共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Sonin V. M. Gryaznov I. A Chepurov A. I. Pokhilenko N. P. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2021,498(1):388-391
Doklady Earth Sciences - The experimental results on etching of diamond crystals with octahedral and cubooctahedral habits at a temperature of 1000°С in wet argon are presented. It is... 相似文献
2.
It has been suggested that part of the so-called “missing sink” of carbon dioxide introduced into the atmosphere by anthropogenic
activities, that is the imbalance between estimated anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and oceanic uptake, may be stored
in the vegetation in midlatitudes. Precise mechanisms of abstraction of additional carbon dioxide by vegetation, also known
as the “fertilization effect”, are poorly understood. Stable carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of cellulose extracted from
annual growth rings (covering the time period 1980–1993) in an oak tree from Kalamazoo, SW Michigan provide a basis to investigate
at a physiological level how the fertilization effect may operate. The carbon isotope ratios show that the intercellular concentration
of carbon dioxide increased due to an increase in stomatal opening. Although increased intercellular concentration of carbon
dioxide translated to increased Water Use Efficiency and assimilation rates, it also resulted in increased transpiration rate
as shown by higher D/H of the fixed carbon. The two-fold significance of the isotope data are: first, they provide the first
field evidence based on isotope studies for excess CO2 induced biomass production and second, they suggest that this mechanism is likely to operate only in limited environments.
Vegetation in regions where moisture availability is not restricted so that there can be a gain in water use efficiency despite
increased leaf evaporation are best suited to sequester excess carbon from the atmosphere. 相似文献
3.
Eric Heinen De Carlo Laure Mousseau Ornella Passafiume Patrick S. Drupp Jean-Pierre Gattuso 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2013,19(5-6):399-442
The Service d’Observation de la Rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer is designed to study the temporal variability of hydrological conditions as well as the abundance and composition of holo- and meroplankton at a fixed station in this bay of the northwest Mediterranean. The weekly data collected at this site, designated as “Point B” since 1957, represent a long-term time series of hydrological conditions in a coastal environment. Since 2007, the historical measurements of hydrological and biological conditions have been complemented by measurements of the CO2–carbonic acid system parameters. In this contribution, CO2–carbonic acid system parameters and ancillary data are presented for the period 2007–2011. The data are evaluated in the context of the physical and biogeochemical processes that contribute to variations in CO2 in the water column and exchange of this gas between the ocean and atmosphere. Seasonal cycles of the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater (pCO2) are controlled principally by variations in temperature, showing maxima in the summer and minima during the winter. Normalization of pCO2 to the mean seawater temperature (18.5 °C), however, reveals an apparent reversal of the seasonal cycle with maxima observed in the winter and minima in the summer, consistent with a biogeochemical control of pCO2 by primary production. Calculations of fluxes of CO2 show this area to be a weak source of CO2 to the atmosphere during the summer and a weak sink during the winter but near neutral overall (range ?0.3 to +0.3 mmol CO2 m?2 h?1, average 0.02 mmol CO2 m?2 h?1). We also provide an assessment of errors incurred from the estimation of annual fluxes of CO2 as a function of sampling frequency (3-hourly, daily, weekly), using data obtained at the Hawaii Kilo Nalu coastal time-series station, which shows similar behavior to the Point B location despite significant differences in climate and hydrological conditions and the proximity of a coral reef ecosystem. 相似文献
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In most multiple-point simulation algorithms, all statistical features are provided by one or several training images (TI) that serve as a substitute for a random field model. However, because in practice the TI is always of finite size, the stochastic nature of multiple-point simulation is questionable. This issue is addressed by considering the case of a sequential simulation algorithm applied to a binary TI that is a genuine realization of an underlying random field. At each step, the algorithm uses templates containing the current target point as well as all previously simulated points. The simulation is validated by checking that all statistical features of the random field (supported by the simulation domain) are retrieved as an average over a large number of outcomes. The results are as follows. It is demonstrated that multiple-point simulation performs well whenever the TI is a complete (infinitely large) realization of a stationary, ergodic random field. As soon as the TI is restricted to a limited domain, the statistical features cannot be obtained exactly, but integral range techniques make it possible to predict how much the TI should be extended to approximate them up to a prespecified precision. Moreover, one can take advantage of extending the TI to reduce the number of disruptions in the execution of the algorithm, which arise when no conditioning template can be found in the TI. 相似文献
7.
New internally consistent interpretations of the phases represented by the high pressure phase shock wave data for an albite-rich rock, Jadeite, and nepheline in the system NaAlSiO4-SiO2, are obtained using the results of static high pressure investigations, and the recent discovery of the hollandite phase in a shocked meteorite. We conclude that nepheline transforms directly to the calcium ferrite structure, whereas albite transforms possibly to the hollandite structure. Shock Hugoniots for the other plagioclase and alkali feldspars also indicate that these transform to hollandite structures. The pressure-volume data at high pressure could alternatively represent the compression of an amorphous phase. Moreover, the shock Hugoniot data are expected to reflect the properties of the melt above shock stresses of 60–80 GPa. The third order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state parameters are: Kos=275±38 GPa and Kos=1.6±1.5 for the calcium ferrite type NaAlSiO4, Kos=186±33 GPA and Kos=2.6±1.7 for the albite-rich hollandite, Kos=236±45 GPa and Kos=2.3±2.0 for the orthoclase-rich hollandite, and Kos=190 to 210 GPa and Kos2.2 for the anorthite-rich hollandite. 相似文献
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Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) has been widely applied to the process of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Here, we investigate CO2–oil–water–rock interactions under reservoir conditions (100 °C and 24 MPa) in order to understand the fluid–rock interactions following termination of a CO2-EOR project. Our experimental results show that CO2-rich fluid remained the active fluid controlling the dissolution–precipitation processes in an oil-undersaturated sandstone reservoir; e.g., the dissolution of feldspar and calcite, and the precipitation of kaolinite as well as solid phases comprising O, Si, Al, Na, C, and Ti. Mineral dissolution rates were reduced in the case that mineral surfaces were coated by oil. Mineral wettability and composition, and oil saturation were the main controls on the exposed surface area of grains, and mineral wettability in particular led to selective dissolution. In addition, the permeability of the reservoir decreased substantially due to the precipitation of kaolinite and solid-phase particles, and due to the clogging of less soluble mineral particles released by the dissolution of K-feldspar and carbonate cement, whereas porosity increased. The results provide insight into potential formation damage resulting from CO2-EOR projects. 相似文献
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INTRODUCTIONThermohaline circulation(THC)is normally de-fined as the density-driven global-scale oceanic circu-lation,which flows northwardin the upper layer andsouthward in the deeper layer in the Atlantic.Itplays ani mportant role in the global meridional heatand the freshwater transports(Marotzke,2000).Thus,changes in the THC alter the global oceanheat transport and affect the global cli mate(Broeck-er,1991).The increase in the concentration of greenhousegases will reduce the effici… 相似文献
11.
Christopher W. Hunt Joseph E. Salisbury Douglas Vandemark 《Estuaries and Coasts》2014,37(5):1078-1091
Repeated surveys of the Kennebec estuary, a macrotidal river estuary in Maine, USA, between 2004 and 2008 found spatial and temporal variability both in sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the estuary and the air–sea flux of estuary CO2. On an annual basis, the surveyed area of the Kennebec estuary had an area-weighted average partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) of 559 μatm. The area-weighted average CO2 flux to the atmosphere was 3.54 mol C m?2 year?1. Overall, the Kennebec estuary was an annual source of 7.2?×?107 mol CO2 to the atmosphere. Distinct seasonality in estuarine pCO2 was observed, with shifts in the seasonal pattern evident between lower and higher salinities. Fluxes of CO2 from the estuary were elevated following two summertime storms, and inputs of riverine CO2 outweighed internal estuarine CO2 inputs in nearly all months. River and estuarine inputs of CO2 represented 68 and 32 % of the total CO2 contributions to the estuary, respectively. This study examines the variability of CO2 in a large New England estuary, and highlights the comparatively high contribution of CO2 from riverine sources. 相似文献
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C. A. Geiger 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,66(4):271-299
Summary The thermodynamic properties of garnets in the system (Fe2+, Mn2+, Mg, Ca)3A12Si3O12 are reviewed. The thermodynamic properties of the three end-member garnets pyrope, almandine and grossular, including their volume, enthalpy of formation, entropy, compressibility and thermal expansion have been well determined. For spessartine enthalpy of formation and heat capacity at low temperatures are needed. Pyrope's unusual behavior in some of its properties is probably related to the presence of the small, light Mg cation, which has a large anisotropic thermal vibration. The thermodynamic mixing properties of the six binaries are also discussed. Good volume of mixing data exist now for all of the binaries, but much work is still required to determine the enthalpies and third-law vibrational entropies of mixing. It is shown that the magnitude of the positive deviations in the volumes of mixing is related to the volume difference between the two end-member components. It is probable that excess entropies, if present, originate at low temperatures below 200 K. Recent29Si NMR experiments have demonstrated the presence of short-range ordering (SRO) of Ca and Mg in pyrope-grossular solid solutions. Short-range order will have to be considered in new models describing the entropies of mixing. Its possible presence in all garnet solid solutions needs to be examined. The mixing properties of pyrope-grossular garnets, which are the best known for any garnet binary, can, in part, be described by the Quasi-Chemical approximation, which gives insight into the microscopic interactions which determine the macroscopic thermodynamic mixing properties. Microscopic properties are best investigated by spectroscopic and computational approaches. Hard mode IR measurements on binary solid solutions show that the range of local microscopic structural distortion is reflected in the macroscopic volumes of mixing. The nature of The contents of this contribution was presented at the IMA Meeting in Toronto in August, 1998. It precedes issues of Mineralogy and Petrology containing thematic sets of IMApapers strain tiields and site relaxation needs to be studied in order to obtain a better understanding of the solid-solution process and energetics in garnet. Critical areas for future experimentation are also addressed.[/p]
With 11 Figures 相似文献
Eine kritische Zusammenstellung und Analyse der thermodynamischen Daten der (Fe2+, Mn2+, Mg, Ca)3Al2Si3O12 granate
Zusammenfassung In dieser Studie werden die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften der Granate im System (Fe2+,Mn2+, Mg, Ca)3Al2Si3O12 kritisch zusammengestellt. Die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften der drei Endglied-Granate Pyrop, Almandin und Grossular, einschließlich ihrer Volumina, Bildungswärmen, Entropien, Kompressibilitäten und thermischen Ausdehnungen wurden bereits hinreichend gut bestimmt. Dagegen müssen die Bildungswärme und Tieftemperatur-Wärmekapazität von Spessartin noch gemessen werden. Die Eigenschaften des Pyrops sind wahrscheinlich mit den großen anisotropen Schwingungen des kleinen, leichten Mg-Kations verbunden. Die thermodynamischen Mischungseigenschaften der sechs binären Mischkristallreihen werden ebenfalls diskutiert. Während die Mischungs-Volumendaten der binären Mischreihen gut bekannt sind, müssen ihre Mischungs-Enthalpien und Standard-Mischungsentropien noch ermittelt werden. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Größe der positiven Exzeß-Volumina mit dem Volumen-Unterschied der zwei Endglied-Komponenten der jeweiligen Mischreihe verknüpft ist. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß Exzeß-Entropien, wenn vorhanden, erst bei Tieftemperaturen unter 200 K auftreten. Neue29Si NMR-Experimente belegen, daß in Pyrop-Grossular-Mischkristallen Nahordnung von Mg und Ca vorliegt. Der Effekt der Nahordnung muß in künftigen thermodynamischen Modellen berücksichtigt werden. Hieraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, alle Granat-Mischreihen auf mögliche Nahordnung hin zu untersuchen. Die Mischungseigenschaften der Pyrop-Grossular-Mischreihe, die von sämtlichen Granat-Mischreihen am besten bestimmt wurden, können teilweise mit dem Quasi-Chemical-Model beschrieben werden. Dieses Modell ermöglicht die Beschreibung der mikroskopischen Wechselwirkungen, die die makroskopischen thermodynamischen Eigenschaften bestimmen. Mikroskopische Eigenschaften werden am besten mit spektroskopischen Messungen und theoretischen Berechnungen untersucht. Hard-mode IR-Spektroskopie-Messungen an binären Mischreihen zeigen, daß die lokalen mikroskopischen strukturellen Verzerrungen in den makroskopischen Mischungs-Volumina widergespiegelt werden. Die Art der Spannungsfelder und Platz-Relaxationen muß detaillierter untersucht werden, um ein besseres Verständnis des Mischkristall-Bildungsprozsses und der Energetik der Granate zu erreichen. Darüber hinaus werden wichtige künftige Forschungsgebiete diskutiert.
With 11 Figures 相似文献
13.
Yakovenchuk V. N. Pakhomovsky Y. A. Konopleva N. G. Panikorovskii T. L. Bazai A. V. Mikhailova J. A. Bocharov V. N. Krivovichev S. V. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2022,505(2):549-552
Doklady Earth Sciences - Sergeysmirnovite, MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O, is a new mineral from the oxidation zone of the Kester mineral deposit, Sakha-Yakutia, Russia. This mineral forms... 相似文献
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Dipl. min. C. Weidenthaler Prof. Dr. E. Tillmanns Dr. G. Hentschel 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1993,48(2-4):167-177
Summary The new mineral orschallite, Ca3(SO3)2SO4 · 12H2O, was found at the Hannebacher Ley near Hannebach, Eifel, Germany. Crystal structure analysis of the mineral, chemical analysis and water determination on synthetic material gave the composition Ca3(SO3)2SO4 · 12H2O. The mineral crystallizes in space group
with a = 11.350(1), c = 28.321(2) Å, V = 3159.7 Å3, Z = 6, Dc = 1.87 Mg/m3, Dm = 1.90(3) Mg/m3. It is uniaxial positive with the optical constants = 1.4941, = 1.4960(4). The strongest lines in the powder pattern are (d-value (Å), I, hkl) 5.73, 100, 1 0 4/8.11, 80, 0 1 2/2.69, 80, 3 0 6/3.63, 60, 1 1 6/3.28, 40, 3 0 0. Refinement of the crystal structure led to a weighted residual of Rw = 0.043 for 600 observed reflections with I > 2(I) and 52 variable parameters.
With 5 Figures 相似文献
Orschallit, Ca3(SO3)2SO4 · 12H2O, ein neues Kalzium-Sulfat-Sulfat-Hydrat-Mineral
Zusammenfassung Das neue Mineral Orschallit, Ca3(SO3)2SO4 · 12H2O, wurde in der Hannebacher Ley bei Hannebach, Eifel, Deutschland gefunden. Eine Analyse der Kristallstruktur an einem Einkristall des natürlichen Materials, chemische Analyse und Wasserbestimmung an synthetischem Material ergaben die Zusammensetzung Ca3(SO3)2SO4 · 12H2O. Das Mineral kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe mit a = 11.350(1), c = 28.321(2) Å, V = 3159.7 Å3, Z = 6, Dc = 1.87 Mg/m3, Dm = 1.90(3) Mg/m3. Es ist optisch einachsig mit den optischen Konstanten = 1.4941, = 1.4960(4). Die stärksten Linien des Pulver-diagramms liegen bei (d-Wert (Å), I, hkl) 5.73, 100, 1 0 4/8.11, 80, 0 1 2/2.69, 80, 3 0 6/3.63, 60; 1 1 6/3.28, 40, 3 0 0. Die Verfeinerung der Kristallstruktur ergab einen gewichteten Residualwert Rw = 0.043 für 600 beobachtete Reflexe mit I > 2(I) und 52 variable Parameter.
With 5 Figures 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(9-10):1067-1082
Thermodynamic data for all fate-determining processes are needed in order to predict the fate and transport of metals in natural systems. The surface complexation properties of a synthetic MnO2, δ-MnO2, have accordingly been investigated using glass electrode potentiometry. Experimental data were interpreted according to the surface complexation model in conjunction with the diffuse double layer model of the solid/solution interface. Adsorption constants were determined using the non-linear optimisation program FITEQL. Surface complexation parameters determined in this way were validated against results obtained from the literature. Best fits of alkalimetric titration data were obtained with a 2-site, 3 surface-species model of the δ-MnO2 surface. Site concentrations of 2.23×10−3 mol g−1 and 7.66×10−4 mol g−1 were obtained. Corresponding logarithms of formation constants for the postulated surface species are −1.27 (≡XO−), −5.99 (≡YO−) and 3.52 (≡YOH2+) at I=0.1 M. The surface speciation of δ-MnO2 is dominated by ≡XO− over the pH range investigated. Metal adsorption was modelled with surface species of the type ≡XOM+, ≡XOMOH, ≡YOM+, ≡YOMOH (M=Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb) and ≡XOM2OH2+ (M=Pb). For Cu, Ni and Zn, titration data could be modelled with ≡XOM+, ≡XOMOH, ≡YOM+ and ≡YOMOH, whereas for Cd, ≡XOM+ and ≡YOM+ were sufficient. Lead data were best modelled by assuming the dinuclear species ≡XOM2OH2+ to be the only surface species to form. Adsorption constants determined for Ni, Cu and Zn follow the Irving-Williams sequence. The model suggests an adsorption order of (Pb, Cu) > (Ni, Zn) > Cd. The discrepancy between model predictions and published adsorption results is similar to the variability observed in experimental results from different laboratories. 相似文献
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利用古里雅冰芯近2 000 a来的温度代用资料, 用奇异谱分析方法对气候变化的趋势及人类活动造成的影响进行了分析, 指出近2 000 a来气候一直在变暖, 这是气候的自然变暖过程. 同时分析结果显示, 工业革命以来, 人类活动对气候的增暖十分明显. 正是因为气候的自然变暖和人类活动影响的叠加, 才使得20世纪成为过去2 000 a来最温暖的100 a. 相似文献
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During repository building measures a natural river was relocated and the water was directed through a new, artificial river bed lined with a concrete basement and local colluvium. Shortly after, centimetre-thick, beige-colored sinter-crusts were observed in the river bed. An environmental monitoring program launched in order to understand the rapid precipitation process revealed pH values up to 12.9 and high Ca2+ concentrations (196 mg/l) at near-freezing water-temperatures. A first set of crystal aggregates collected was found to disintegrate into a light-colored calcite powder at ambient temperature within few days only. Thus, the metastable precipitates were recovered in original solution and stored in a constantly-cooled refrigerator box. Immediate XRD, FT-IR and ESEM analyses revealed “ikaite” – calcium carbonate hexahydrate – being the rarely documented mineral never reported from such an environmental setting before. Ikaite typically forms in a narrow temperature range (<4–8 °C) from strongly supersaturated solutions, e.g. some specific lake-, sea- and spring-water mixing locations, Arctic- and Antarctic sea-ice. In the present case, enhanced portlandite (Ca[OH]2) dissolution from the concrete river basement by water inflowing during wintertime provided exceptional hydrochemical conditions suitable for rapid ikaite crystallization, e.g. of up to 2 kg d−1 m−2 in a particular stream section. Sampling sites from which ikaite was documented yielded pH > 11 probably reflecting some lower limit of ikaite formation. Our findings do not support nucleation inhibitors (aqueous phosphate, magnesium, organic constituents), strongly elevated ionic strength (brines), or water-mixing as a crucial demand for ikaite precipitation. In this “natural laboratory” distinct ikaite vs. calcite spatial distribution encountered along the stream, and thus the spatiotemporal evolution of fluid–solid interaction could be studied. Finally, the prominent and widespread ikaite precipitates vanished rapidly during pronounced springtime air- and water-temperature rise >6 °C superimposed on more gradual hydrochemical changes, e.g. decrease of pH and Ca2+. The latter development highlights the critical temperature restriction of ikaite occurrence and stability. Anthropogenic combined with natural hydrogeochemical processes observed in this study are of interest for both applied and fundamental environmental research. 相似文献
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