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1.
In this research, the reliability analysis of seismic ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing is assessed with implementing slip lines method coupled with random field theory. The probability density functions of seismic and static bearing capacities which are log-normal and nearly normal distribution respectively are compared to each other. The predicted Probability Density Function (PDF) of the seismic bearing capacity by slip line method is verified, with those of the Terzaghi equation and Monte Carlo simulation (MCs). For uncertainties analysis by Terzaghi equation the Nc, Nq and Nγ are assessed stochastically. 相似文献
2.
Monte Carlo simulations are utilized to model radiative and neutrino transfer in astrophysics. An algorithm that can be used to study radiative transport in astrophysical plasma based on simulations of photon trajectories in a medium is described. Formation of the hard X-ray spectrum of the Galactic microquasar SS 433 is considered in detail as an example. Specific requirements for applying such simulations to neutrino transport in a densemedium and algorithmic differences compared to its application to photon transport are discussed. 相似文献
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工程岩体中数量众多的裂隙面限制了离散裂隙网络模型在岩体渗流中的应用,迫使人们寻找能够用理论上成熟的等效连续介质模型替代,这就要求进行岩体多孔介质的水力等效性研究。在野外大量实测裂隙的基础上,进行裂隙密度、方位、大小、延续性、开度等几何参数的统计分析,以Enhanced Baecher模型建立离散裂隙网络随机模型,采用Monte-Carlo随机模拟方法进行三维裂隙网络随机模拟。在所生成的一定尺度的三维裂隙网络图基础上,给出计算研究域REV的方法,通过判断REV是否存在,确定能否用等效连续介质模型分析岩体渗流。 相似文献
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综合考虑碳酸盐岩储层孔隙度、孔隙类型对储层物性参数的影响,对常规的Xu-White模型等效介质理论进行了改进,采用K-T理论增加多种不同类型的孔隙(如粒间孔隙、刚性孔隙、裂隙等),得到了一种新的改进的Xu-White模型等效介质理论,并提出了一套新的适用于碳酸盐岩储层的地震数值模拟方法。该方法首先采用改进的Xu-White模型等效介质理论,来计算碳酸盐岩储层的等效参数,将各向异性的储层转换为均匀介质;然后再采用声学波动方程进行地震数值模拟。模型试验的结果表明,该方法不仅计算效率高,而且可以得到高信噪比的模拟记录,其主要地层的反射波场特征与弹性波方程数值模拟完全一致,是一种简单高效的适用于碳酸盐岩储层的地震数值模拟方法。 相似文献
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地震波全波形反演是当今地质构造反演的潮流。在层析成像等为其提供初始模型的预处理中,地震波初至走时是一个非常重要的物理量。因而,高效高精度且稳定的走时计算方法对于各向异性建模具有重要的研究意义。为实现高效高精度且稳定的走时计算,首先利用扰动理论及泰勒公式将具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性（VTI）介质程函方程展开,得到走时解;然后引入各向同性快速推进法（fast marching method,FMM）,运用改进后的迎风差分格式求取差分格式黏滞解获取单点走时。结合窄带推进技术,得到了一种新的基于快速匹配法的VTI介质走时计算方法。通过对均匀弱各向异性模型计算结果和解析值的对比,评估了其误差,相对误差稳定于0.5%以下。针对该方法的有效性和稳定性,对层状介质模型和盐丘模型反射波走时进行了试算,取得了较好的效果。理论分析和模型试算表明,该方法对VTI介质走时计算具有较高的精度,能够应用于各向异性层析成像和全波场偏移等研究中。 相似文献
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In reliability analysis, the crude Monte Carlo method is known to be computationally demanding. To improve computational efficiency, this paper presents an importance sampling based algorithm that can be applied to conduct efficient reliability evaluation for axially loaded piles. The spatial variability of soil properties along the pile length is considered by random field modeling, in which a mean, a variance, and a correlation length are used to statistically characterize a random field. The local averaging subdivision technique is employed to generate random fields. In each realization, the random fields are used as inputs to the well-established load transfer method to evaluate the load–displacement behavior of an axially loaded pile. Failure is defined as the event where the vertical movement at the pile top exceeds the allowable displacement. By sampling more heavily from the region of interest and then scaling the indicator function back by a ratio of probability densities, a faster rate of convergence can be achieved in the proposed importance sampling algorithm while maintaining the same accuracy as in the crude Monte Carlo method. Two examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed method. It is shown that the estimate based on the proposed importance sampling method is unbiased. Furthermore, the size of samples can be greatly reduced in the developed method. 相似文献
7.
In a probabilistic analysis of rock slope stability, the Monte Carlo simulation technique has been widely used to evaluate
the probability of slope failure. While the Monte Carlo simulation technique has many advantages, the technique requires complete
information of the random variables in stability analysis; however, in practice, it is difficult to obtain complete information
from a field investigation. The information on random variables is usually limited due to the restraints of sampling numbers.
This is why approximation methods have been proposed for reliability analyses. Approximation methods, such as the first-order
second-moment method and the point estimate method, require only the mean and standard deviation of the random variable; therefore,
it is easy to utilize when the information is limited. Usually, a single closed form of the formula for the evaluation of
the factor of safety is needed for an approximation method. However, the commonly used stability analysis method of wedge
failure is complicated and cumbersome and does not provide a simple equation for the evaluation of the factor of safety. Consequently,
the approximation method is not appropriate for wedge failure. In order to overcome this limitation, a simple equation, which
is obtained from the maximum likelihood estimation method for wedge failure, is utilized to calculate the probability of failure.
A simple equation for the direct estimation of the safety factors for wedge failure has been empirically derived from failed
and stable cases of slope, using the maximum likelihood estimation method. The developed technique has been applied to a practical
example, and the results from the developed technique were compared to the results from the Monte Carlo simulation technique. 相似文献
8.
应用边坡可靠性分析中常用的蒙特卡罗法,并结合稳定性计算的剩余推力法和Sarma法,研究随机地震作用下边坡的可靠性。以三峡库区黄土坡滑坡为例,分析了地震效应对边坡稳定性的影响。计算结果表明:地震加速度对滑坡稳定性影响显著;竖向地震加速度小于水平地震加速度2/3时,对滑坡稳定性影响较小,大于水平加速度时,对滑坡稳定性影响明显。因此在一般工程设计中,可以只考虑水平向的地震作用,而对于设计烈度较大的大型工程,则应同时考虑水平向和垂直向的地震作用。 相似文献
9.
The presence of fractures in reservoir rocks causes scattering of seismic wave energy. In this paper, we utilize the finite-difference modelling technique to study these scattering effects to gain more insights into the effects and assess the validity of using anisotropic wave scattering energy as a diagnostic tool to characterize fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs. We use a simplified fractured reservoir model with four horizontal layers with a fractured-layer as the third layer. The fractures are represented by grid cells containing equivalent anisotropic medium by the use of the linear slip equivalent model. Our results show that the scattered energy, quantified through estimates of the seismic quality factor (Q) is anisotropic, exhibiting a characteristic elliptical (\(\cos 2\theta \)) variations relative to the survey azimuth angle \(\theta \). The fracture normal is inferred from the minor axis of the Q ellipse. This direction correlates with the direction of maximum wave scattering. Minimum wave scattering occurs in the fracture strike direction inferred from the major axis of the Q ellipse. These results provide more complete insights into anisotropic wave scattering characteristics in fractured media and thus, validate the practical utility of using anisotropic attenuation attribute as an additional diagnostic tool for delineation of fracture properties from seismic data. 相似文献
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为研究次级断裂发育状况,探讨了一种地震解释主断层与地质力学相结合的边界元模拟方法:首先在安德森断层分类体系下,依据断层与应力组合特征,完善次级断裂构造演化事件分类;然后应用应力张量降阶、线性叠加原理,简化应力与位移平衡方程,并在此基础上使用蒙特卡洛方法反演古应力场;最后求解应力、应变与不连续位移平衡方程,获取地层现今应力分布,分析次级断裂开度、相对密度等信息。运用该方法在杨柳矿区童亭背斜区域开展试验,结果表明区域内最小水平主应力以近北西向为主,主断层之间广泛发育交叉断裂带,次级断裂发育带连通性强,为杨柳矿区隐蔽灾害评估提供了参考资料。 相似文献
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巷?孔瞬变电磁法在存在明显电导率各向异性的勘探区会产生较大的解释误差。基于时域有限差分算法,通过引入电导率各向异性张量构建控制方程、将矩形回线源电流密度加入Maxwell方程安培环路定理实现任意电流源的加载,以差分代替微分对控制方程进行离散,实现巷?孔瞬变电磁三维模型正演计算。在与解析解对比验证算法计算精度的基础上,构建全空间模型、层状模型和三维块状模型进行正演并分析电导率各向异性对巷?孔瞬变电磁三分量响应的影响程度与方式。结果表明:垂直轴电导率对巷?孔瞬变电磁三分量响应基本没有影响,水平轴电导率对巷?孔瞬变电磁三分量响应影响较大,其中,?Bx/?t响应主要受y轴电导率影响,?By/?t响应主要受x轴电导率影响;通过三分量响应的形态和幅值的相互关系可以辨别各向异性介质所在方位及主轴电导率方向;当异常体所处全空间介质为电导率各向异性时,异常体产生的异常响应会被全空间介质电导率各向异性产生的异常响应所淹没。电导率轴向各向异性特征在巷?孔瞬变电磁法解释过程中不可忽略,研究成果为巷?孔瞬变电磁法各向异性解释提供指导,也为各向异性反演提供参考。 相似文献
13.
裂缝诱导双相HTI介质模型及其弹性波传播方程 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将Biot双相介质理论与Gurevich裂缝各向异性理论相结合,建立了能够同时考虑实际裂缝性储层孔隙性和各向异性的裂缝诱导双相HTI介质模型。从本构方程、动力学方程和动力学达西定律出发,推导出了裂缝诱导双相HTI介质中弹性波传播的一阶速度-应力方程,并针对方程的刚性问题,给出了利用显式二阶时间积分法数值求解该方程时所需要满足的稳定性条件。该方程能够定量地给出双相HTI介质的波场特征与裂缝参数、背景孔隙介质参数之间的关系,描述弹性波在这种介质中的传播机理。 相似文献
14.
We have calculated the coefficient of turbulent diffusion in a random flow with time restoration, describing the interstellar medium. Such a flow abruptly loses its memory at random times, forming a Poisson flow of events. The coefficient of turbulent diffusion in the flow is determined by the rms velocity and correlation time, as in mixing-length theory, but the numerical coefficient differs from that predicted by this theory. The closure equation derived by us for the transport of the mean concentration of a passive scalar takes a more complicated form than obtained in standard mean-field theory, but the main properties of the equation retain their validity. The possibility of extending the results of this exactly solved problem to the problem of transport in the turbulent interstellar medium is discussed. 相似文献
15.
Areas of the U.S. Gulf Coast, both onshore and offshore, are among the petroliferous regions of the United States. In offshore Louisiana and Texas, most oil and gas is associated with structurally controlled traps on the crest or flanks of domes created by the diapiric movement of salt. These structures can be detected and mapped by seismic techniques that directly indicate favorable prospective areas. The characteristics of seismically defined structures provide information in advance of drilling about the probable size of reservoirs contained within these structures. Simple statistical relationships can be determined between the size, shape, and other attributes of structures detected by seismic mapping and the presence and size of petroleum and natural gas reservoirs. Gulf Coast OCS lease tracts presently are evaluated by the U.S. government using a Monte Carlo simulation procedure adapted from reservoir analysis. Specification of the parameters of the Monte Carlo model are obtained subjectively in advance of drilling and thus are highly uncertain. Comparisons of predrill predictions with postdiscovery reservoir evaluations show very low correlations. In contrast, predrill predictions based on regressions between seismic structural properties and reservoir volumes show highly significant correlations. In addition, statistical analysis of seismic structure is much simpler than the Monte Carlo procedure, and can be applied rapidly and inexpensively. A statistical analysis of the “Pleistocene Trend” of offshore Louisiana and Texas, an area of about 3 million acres, yielded results that are sufficiently encouraging to suggest that similar evaluations be made of the remaining Gulf Coast OCS and of OCS regions off of other coasts of the United States. 相似文献
16.
The paper deals with the effect of the depth to bedrock randomness on the seismic response of an Algiers site in time and frequency domains. Stochastic soil profile seismic analysis is carried out via Monte Carlo simulations coupled to the stiffness matrix method. The soil height is assumed to be a random variable with a log-normal distribution. The stochastic behavior of extreme ground acceleration and its response spectrum, transfer function, fundamental frequency, maximum amplitude, short- and mid-period amplification factors are derived from 1000 samples, as a parametric study is performed accounting for the influence of the coefficient of variation of the depth to bedrock. As the study herein considers a SH wave propagation pattern (SH stands for shear horizontal), the accelerations under study correspond to the E–W and N–S horizontal directions. The seismic acceleration corresponds to the Boumerdes earthquake (Algeria, May 21, 2003, Mw = 6.5). The probability density functions of the output parameters are derived using the maximum entropy principle, and compared to the log-normal distribution.The soil height heterogeneity causes an increase in the fundamental frequency of the soil profile, as well as a wider frequency content, in such a way that a larger number of structures are concerned by the resonance phenomenon. 相似文献
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采用交错网格技术将速度-应力方程中的速度对时间的导数转化为应力对空间的导数, 将弹性波动方程表示为与二阶双曲方程等价的一阶应力-速度公式, 以实现三维三分量地震波场模拟。对获得的波场快照、VSP记录图像和地面记录图像进行波场分析, 发现在波场图像中存在明显的拟P波、拟快横波和慢横波, 还出现了横波分裂、横波分裂盲区及波面三分叉等地震波在方位各向异性介质传播时产生的特殊现象。研究结果表明, 用交错网格三维模拟方法研究方位各向异性介质对方位各向异性介质中地震波传播反演能起到很强的辅助作用。 相似文献
19.
Theoretical study and simulation of moisture transport in unsaturated porous media by periodic homogenization 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this work, the macroscopic Richards equation for moisture transport is established in unsaturated porous media using periodic homogenization. By performing dimensional analysis on microscopic equations of moisture transfer, dimensional numbers characterizing moisture transport appear. The application of the asymptotic homogenization leads to the classical Richards equation, which is justified rigorously this way. Moreover, we obtain an accurate definition of the homogenized diffusion tensor of moisture involving the geometric properties of the microstructure and known transport properties of the material. A different behavior for the transport of water vapor between hygroscopic and super‐hygroscopic region is revealed. Finally, a simple 2D example where an analytical solution exists is addressed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
Mimetic Finite Difference Methods for Diffusion Equations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper reviews and extends the theory and application of mimetic finite difference methods for the solution of diffusion problems in strongly heterogeneous anisotropic materials. These difference operators satisfy the fundamental identities, conservation laws and theorems of vector and tensor calculus on nonorthogonal, nonsmooth, structured and unstructured computational grids. We provide explicit approximations for equations in two dimensions with discontinuous anisotropic diffusion tensors. We mention the similarities and differences between the new methods and mixed finite element or hybrid mixed finite element methods. 相似文献