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汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查 总被引：30，自引：9，他引：21
根据汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带的实地调查,龙门山断裂带的中央断裂与前山断裂地表破裂带宽度自北向南一般<40m。在Ⅹ—Ⅺ度极震区,沿断裂延伸方向破裂带之上及其两侧,各类房屋建筑无论何种结构均绝大部分倒塌损毁。考虑到逆断层作用引起的"地壳缩短"以及各种不确定性,并结合以往历史强震地表破裂带的宽度统计,提出汶川8.0级地震灾后重建时,极震区地震断层两侧的"避让带"宽度为25m。在"避让带"之内,只能建造高于抗震设防标准的2层以下的建筑物,应明确禁止兴建学校、医院等公共建筑 相似文献
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汶川M_S 8.0地震断层与地震灾害初步分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对于特大地震近断层地震场的空间分布的复杂性学术界一直很关注,由于样本地震数量和资料的不足,至今还没有非常清晰的结论。通过参加汶川MS8.0地震的应急科学考察,对震中区和高烈度区断层破裂带附近的地震灾害情况进行了现场调查。文中以典型事例为主线介绍了现场考察的结果,结合既往的研究成果和汶川地震的震源特性,分析讨论了地表破裂带、地震动以及建筑物震害之间的关系。结果表明:1)地震断层发生强变形和地表破裂对建筑物的损害现象非常明显,对具有大震级发震危险的断裂带,今后应该考虑进行一定宽度的破裂避让或采取针对性的必要措施。2)初步探讨了紧邻断裂带的建筑物没有倒塌的可能机理,第一,出现地表破裂的大部分区域为基岩或坚硬的场地,场地条件相对较好;第二,存在导致地表破裂的浅部有效应力降和破裂速率相对较低,导致了1s附近的地震动相对低下的可能性 相似文献
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正2008年5月12日中国汶川发生里氏8.0级特大地震,沿地表可见活动断层无坚不摧的地震地表破裂与强烈的地震动使得地表破裂带沿线及其两侧近断层的建筑物遭受了毁灭性的破坏,同时,地震引发的大量山体滑坡、岩石崩塌、泥石流等次生地质灾害,加重了建筑物破 相似文献
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《地震地质》2016,(3)
2008年汶川地震、2010年玉树地震、2014年鲁甸地震等大量震例研究表明,严重的地震灾害损失和人员伤亡主要源于发震断层的同震地表破裂、近断层的强地面运动和地基失效引起的建(构)筑物倒塌。因此,避让活动断层是有效减轻可能遭遇的地震灾害损失的一项重要措施。但如何避让活动断层和避让多少距离能够保证地面建(构)筑物不受活动断层同震错动引起的直接毁坏,一直是国内外学者争论的焦点科学问题。1)首先基于历史地震地表破裂资料,定量分析了活动断层同震地表破裂的局部化特征、同震地表破裂与建(构)筑物的破坏关系,得出了地震地表破裂带及其直接严重地震灾害带宽度的平均统计值约为30m的认识。2)通过1999年集集地震、2008年汶川地震等地表破裂带宽度资料和地震灾害空间分布关系的分析,指出了倾滑断层具有明显的上盘效应,断层上、下盘地表破裂带或严重地震灾害带宽度之比为2︰1至3︰1。3)基于上述分析获得的最新认识,进一步讨论了避让对象、活动断层定位要求、不同类型活动断层最小避让距离、特殊建(构)筑物避让和"抗断"设计理念等问题。最后,呼吁立法机构加强活动断层避让和活动断层探测的立法工作,规范活动断层上及其邻近地段土地利用规划和基础设施建设过程中合理避让活动断层的行为,防患于未然,提高中国防震减灾的基础能力。 相似文献
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《国际地震动态》2016,(4)
当代地震学普遍认为,强震和活断层相关,强震的发生往往都伴随着活断层的错动。在合适的条件下,活断层的错动会产生地表破裂,地表破裂往往会对破裂带附近的建筑物造成巨大破坏。因此,如何在工程建设的场址选择中避开活断层是岩土工程界和抗震设计关心的问题。围绕着活断层的避让问题所开展的一系列研究工作是当前工程界和学术界的热点问题。本文以活断层地表破裂场地为研究对象,总结了活断层与地表破裂的关系、研究了地表破裂特征(宽度)、地表破裂与结构震害影响和地表破裂与地震动特征,在总结震害实例和理论分析的基础上,给出了工程场地活断层避让距离的估计方法及方案。主要研究内容包括:(1)分析了活断层与地震的关系、地震与地表破裂的关系。定义了本文地表破裂下的工程活断层判别流程;明确了强震地表破裂的定义及归纳破裂的条件;对工程结构避让地表破裂的重要基础依据——强震地表破裂原地重复性,从特征地震与地表破裂分段等方面进行了典型实例或证据论证;系统总结了地表破裂定位分析的手段及精度方法。(2)分析了地表破裂特征(宽度)。对地表破裂基本特征进行了系统地总结和分析,讨论了地表破裂的机理。系统地总结给出了地表破裂的模式,为地表破裂数值模拟奠定了基础;详细讨论了地表破裂的影响因素,并通过对强震地表破裂带宽度和永久地质变形带宽度的大量统计分析,首次给出了一整套考虑破裂模式、破裂影响因素的地表破裂带宽度的计算公式及示意图。(3)分析了地表破裂与工程结构震害的关系,即活断层工程场地结构的避让距离问题。通过5次典型强震地表破裂展布迹线两侧一定范围内的结构破坏分析,给出了避让距离的建议值;并通过这5次地震破裂迹线上的单体结构震害分析,首次建立了既有结构在地表破裂效应下类似震害的选比案例资料库。为活断层场地新建结构的选址和设计提供了重要参考依据。为考虑地表破裂效应下结构震害的数值模拟提供了基础资料。(4)研究了地表破裂及其地震动场的数值模拟。给出了理论计算分析的计算模型及参数的确定,特别是数值模拟工况中覆盖层较薄、土砂砾石二元结构的土体,多次重复破裂(地震重复周期内再破裂)对地震动的影响及规律。选取了近场脉冲型加速度地震记录和一般记录,分别进行了0.1g、0.2g、0.4g输入下的倾滑、走滑断层地表破裂带附近的各点峰值加速度、反应谱的对比分析,首次给出了基于抗震设计参数分析的活断层避让距离和地表破裂带附近的抗震设计反应谱参数,并对其合理性进行了分析。(5)本文提出了一种可操作,基于工程考虑的符合目前我国实际的避让距离估计方法。通过以地表破裂宽度、破裂长度为指标的确定性分析,和地表破裂可能性、破裂不同距离处结构倒塌密度函数的概率性分析,并结合破裂定位精度成果,给出了一种较系统、全面地能具体划分出避让区域或避让带范围的方法及其判别流程。通过破裂宽度统计公式及宽度理想示意图、结构震害避让距离建议值及单体建筑结构在破裂附近的震害效应分析、脉冲型地震波输入下的破裂带附近峰值加速度及反应谱等地震动响应分析等,经综合比较,给出了合理的避让距离数值。系统地总结了目前国内外较好的避让距离估计方法及其应用,对我国避让距离有关规定进行了补充。 相似文献
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本文以汶川地震地表形变带的实地测量数据为基础,结合沿实测地震地表变形剖面建筑物破坏情况的调查与测量,分析了不同地震地表变形类型及其建筑物破坏特征,定量化地讨论了地表变形梯度与建筑物破坏程度间的关系。提出无论地震地表变形表现为何种类型的断层陡坎,地表破裂、强变形局部化在宽10~30m的地表破裂带内;建筑物受损情况最直接的影响是建筑物所处地点的地表变形梯度,地表变形梯度大于0.1的地段,建筑物均完全被摧毁;地表变形梯度在0.07~0.1间的地段,建筑物遭受严重损坏,产生倾斜及强烈变形等;地表变形梯度在0.03~0.07之间的地段,建筑物可能受到中度损坏,产生倾斜及变形等,具有抗震设防能力的构建筑物一般不会倒塌;地表变形梯度小于0.03的地段具有抗震设防能力的构建筑物一般只会受到轻的损坏或基本完好。 相似文献
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汶川MS8.0地震科学考察数据库存储了大量的野外调查数据,主要包括野外地质观测点、地表破裂带、震区第四纪断层的展布及其活动性地质观测点、古地震探槽、断错地貌测量等数据,以及搜集来的地层数据、汶川地震及其余震、重新定位余震、历史强震等数据。文中利用ArcGis将这些野外数据进行了录入、编辑、分析和制图输出,初步构建了一个包含基础地震地质信息的汶川地震科学考察数据库,实现了数据的空间位置和属性特征的综合管理,可根据需要对相关专题的数据进行查询、分析和处理,并绘制了汶川地震构造图及地表破裂分布图,为灾后重建避让带的确定提供了依据,为进一步构建汶川地震地理信息系统奠定了数据基础 相似文献
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2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震发生在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带上,除映秀—北川断裂、灌县—江油断裂上各形成240 km和72 km 长的地表破裂带外,可能在成都平原西部的什邡市师古镇附近形成一条弱地表破裂带.成都平原内的地震地表破裂带与龙门山区的2条地震破裂带构成倾向北西的叠瓦状逆断裂地震地表破裂系统.野外调查发现,师古镇南肖家院—庆云庵建筑物严重破坏带、水渠跌水、地表褶皱、喷砂和地裂缝带走向30°,延伸长度约7.5 km.探槽开挖表明,地表地震褶皱陡坎下的地层发生弯曲变形,汶川地震使断层上盘的地面和最新地层褶皱隆起0.2 m.TC2探槽中的粘土层底面褶皱隆起0.4 m,它可能记录到汶川地震之前另外一次与汶川地震大小相当的古地震事件.浅层地震勘探资料表明,平原区出现地震地表破裂的位置不仅存在晚更新世活动断裂,而且伴生有第四纪活动褶皱. 相似文献
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研究了强震造成地表破裂的宽度范围,得出造成地表破裂的下限震级地６．６级,对应最大震级（Ｍ＝８．５）的可能破裂宽度是１００ｋｍ,它是一种带状破裂而不是一种线状破裂,统计得出震级－地表破裂宽度的经验关系式。 相似文献
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对汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂石坎乡以北段的野外地质调查显示,这一段地表破裂仍然十分明显。地表破裂并未沿地质填图所标定的位置发育,而是在走向上稍有变化,但清楚的地貌显示它在此段并不是一条新生断裂。与前期工作相比,可观察到的地表破裂又往NE方向延长了约12km。该段破裂位于平武县石坎乡至青川县马公乡窝前村之间,走向为15°～45°,运动学性质主要为右旋走滑逆冲。地震地表破裂显示的同震垂直位移与石坎乡一带相近,为1～2m左右;右旋水平位移略有增加,为2.0～3.0m之间。地表调查的情况显示,地表破裂在北端可能消失在红光乡东河口一带。 相似文献
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利用汶川地震区不同地段的断层围陷波记录,分析了该地震断层的分段性特征。对断层北东段的关庄测线分析研究结果表明：地壳内破碎带的宽度大约160~180m,地下破碎带的中间与地表破裂的位置对应,并且地下破碎带在断层的两盘边缘较均匀地分布,反映了北东段的断层倾角较陡,近似直立断层。对断层南西段的虹口测线研究结果表明：地壳内破碎带的宽度大约180~200m,地下破碎带主要分布在地表断层陡坎上盘所对应的地壳内,反映了南西段断层倾角比北东段断层倾角小。本文的研究结果可以为汶川8.0级地震的构造背景研究提供依据。 相似文献
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地震后在断层两侧的强变形与破裂带是地震灾害最严重的区域.为系统、定量研究同震地表变形带特征及其影响因素,本研究建立了走滑断层的三维有限元模型,分别探讨了断层位错量、断层倾角、错动方式、上覆松散层厚度、沉积层土性等因素的影响规律.模拟结果显示：走滑断层同震地表变形表现为以断层为中心的近似对称单峰分布,强地表变形集中在断层两侧各50 m宽度范围,地表变形量峰值随位错量增加而增大,破裂带宽度也随位错量增加而增大,但增量逐渐减小,并趋于一个渐近值;断层倾角对地表变形与破裂带宽度影响表现为随倾角减小变形量峰值点向上盘小距离偏移;走滑兼正断位错引起的变形量峰值最大,但地表破裂带宽度最小,走滑兼逆断引起的变形量峰值最小,但地表破裂带宽度最大,直立纯走滑断层的两参量都居中;走滑断层地表变形量峰值随上覆松散层厚度增大而减小,但随厚度减小的速率逐渐变小,松散层厚度从5 m增加到20 m时,破裂带宽度随厚度增加而缓慢增加,但自厚度大于20 m时,破裂带宽度开始随厚度增加而逐渐下降;当不同土性覆盖层（粗砂、粉砂、黏土）厚度相同时,地震引起的地表变形量峰值自粗砂、粉砂、黏土逐次增大,当粗砂厚度为60 m以上时,3.6 m的同震水平位错已不能形成地表破裂,而粉砂的厚度为70 m以上,黏土的厚度则为75 m以上. 相似文献
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《国际泥沙研究》2016,(3):220-225
The cantilever failure is one of the typical bank failures, in which the lateral caving erosion at the bottom of the bank plays an important role. When the caving erosion width is larger than a certain value, the cantilever failures such as shear, toppling and stress failures may occur. In order to understand the condition of the cantilever failure, the collapse mechanisms of the cantilever failures are studied based on the bank stability theory and flume experiment. According to the bank stability equation with the lateral erosion, the critical caving erosion width (CCEW) formulas for the shear and toppling failures of simple slope bank were derived in this paper. The formulas show that the CCEW increases as the overhanging soil thickness and soil cohesion increase, and decreases as the crack depth on the bank surface and the slope angle of the bank increase. And these formulas were tested with experimental data, which shows the predicted values are good agreement with experimental data. The paper reveals a quantitative expression on the process of the river cantilever failure. 相似文献
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THE CORRELATION BETWEEN GEOMETRIC FEATURE OF CO-SEISMIC RUPTURE AND CO-SEISMIC DISPLACEMENT 
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下载免费PDF全文 The existence of asperity has been confirmed by heterogeneously distributed seismic activities along the slipping surface associated with recent huge earthquakes, such as the M8.0 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and M9.0 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. The location of asperity embedded in the seismogenic depth always corresponds to the area of high value of the co-seismic displacement and stress drop where the elastic energy is accumulated during the inter-seismic periods. Fault segmentation is an essential step for seismic hazard assessment. So far, the fault trace is dominantly segmented by considering its geometric features, such as bends and steps. But the connection between the asperity and geometric feature of the slipping surface is under dispute. Research on correlation between geometric feature of surface rupture and co-seismic displacement is of great significance to understand the relationship of seismicity distribution to geometric morphology of sliding surface. To scrutinize the correlation between the geometric feature and co-seismic displacement, we compiled 28 earthquake cases among which there are 19 strike-slip events and 9 dip-slip events. These cases are mainly collected from the published investigation reports and research papers after the earthquake occurred. All the earthquakes' magnitude is between MW5.4~8.1 except for the MW5.4 Ernablla earthquake. The range of the rupture length lies between 4.5~426km. Each case contains surface rupture trace mapped in detail with corresponding distribution of co-seismic displacement, but the rupture maps vary in projected coordinate system. So, in order to obtain uniform vector graphics for the following data processing, firstly, vectorization of the surface rupture traces associated with each case should be conducted, and secondly, the vector graphics are transformed into identical geographic coordinate system, i.e. WGS1984-UTM projected coordinate system, and detrended to adjust its fitted trend line into horizontal orientation. The geometric features of surface rupture trace are characterized from three aspects, i.e. strike change, step and roughness. Previous studies about the rupture geometry always describe the characteristics from the whole trace length, consequently, the interior change of the geometric characteristics of the rupture is overlooked. In order to solve this problem, a technique of moving window with a specified window size and moving step is performed to quantify the change of feature values along the fault strike. The selected window size would directly affect the quantified result of the geometric feature. There are two contrary effects, large window size would neglect the detail characteristics of the trace, and small window size would split the continuity of the target object and increase the noise component. So we tested a set of sizes on the Gobi-Altay case to select a proper value and choose 1/25 of the whole rupture length as a proper scaling. Here, we utilize the included angle value of the fitted line in the adjoining windows, Coefficient of variation and the intercept value of the PSD(Power Spectra Density)for characterizing the change of strike, step size and roughness. The rupture trace is extracted within every moving window to calculate the aforementioned feature values. Then we can obtain three sets of data from every rupture trace. The co-seismic displacement is averaged in piecewise with uniform interval and moving step along the fault strike. Then, the correlations between three kinds of feature value and the co-seismic displacement are calculated respectively, as well as the P-value of correlation coefficient significant test.
We divided cases into two groups according to the slip mode, i.e. strike-slip group and dip-slip group, and contrast their results. In the correlation result list, there is an apparent discrepancy in correlation values between the two groups. The values of the strike-slip group mostly show negative, which indicates that geometric feature of the rupture trace is in inverse proportion to the displacement. In dip-slip group, the values distribute around zero, which suggests the geometric features is irrelevant to the displacement. Through the analysis of the correlation between the surface rupture and co-seismic displacement, the following conclusions can be reached:1)In comparison with the dip-slip earthquake type, the characteristics of surface rupture of strike-slip earthquakes have a higher-level of correlation with the distribution of the co-seismic displacement, which suggests that the geometric features of strike-slip active faults may have a higher reference value in the fault-segmentation research than the dip-slip type; 2)In most strike-slip events, there is a negative correlation between the geometric features and the co-seismic displacement, which implicates that the higher the feature values of the steps, strike change and roughness, the lower the corresponding co-seismic displacement is; 3)Among the three quantified features of the surface rupture trace, the ranking of relevancy between them and the co-seismic displacement is:step size > strike change > roughness. 相似文献
18.
2001年11月14日昆仑山口西发生81级地震.应用高分辨率卫星影像进行地震地表破裂带解译，10m分辨率SPOT卫星影像能够清楚地反映出地震地表破裂主破裂带的形迹, 1m分辨率IKONOS影像能反映出地震地表破裂的精细结构及运动特征.结果表明，昆仑山口西81级地震地表破裂带主要位于东昆仑断裂南麓冲洪积台地或冲洪积台地后缘的地貌陡变带和断层谷地里，是一条叠置在先存破裂带上的地震破裂带.在布喀达坂峰以东的地表破裂带长近350km，由3条次级破裂组成，走向100°.流经破裂带的一系列沟谷发生左旋同步扭曲，平均滑动速率为134～168mm/a，属AA级活动水平.最大左旋位错78m，地震破裂带最宽达1250m，宏观震中位于93°17′E，35°47′N，即玉西峰附近的地震地表破裂带上. 相似文献
19.
Yanbo Zhang Yueren Xu Wenqiao Li Runchao Liu Ruoyu Mu Jiayi Li Da Zhang Haofeng Li Qinjian Tian 《地震研究进展（英文）》2022,2(2):100133
At 02:04 on May 22, 2021, an MS 7.4 earthquake occurred in Madoi County in Qinghai Province, China. This earthquake is the largest seismic event in China since the 2008 MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. Thus, it is critical to investigate surface deformation and damage in time to accurately understand the seismogenic structure of the Madoi earthquake and the seismogenic capacity of the blocks in this region. This study focuses on the Xuema Village, located at the eastern end of the coseismic surface ruptures produced by the event, and assesses the deformation and seismic damage in this area based on field surveys, UAV photogrammetry, and ground penetrating radar (GPR). The results indicate that the rupture scale is substantially smaller at the eastern end of the rupture zone compared to other segments. En echelon type shear tensile fractures are concentrated in a width range of 50–100 m, and the width of single fractures ranges from 20 to 30 cm. In contrast, the degree of seismic damage significantly increases at this site. All of the brick and timber houses are damaged or collapsed, while the steel frame structures and the color steel houses are slightly damaged. More than 80% of the bridge decks on the Changma River Bridge collapse, similar to the terraces along the Youerqu and Changma Rivers and the cut slopes of Provincial Highway S205. We infer that the seismogenic fault of the Madoi earthquake exerts a tail effect in this segment. The tension zone has led to a reduction at the eastern end of the rupture zone, causing shaking damage. Local topography and buildings without earthquake-resistant construction along the strike of the rupture zone have undergone different levels of seismic damage. 相似文献
20.
Abrupt variation in channel width along part of the River Severn,near Shrewsbury,Shropshire, England
G. H. Dury 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1984,9(5):485-492
The River Severn, near Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, is formed by the union of the uppermost Severn with the Vyrnwy; both of these major headstreams drain from the Welsh upland. That part of the trunk Severn here under consideration has been under investigation for some years as exemplifying Osage-type underfitness. In the course of the investigation, a census was made of width between banktops on two reaches, and of water surface width on one of these reaches: the difference between the two types of width gives the value of a third type, the width of batter. All three width types produce Poisson distributions of frequency. Width, particularly width between banktops, varies rapidly in the downstream direction. In view of the observed Poisson distributions, transform rather than arithmetic values have been used in difference-of-means tests applied to variation along the channel: cube root transforms are the type selected. Although there is little to choose, on the study reaches, between arithmetic means and Poisson modes, the results obtained do suggest a query about the selection of the most appropriate width values, for instance for the purposes of channel morphology. All types of width are found to vary along the channel far more rapidly than would be expected from mere randomness. Variation in bank strength appears to account for about half the variation in width between banktops. The results obtained for batter width could be applied in the design of a sampling programme designed to identify local difference in bank strength. 相似文献