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1.
河流碳输移与陆地侵蚀-沉积过程紧密相关。首先就机械和化学风化两种不同的陆地侵蚀机制在提供河流碳源方面所发挥的不同作用作了详细论述,并比较了季风流域和非季风流域间河流碳输移在通量及性质上的差异。之后对陆地碳沉积机制进行了归纳,指出了包括大坝截留,河漫滩、河口-近岸带沉积及陆地碳沉降等几种可能的陆源碳踪迹。陆地环境的截留效应相对于侵蚀尚不太清楚,今后应加强对陆地碳沉积的研究,进一步明确各种碳沉积的作用机制及其对全球陆地碳汇的贡献量。此外,人类活动对陆地侵蚀-沉积过程及河流碳循环所产生的直接或间接的影响也有待于今后继续深入探索。 相似文献
2.
榆林长城沿线处于环境变化敏感带,其风沙滩区沉积剖面的磁化率和粒度分析结果显示,该区全新世早期11500～10000aBP随着全球气候的逐渐转暖,磁化率、黏粒和粉沙含量逐渐增高;全新世中期的10000～45003BP气候相对比较湿润,植被覆盖度增大,风沙活动减弱,地表沉积物当-中粉沙和黏土成分含量显著增大,风化成壤作用增强,地表发育沙质弱古土壤;全新世中期后段的4500～3000aBP期间,气候以比较温和湿润为主,但在4200～4000aBP出现一个气候干旱事件,风沙活动强烈;近3000a以来,气候显著干旱化,波动频繁,地表风沙沉积物显著变粗,表现出有5次沙漠扩张。该区生态环境演化、人文历史变迁基本上是自然因素与人为活动综合作用的结果,以自然演化为主,近代人为因素对环境变化起着加强和放大作用。 相似文献
3.
南极海洋性气候区明显的气候变化已经对独特但脆弱的陆地生态系统构成严重影响。作为陆地生态系统中关键的环境要素之一,土壤的发生、发育与演化过程对气候变化同样敏感,其响应结果通过气候变化对成土因素的影响间接表现出来。首先,南极海洋性气候区日益加速的气候变暖现象导致冰川消退、地表积雪融化,为土壤形成与分布提供了母质与空间基础;同时,气候变暖导致自由水活动在时间和空间上的加强促进了以自由水为基础的土壤过程和冰缘地貌过程,对南极海洋性气候区土壤发生、发育产生深刻影响。低等植物对气温升高的响应主要表现为物种数量增加、生境拓展、群落结构演变、初级生产力与生物量提高,从而对土壤有机质积累过程以及土壤有机质结构与性状产生重要影响。气候变化与地壳运动等环境因素的变化对海洋脊椎动物的活动影响巨大,而动物活动直接影响海洋性有机质进入土壤与陆地生态系统的途径与数量;同时,动物栖息地的变迁与海岸及附近地区土壤景观演变密切相关。为了准确判断和预测一段时期内气候变化对南极海洋性气候区域土壤形成与演化影响的规模、程度与速率,对各种成土因素在气候变化背景下响应与反馈机制、以及与土壤过程之间相互作用机理方面的研究工作亟需开展。 相似文献
4.
《中国煤炭地质》2020,(5)
条带煤柱长期承受覆岩载荷,同时受采空区积水、邻近采动等因素的影响,发生失稳的可能性大大增加。条带煤柱失稳导致覆岩与地表再次运动,成为地表灾害的潜在隐患。为了对条带煤柱覆岩运动演化特征进行深入分析,以典型地区条带开采采空区覆岩运动演化特征为研究对象,运用FLAC3D软件对条采采空区覆岩的应力响应机制及移动变形规律进行了分析研究。研究结果表明:条带煤柱失稳后,煤柱顶板垂直应力由双峰变为单峰,峰值且相较于失稳前增加;地表沉陷量及水平移动均出现大幅度增加,对地表建构筑物构成极大危害。通过研究条采采空区覆岩应力响应机制及移动变形规律能够对条带开采区域地表下沉进行精准预测,对防治条带开采时煤柱失稳造成灾害提供了理论依据,同时对地表建构筑物的建设及安全防护提供科学指导。 相似文献
5.
城市地表"径流-灰尘-污染物"作为一个三相介质系统,相互作用机理十分复杂。分别从城市地表灰尘颗粒对不同种类污染物的吸附效应及时空分布规律、地表(坡面)降雨径流特性及过程模拟、地表径流-灰尘-污染物协同输移与削减等方面,总结与分析了现有的研究进展。从本质上来看,城市地表灰尘可视为由不同粒径泥沙颗粒组成的综合体,有必要基于泥沙运动力学理论加强对地表径流中灰尘颗粒运动规律的研究,并以灰尘颗粒对不同污染物的吸附、沉淀作用为纽带,探讨"径流-灰尘-污染物"的协同输移与削减机制。其中,如何有效扩展城市调查样本容量,比较研究不同下垫面径流动力特性,并从径流能量或功率角度出发,研究不同粒径灰尘颗粒的分组起动与输移规律,并建立在径流输送过程中的挟沙力方程,将是今后需要深入研究的问题。 相似文献
6.
风沙与河流地貌过程的交互作用是半干旱环境典型的地表过程。位于半干旱区的黄河兰州至银川段,现代风沙与河流沉积过程相互影响剧烈,而该区域地质历史时期风沙与河流交互过程的沉积记录还鲜有报道。文章对该区域黄河二级河流阶地堆积序列(河道砾石-具水平层理砂层-沙丘砂-条带状粉砂)进行了详细的沉积学分析。结果表明,流水作用形成的水平砂层之上覆盖的厚2~3.8 m的沙丘,由成分均匀的极细砂和粗粉砂组成;发育块状结构,而未见流水沉积结构;为典型风成沙丘。其上覆盖的粉砂层,粒度组成与该地区砂质黄土有相似性,以粗粉砂颗粒为主;但其还含有少量的粘土和极细砂组分,分选差,且发育薄层条带状纹层(层厚约5~10 cm);为河漫滩环境下主要为风尘输入的颗粒在静水条件下沉降形成的河漫滩相沉积。风成沙丘的众数粒度值略小于下伏水平状河流砂众数粒度,而粗颗粒组分和细颗粒组分含量都略小于下伏河流砂,表明风成沙丘可能是由风力分选、搬运下伏河流砂,就地堆积形成。风成沙丘与下伏河流砂的主量元素组成基本一致,而与该区域物质来源于较大范围的风成砂黄土主量元素的组成相差较远,也表明该阶地堆积序列中发育的风成沙丘物质来源于局地下伏的河流砂层。光释光年代测试的结果表明,风成沙丘堆积于距今约21~16 ka期间,而上覆河漫滩堆积于距今约14~13 ka期间。末次盛冰期,干旱气候和强劲的冬季风导致早期河漫滩上发育风成沙丘,而随后的冰消期夏季风的加强和相对暖湿的气候,使得末次盛冰期形成的沙丘被河漫滩沉积覆盖。该区域黄河二级阶地由辫状河砾石(夹砂透镜体)-河漫滩砂-风成沙丘-河漫滩粉砂构成的沉积序列是该区域末次盛冰期以来风沙与河流交互作用形成的良好记录,反应了半干旱地区地表过程(风沙和河流交互)对气候环境变化的响应。 相似文献
7.
第四纪华容隆起构造活动、成因及动力机制 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
第四纪华容隆起位于江汉—洞庭盆地中部。通过地表观察和第四系钻孔对华容隆起及周缘地貌、第四纪断裂和沉积进行调查,恢复华容隆起构造升降特征与过程,进而探讨华容隆起的成因及其构造活动的动力机制。研究表明:早更新世-中更新世中期华容隆起与周缘凹陷一道沉降,同时前者受周边正断裂控制相对后者有抬升,中更新世晚期一道抬升,晚更新世—全新世构造稳定或弱沉降。第四纪期间华容隆起总体表现为明显的构造沉降。以上表明第四纪华容隆起主要由前第四纪盆—山地貌分异造成,其次与第四纪期间相对周缘凹陷抬升有关。上述地质特征以及区域第四纪地质资料,表明早更新世-中更新世中期江汉—洞庭盆地为断陷盆地,中更新世晚期—全新世转变为坳陷盆地。就华容隆起第四纪构造活动的动力机制进行了探讨并提出:1)早更新世-中更新世中期江汉—洞庭盆地断陷沉降与地幔上隆背景下的深部物质迁出有关。2)中更新世晚期以来的构造活动可能与深部物质蠕移运动的回返以及板块尺度的物质运动和挤压作用有关。3)江汉—洞庭盆地的整体性沉降导致盆地中部的华容隆起以沉降为主;华容隆起特殊的地壳物质结构可能导致深部物质更难向外迁移,使其相对周缘凹陷有抬升。 相似文献
8.
地球深部物质的性质和状态是研究整体地球演化的重要内容。事实表明,地表所发生的重大地质事件是与地球深部物质运动有关。板块学说的建立和发展从根本上揭示了深度约100公里的岩石圈的运动规律,从而成功地解释了地表物质运动特征。但要使板块模型精确化,进一步认识地球物质上升到地表的机理,地表物质通过俯冲岩石圈下沉到地幔的数量、性质以及这些物质对地壳和地 相似文献
9.
苏南地区地裂缝成因机制较为复杂,且灾害活跃。以光纤光栅传感器为监测手段,建立基岩潜山条件下物理地质模型,模拟抽水差异性沉降过程,揭示地裂缝发育演化规律。试验结果表明:（1）地下水过量抽采导致的不均匀沉降是地裂缝发育的最直接因素,地下水水位降深越大、抽采速率越快,地面沉降越明显。（2）基岩潜山形态位置对地表沉降起控制作用;同时地面沉降最严重区域与地裂缝分布区域基本一致;基岩潜山的发育位置形态、地表的沉降曲线以及地裂缝分布情况基本一致。（3）模型试验结果与研究区地裂缝灾害发育规律基本一致。此次基于光纤技术的物理模型试验研究为地裂缝研究提供新的方法与手段。 相似文献
10.
城市地表"径流-灰尘-污染物"作为一个三相介质系统，相互作用机理十分复杂。分别从城市地表灰尘颗粒对不同种类污染物的吸附效应及时空分布规律、地表（坡面）降雨径流特性及过程模拟、地表径流-灰尘-污染物协同输移与削减等方面，总结与分析了现有的研究进展。从本质上来看，城市地表灰尘可视为由不同粒径泥沙颗粒组成的综合体，有必要基于泥沙运动力学理论加强对地表径流中灰尘颗粒运动规律的研究，并以灰尘颗粒对不同污染物的吸附、沉淀作用为纽带，探讨"径流-灰尘-污染物"的协同输移与削减机制。其中，如何有效扩展城市调查样本容量，比较研究不同下垫面径流动力特性，并从径流能量或功率角度出发，研究不同粒径灰尘颗粒的分组起动与输移规律，并建立在径流输送过程中的挟沙力方程，将是今后需要深入研究的问题。 相似文献
11.
Xunming Wang Caixia Zhang Hongtao Wang Guangqiang Qian Wanyin Luo Junfeng Lu Li Wang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(4):1039-1050
A series of experiments to determine the direct emission of dust-sized particles from Gobi surfaces by clean wind (wind without
sand), and the potential for aeolian abrasion of Gobi surfaces and beds of gravel and mobile sand to produce fine (<100 μm)
and dust-sized (<10 μm, PM10) particles under sand-laden winds were conducted. Parent material was obtained from Gobi areas of the Ala Shan Plateau, the
region with high dust emissions in arid China. The fine particles produced by aeolian processes were collected using sand
traps and sieved the captured materials to exclude particles >100 μm in diameter and then PM10 by sedimentation was acquired. The Gobi surface provided most of the emitted fine particles during the initial dust emission
processes, but subsequently, release of the clay coatings of particles by abrasion becomes the dominant source of fine materials.
Under sand-laden winds, PM10 production rates produced by aeolian abrasion of Gobi surfaces ranged between 0.002 and 0.244% of blown materials. After
removal of sand, silt, or clay with low resistance to erosion from the Gobi surfaces by the wind, the PM10 production rates caused by aeolian abrasion were similar to those from gravel and sand beds. The results also indicated that
after the dust-sized particles with low resistance to erosion were removed, the production of dust-sized particles was unrelated
to wind velocity. Under aeolian processes, Gobi deserts in this region therefore play a major role in dust emissions from
arid and semiarid China. 相似文献
12.
Xunming Wang Ting Hua Caixia Zhang Guangqiang Qian Wanyin Luo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(3):623-631
In China’s arid regions, aeolian salts are transported along with dust aerosols, but their contents and the emission rates are poorly understood. Using samples with undisturbed surfaces and artificially disrupted surfaces (to simulate human disturbances such as reclamation, planting, trampling by animals, and other activities), the transport rates for windblown material and the salt contents of clay playa surfaces were investigated in a wind tunnel. The results showed that under wind velocities ranging from 8 to 22 m/s, wind erosion rates ranged between 0.009 and 0.066 g/m2/s for the undisturbed surfaces and between 0.011 and 0.048 g/m2/s for the artificially disrupted playa surfaces. Although the amount of wind-transported material that was captured was too small to allow an analysis of individual salt contents using the available equipment, electrical conductivity measurements and correlation analysis revealed mean total salt contents of 9.59 g/kg in the transported materials collected above the sealed playa surfaces versus 3.38 g/kg in materials from the same surfaces that were artificially cracked after testing the sealed surfaces. Given the large areas containing clay playas in China’s arid regions, these results will improve our understanding of aeolian salt transport in arid China and will facilitate interpretation of the sources of aeolian salts. 相似文献
13.
Dana K. Nakase Anthony S. Hartshorn Katherine A. Spielmann Sharon J. Hall 《Geoarchaeology》2014,29(2):79-97
Prehistoric farmers in arid and semiarid ecosystems commonly used rock alignments to concentrate water and sediments on their fields. Previous research has emphasized the importance of runoff from organic matter‐rich uplands as a mechanism for soil nutrient replenishment. However, eolian inputs to these dryland ecosystems might also contribute substantially to mineral‐derived nutrient pools. We explored the relative importance of eolian deposition, prehistoric agriculture, and the presence of rock alignments on soil properties in a semiarid grassland in Arizona. Subsurface soils behind natural rock alignments are finer in texture than soils unbound by rock alignments, while subsurface soils behind agricultural rock alignments coarsen relative to unbound soils. Neither rock alignments nor estimated crop yields had detectable effects on mineral‐derived nutrient pools. In contrast, eolian deposition is an important source of soil mass and nutrients to modern soils. While dust deposition likely reduced soil heterogeneity across this landscape, it could have also contributed to the sustainability of prehistoric agriculture. 相似文献
14.
Eustatic and climatic controls on the development of the Wahiba Sand Sea, Sultanate of Oman 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Aeolian sand sea accumulations can serve as valuable archives of climate change in continental environments. The Wahiba Sand Sea is situated at the northern margin of the area presently affected by Indian Summer Monsoon Circulation and it records environmental changes associated with this major climatic boundary over the last 160 000 years. The internal stratigraphy and evolution of the sand sea is investigated using a combination of outcrop, borehole, seismic and luminescence data. Proximity to the Indian Ocean means that the sand sea succession shows the influence of sea level changes on the sedimentary architecture and composition of the dune deposits. During the last two glacial periods, low global sea level was associated with a high input of bioclastic grains, reflecting the significance of subaerially exposed shelf areas as one of the main sources of aeolian sediment. The onset of aeolian sediment transport and deposition was related to the breakdown of stabilizing vegetation during arid periods that equate with sea level lowstands. The preservation of aeolian sediments by the formation of supersurfaces and associated palaeosoils took place during times of increased wetness and elevated groundwater tables. This interplay of constructive and destructive periods greatly influenced the sedimentary architecture. Oscillations of wet and dry periods between 160 000 and 130 000 years and 120 000–105 000 years ago are attributed to the evolution of a wet aeolian system. Younger periods of aeolian deposition around and after the last glacial maximum were characterized by dry aeolian conditions. No soil horizons developed during these times. 相似文献
15.
第四纪古气候重建在最近半个世纪的时间里取得了前所未有的进展,这在很大程度上与对陆相黄土地层,特别是中国黄土-古土壤序列的研究,以及对深海沉积氧同位素的研究密不可分。现在我们已经可以在黄土-古土壤序列的基础上,建立起260万年来地球轨道尺度的古气候变化。一个不容否认的事实是,这些进展都是在黄土风成成因的基础上,结合土壤地层学、年代学、磁性地层学、古生物学等方面的进展逐渐发展起来的。只有解决了黄土的风成成因,才可能将堆积于各地的黄土,通过搬运粉尘的风力系统与区域、甚至全球的古气候变化联系起来。文章回忆了黄土的早期研究历史,回顾了黄土风成成因的奠基人李希霍芬教授在黄土成因方面的杰出贡献以及其后黄土成因的完善与发展。 相似文献
16.
Ping Lv Zhibao Dong Qingsong Mu Wanyin Luo Guangqiang Qian 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(1):125-131
Shrubs that exert drag force on the wind significantly affect the air–surface interaction in arid and semiarid regions, and some coastal regions where aeolian processes are active. An understanding of the drag force on wind of shrubs provides important information on the dynamics of shrubs in reducing wind erosion, and their geomorphological significances. Thus, we analyzed the drag force and drag coefficient for model shrubs using wind measurements obtained by particle image velocimetry in a scaled wind tunnel simulation. The drag force was found to be a function of wind velocity and shrub density. Both drag force and drag coefficient revealed a critical shrub density of around 0.08. The vertical drag force changed direction when the shrub density became greater or less than the critical density. The drag coefficient increased rapidly with shrub density when the density was below 0.08, but it increased very gently when the density was increased beyond the critical value. The results have an important theoretical significance for our understanding of the dynamics of vegetated dunes and the windbreak mechanism of shrubs. 相似文献
17.
Influence of vegetation on aeolian sand transport rate from a backshore to a foredune at Hasaki, Japan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The influence of vegetation on aeolian sediment transport rate in the region from a backshore to a foredune was investigated at the Hasaki Coast in Japan, where an onshore wind was predominant and the creeping beach grasses Carex kobomugi and Calystegia soldanella were major species. The comparison of cross-shore distributions of the cross-shore component of aeolian sand transport rate with and without vegetation, which were estimated on the basis of the beach profile changes and a mass conservation equation, showed that the creeping grasses influenced the aeolian sand transport rate. The landward aeolian sand transport rate rapidly decreased landward from the seaward limit of vegetation when the grasses grew. The aeolian sand transport rate reduced by 95% with a vegetation cover of 28%. On the other hand, when the grasses were absent, the landward aeolian sand transport rate did not decrease near the seaward vegetation limit, but near the foot of the foredune. 相似文献
18.
19.
Jonathan A. Sandor Jay B. Norton Jeffrey A. Homburg Deborah A. Muenchrath Carleton S. White Stephen E. Williams Celeste I. Havener Peter D. Stahl 《Geoarchaeology》2007,22(3):359-386
Research on soil fertility is presented in the context of runoff agriculture, a venerable farming system that has been used for millennia in arid to semiarid regions, where water is a major limiting resource for crop production. The agroecology of runoff farming was studied with the Zuni to evaluate nutrient and hydrologic processes, management, maize productivity, and soil quality in some of the oldest recognized fields in the United States. This ancient Southwest agriculture has functioned without conventional irrigation or fertilization by tapping into biogeochemical processes in natural watersheds connected to fields. Carefully placed fields are managed on alluvial fans and other valley margin landforms to intercept runoff and associated sediment and organic debris transported from adjoining forested uplands. We report on research to evaluate and link nitrogen and phosphorus, two key nutrients for crop production, in watershed, soil, and crop components of this agroecosystem. Nutrient data have been collected by observational and experimental methods for each component and the transport of nutrients from watershed to field to maize. The condition of Zuni agricultural soils suggests that their knowledge and management of soils contributed to effective conservation. This study and others indicate the need for further long‐term monitoring and experimental research on watersheds, runoff processes, field soils, and crops across a range of arid to semiarid ecosystems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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风沙动力与风沙工程学当前研究的热点─—主要反映在加深对风沙现象的理解、风沙灾害防治与资源开发三个方面出发，提出了我国在风沙运动力学、土壤风蚀、土地沙漠化的动力机制与过程、风沙地貌形成发育规律、风沙沉积学特征及其形成机制、沙尘暴形成机制以及风沙灾害防护工程技术原理等六个方面的研究建议。 相似文献