important role in the estuarine environment.Its spatial or temporal variations in coastal zones and estuaries indicate that sediments are suspended,trans... 相似文献
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Changes in the Aral Sea coastline and coastal zone over different time intervals during the period of the sea level drop are studied with the use of space photographs obtained from the orbital station Salyut-4 and satellites of the Resurs-O system. Interannual variations in the above characteristics are analyzed for 1975–1989, 1989–1993, 1993–1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999. Seasonal variations in the water area and coastal landscapes are studied with the help of photographic images of the sea made in different seasons, mainly in 1998. 相似文献
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Redevelopment and Restoration Measures for Lake Elsterstausee (Leipzig) Lake Elsterstausee is an artificial lake in the south of the town Leipzig. It was built in 1933, has an actual area of 50 ha, and an average depth of 2 m. Between 1970 and 1991, the lake was used for intensive fishery. Because of fish feeding and supplying the lake with highly nutrient loaded water from river Elster the waterbody was in a polytrophic state during this time. Secchi depth seldom exceeded 0.4 m, but pHvalues often exceeded 9. Therefore and because of ammonia concentrations between 1.5 and 4.0 mg/L fish kills often occured. Lake Elsterstausee had no usability as bath waterbody although it was orginally built for this purpose. In 1991, a complete programme for redevelopment and res-toration of the lake started. The main measures were the total exchange of trophic loaded water and the only supply with treated groundwater, the drastic decrease of fish populations – in 1991 140 tons of fish (90% carps) were removed from the lake, – the development of healthy wild fish populations and of a eutrophication diminishing food chain, and the development of a reed zone almost around the lake. The groundwater treatment was steadily improved between 1992 and 1996. Actually, the following optimized system works: Drained groundwater from the surface lignite mine Zwenkau (pH = 6.95) and percolating water from the heaps (pH = 3.01) are mixed in the proportion 1:1 after intensive aeration. The water flows through a ditch that is 1 600 m long and has a performance up to 300 m3/h. In the well-diversified ditch, up to 90% of the iron is removed by precipitation and filtration effect of submerged macrophytes and filamentous algae. In the same time, deacidification occurs primarily by sulfate reduction in the sediment. Meanwhile, the water has a pH of 4.64 immediately after mixing, this value enhances up to the end of the flowing distance to 7.3. Internal restoration of the lake started in November 1991 with the total removal of loaded water and of almost all carps and white fishes. In 1993, 4 000 carnivore fishes (zanders, pikes, welses) were given into the lake to keep white fish popu-lations on a low level. Additionally, every year between 5 and 7 kg of water fleas (Daphnia sp.) were added. By means of this initial biomanipulation, food chain in lake Elsterstausee was stabilized. As results of the above mentioned measures, nutrient content in the waterbody decreased and secchi depth increased steadily. Between 1991 and 1997, trophy degree according to Klapper developed from 5 (hypertrophic) to 3 (eutrophic). 相似文献
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K. A. McGee A. J. Sutton T. Elias M. P. Doukas T. M. Gerlach 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(4):837-851
We report the results of two soil CO2 efflux surveys by the closed chamber circulation method at the Puhimau thermal area in the upper East Rift Zone (ERZ) of
volcano, Hawaii. The surveys were undertaken in 1996 and 1998 to constrain how much CO2 might be reaching the ERZ after degassing beneath the summit caldera and whether the Puhimau thermal area might be a significant
contributor to the overall CO2 budget of . The area was revisited in 2001 to determine the effects of surface disturbance on efflux values by the collar emplacement
technique utilized in the earlier surveys. Utilizing a cutoff value of 50 g m−2 d−1 for the surrounding forest background efflux, the CO2 emission rates for the anomaly at Puhimau thermal area were 27 t d−1 in 1996 and 17 t d−1 in 1998. Water vapor was removed before analysis in all cases in order to obtain CO2 values on a dry air basis and mitigate the effect of water vapor dilution on the measurements. It is clear that Puhimau thermal
area is not a significant contributor to CO2 output and that most of CO2 (8500 t d−1) is degassed at the summit, leaving only magma with its remaining stored volatiles, such as SO2, for injection down the ERZ. Because of the low CO2 emission rate and the presence of a shallow water table in the upper ERZ that effectively scrubs SO2 and other acid gases, Puhimau thermal area currently does not appear to be generally well suited for observing temporal changes
in degassing at . 相似文献
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Regime observations 017 the zoobenthos state in the Balagansk transect in 1971, 1972 and in the Odissa bay in 1987-1993 of the Bratsk Reservoir were conducted.In 1991-1993 there is a change in the zoobenthos structure of the Bratsk Reservoir. In the depth zone of 0-5 m in the Balagansk transect in 1971-1972 the bottom community was considered as Gammaridae-Chiro-nomodae, in 1991 as Gammaridae-Ephemeroptera in 1992-1993 as Chironomidae-Ephemeroptera-Gammaridae. As compared with 1968-1972 the importance of Gammaridae decreased and the role of Ephemeroptera increased in the zoobenthos structure in 1991-1993.Changes were noted in the species composition of the Ologochaeta fauna and increase of the role of Oligochaeta in the zoobenthos in 1991-1993 as compared with 1965-1972.During all studies Chironomidae played a significant role in the zoobenthos. Since 1989 Paratanytarsus baialensis, bailialian endemic, has occurred in the Chironomidae fauna.The comparison of zoobenthos has shown that aver-age number and biomass of bortom invertebrates by 3-6 times and species diversity by 2.25 are higher^ in the Odissa bay than in the Balagansk transect. 相似文献
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The Krusné hory (Erzgebirge or Ore Mountains) has been heavily affected by high atmospheric pollutant deposition caused by fossil fuel combustion in an adjacent Tertiary coal basin. Long‐term routine sampling of bulk precipitation (1977–1996) and stream water (1977–1998) in a forested area on the south‐eastern slope of the mountains were used to evaluate trends and patterns in solute concentration and flux with respect to controlling processes. From 1977 to 1996, the annual volume‐weighted Ca2+ and SOconcentrations decreased in bulk precipitation. However, after 1989, when a pronounced and continuous decrease occurred in coal production, annual volume‐weighted concentrations decreased for most solutes, except H+. The concentration decreases were marked, with 1996 levels at or below 50% of those in 1989. The lack of a trend in H+ is attributed to similar decreases in both acid anions and neutralizing base cations. Stream water concentrations of most solutes, i.e. H+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SONOwere highest at the onset of sampling in 1977, decreased markedly from 1977 to 1983 and decreased more gradually from 1983 to 1998. The spruce forest die‐back and removal reduced dry deposition of these solutes by reducing the filtering action, which was provided by the forest canopy. A notable decrease in stream water Ca2+ concentrations occurred after 1995 and may be due to the depletion of Ca2+, which was provided by catchment liming in 1986, 1988 and 1989. Solute flux trends in bulk atmospheric deposition and stream water generally were not significant and the lack of trend is attributed to the large interannual variability in precipitation quantity and runoff, respectively. All solutes except Na+ varied seasonally. The average seasonal concentrations varied between the solutes, but for most solutes were highest in winter and spring and lowest in summer, correlating with the seasonal trend in runoff. For Ca2+, Mg2+ and SOthe concentration minimum occurs in September and the maximum occurs in February or March, correlating with the seasonal baseflow. These solutes are primarily controlled by the contribution of soil water and groundwater to stream flow. During snowmelt, the meltwater generally causes concentrations to decrease as soil water and groundwater are diluted. For NO3 , average minimum concentrations occur in August at the end of the growing season concurrent with the lowest stream flow, and the maximum occurs in February and March with high stream flow during snowmelt. Seasonal stream water NOconcentration variations are large compared with the long‐term decrease. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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植物功能性状的变异不仅受到物种个体发育的影响,还因环境而变化.以沉水植物微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)为例,设计了5个生态尺度(依次为湖泊、样带、样点、样方、个体),测定了681株个体的11个功能性状,分析其变异的来源与结构.结果表明:1)微齿眼子菜功能性状的种内变异为0.40~1.21;2)5个生态尺度均对这些功能性状具有显著影响,但特定生态尺度的影响程度与功能性状的选择有关.个体尺度的变异构成了这些功能性状变异的主要来源,而湖泊、样带、样点尺度是茎重和节间数变异的主要组成部分;3)个体发育引起的变异约占总变异的5%~76%,且在各生态尺度均占一定比例,说明这部分变异同样是我们研究或者设计实验过程中不可忽视的因素. 相似文献
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Lake Lucerne, Switzerland, a long term study of 1961-1992 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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山西中强地震前波速比异常研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文分析了大同－阳高６．１级（１９８９），５．８级（１９９１），忻州５．、１级（１９９１），侯马５．１级（１９８９）以及太原，运城１９８９－１９９１年几个４．０级左右地震前后的２０２次小震资料。结果表明：这些主震前都存在明显的地震波速异常变化，纵横波速比Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ表面为下降－回升的异常形态，负异常持续时间与震级大小相关；主震在岁异常结束后发生，滞后时间随区域地震震源深度增大而延长。同时，主震前还存 相似文献
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In-depth studies of water and sediment fluxes from rivers into the sea are very important for understanding the interactions between land and sea. This paper is concerned with identifying the changes in the time series of water and sediment fluxes from Feiyun River in Zhejiang Province, China. Inter- and intraannual variability in the water discharge and sediment load of the Feiyun River into the sea are analyzed using the observed data of runoff (1956–2008) and sediment (1957–2008) at Xuekou Station, which is in the main channel. The results show that there is a good peak–valley correlation between the water discharge and sediment load, and there are obvious seasonal variations, with a 65.7% water discharge and 89.2% sediment load during the flooding periods. Water discharge is mainly controlled by natural rainfall, but the construction of the upstream reservoirs in 1997 increased the discharge amount in the dry season and decreased the amount in the flooding season. Sediment loads were reduced after a huge flood in 1990 and construction of upstream reservoirs, while the latter also decreased the sediment load during the typhoon flooding period. Furthermore, the correlation between water discharge and sediment load is also affected by the flood and reservoir construction. There are some differences in the regression equations of sediment load and water discharge for 1957–1989, 1991–1996, and 1997–2008. 相似文献
12.
城镇化下河流水质变化及其与景观格局关系分析——以太湖流域苏州市为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以河流近域景观格局与水环境质量间的关系为研究对象,基于2001年及2010年两期土地利用类型以及7条典型河流的溶解氧、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、总磷、总氮5项水质指标,分析城镇化下苏州市河流水质与景观格局之间的关系及其变化规律.结果表明:(1)苏州市河流水质状况总体较差,但呈现一定的好转趋势.(2)河流水质受到城镇用地、旱地及水田的综合影响,并表现出尺度效应.其中城镇用地与旱地对河流水质恶化具有明显的作用,水田则反之.2001-2010年城镇用地及水田对水质的影响程度有所减弱,旱地则增强.(3)蔓延度指数、最大面积斑块比例对河流水质呈现负相关,斑块数量、斑块密度、香农均匀度指数、香农多样性指数则与水质呈现正相关.景观格局对于水质的影响在大范围缓冲区更为显著.研究结果可为苏州水环境管理及太湖流域城市空间开发提供一定的参考依据. 相似文献
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China's island and reef coasts are mainly distributed along the coasts of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. These areas have favorable deep-water conditions and great development potential. The Zhoushan Archipelago is a typical island and reef coast. In the midst of the islands, there are many tidal channels with high water depth and high current velocity. Daishan Island is located on the northern part of the Zhoushan Archipelago. The sea north of Daishan Island can be characterized as having great water depth (generally between 10 and 20 m), high current velocity (the maximum measured value is about 2 m/s), and hyperconcentrated suspended sediment (annual average concentration under normal weather conditions is about 0.6 kg/m3). Sediment transport is influenced by the co-action of waves and currents. Land reclamation can ease the contradiction between the desire for development and the land resource shortage on island and reef coasts. Land reclamation generally starts from deposition-promoting projects on island and reef coasts with hyperconcentration of suspended sediment with the aim of reducing the reclamation cost. Based on the morphodynamic characteristics of the sea area near north of Daishan Island, a two-dimensional mathematical model was developed to analyze the co-action of current and waves and the model was verified for spring as well as neap tides in 2007 and 2012. The simulated values of tidal stages, tidal current velocities, tidal current directions, and suspended sediment concentration at 15 stations in 2007 and 9 stations in 2012 were in good agreement with the in-situ measured values. Furthermore, the simulated magnitude and pattern of erosion and sedimentation agreed well with the observations. This model was used to evaluate the effects of a proposed siltation scheme on the hydrodynamic environment and morphological change of the study area. The results of this study can inform the protection, development, and utilization of shoal-channels on island and reef coasts, as well provide a scientific basis for comprehensive maritime protection and development. 相似文献
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《Marine pollution bulletin》2013,72(1-2):29-40
Plans are being made to construct Dalian Offshore Airport in Jinzhou Bay with a reclamation area of 21 km2. The large-scale reclamation can be expected to have negative effects on the marine environment, and these effects vary depending on the reclamation techniques used. Water quality mathematical models were developed and biology resource investigations were conducted to compare effects of an underwater explosion sediment removal and rock dumping technique and a silt dredging and rock dumping technique on water pollution and fishery loss. The findings show that creation of the artificial island with the underwater explosion sediment removal technique would greatly impact the marine environment. However, the impact for the silt dredging technique would be less. The conclusions from this study provide an important foundation for the planning of Dalian Offshore Airport and can be used as a reference for similar coastal reclamation and marine environment protection. 相似文献
16.
西湖引水前后氮 , 磷 , 叶绿素 A 含量的年周期变化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
研究了杭州西湖引水前后主要湖区水体中的氮、磷、叶绿素a的年周期动态变化。结果表明:外湖等五个湖区的总氮含量在春季和秋季有两个高峰值,与引水前相比变化不大。硝酸盐氮各湖区均在1～4月呈现高峰。各湖区的总磷含量5月开始急剧上升,9月后降至最低;氮、磷在各湖区的年平均含量也略有差异,一般以岳湖和北里湖湖区的含量较高,而三潭内湖和小南湖湖区相对较低。对各湖区水样检测的相关分析表明:总磷和叶绿素a的年周期动态变化密切相关,而可溶性磷与各湖区的叶绿素a含量相关不显著,但其动态变化一致。从西湖水质改善的程度来看,引水工程只是治理西湖的一项重要措施,但不是根本措施,还需进一步加强截污、科学疏挖、控制游船数量等综合治理。 相似文献
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Experimental studies have been carried out in a fractured coastal aquifer of the Salento region (Nardò, Italy), which has been subjected to 12,000 m3 /day of treated municipal waste water injected into a natural sinkhole since 1991. The analytical parameters of ground water sampled in 30 monitoring wells in the area down gradient from the sinkhole, taking into account the direction of ground water flow, have been compared before and after injection. The water table mound (1.5 m), the reduction of sea water extent (2 km), and the spreading of injected pollutants were evaluated by means of a mathematical model. The predicted values in the monitoring wells were adjusted to inorganic nitrogen biodegradation using transformation rates developed in laboratory tests. After 10 years, the injection has increased the volume of the available resource for agricultural and drinking water use, without any notable decrease in the preexisting ground water quality. Moreover, to preserve water resources from pollution, the mathematical model allowed the maximum constituent concentrations (standards) in waste water reclamation for recharge to be identified. A precautionary area around the sinkhole was also defined so that withdrawal prohibition could be implemented to avoid risks to human health. 相似文献
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Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Two Forbush effects that occurred during geomagnetic storms in March 1989 and March 1991 are analyzed based on ground-based measurements of cosmic rays at a global... 相似文献
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Spatio-temporal variation in some physical and chemical parameters over a 25-year period in the catchment of the river Adour 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The catchment of the river Adour (SW France) has been examined in order to analyse spatio-temporal variations in a number of key variables (flow, suspended matter, nitrate and dissolved orthophosphate concentrations) over a 25-year period (1972–1996).
Within the catchment area, it has been possible to discern how hydroclimatic fluctuations have affected the watershed, with dry periods in 1972–1976 and 1983–1993 alternating with wetter phases in 1977–1982 and 1994–1995. The anthropogenic activity, primarily, involving the use of water for agricultural purposes, has also had a major impact during this period, particularly in the downstream areas of the catchment.
Suspended matter fluxes display regular downstream increases with significant erosion being evident in the mountainous region contrasting with retention in the floodplains area downstream. These fluxes exhibit temporal and spatial variations with peaks occurring every 3–5 years, 1975–1977, 1979, 1982, 1985, 1987 and 1992. Some of these peaks are suggested to be related to anthropogenic activity involving river management, including the cutting of meanders and the construction of dykes for flood prevention.
Nitrate concentrations evince a similar pattern to the suspended matter fluxes with enhanced levels of downstream. The confluence of the Adour with the Midouze appears not to have any major impact on the nitrate concentration. In the downstream areas, an uptake of nitrate is registered indicating the activity of the riparian vegetation. For the entire catchment, maximal nitrate concentrations are observed in 1979, 1982, 1987, 1991–1992 and 1995. 相似文献
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Spatial and temporal patterns of the infaunal community near a major ocean outfall in Southern California 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D. R. Diener S. C. Fuller A. Lissner C. I. Haydock D. Maurer G. Robertson T. Gerlinger 《Marine pollution bulletin》1995,30(12):861-878
Effects of waste water discharge from a major ocean outfall in Southern California to the benthic infaunal community were examined during a 5-year monitoring programme. Natural features, primarily water depth, accounted for 82% of the variability in the infaunal community, while discharge-related effects represented less than 8% of the variability. The area immediately adjacent to the diffuser had the strongest outfall effects. Infaunal abundance showed a pattern of enhancement centred at the outfall. Diversity was also high, indicating that the area was not characterized by a degraded community. 相似文献