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1.
Clinton M. Rowe 《自然地理学》2013,34(2):93-114
Over the past decade, the climatic impact of changes in terrestrial albedo has been studied using numerous climate models, ranging from simple, one-dimensional energy balance climate models to the more sophisticated, three-dimensional general circulation models of the atmosphere. In most of these, however, the land-surface albedos have been prescribed both spatially and temporally from albedo observations. To overcome the limitations of using prescribed land-surface albedos, a model of radiation transfer in plant canopies was used to predict vegetation albedos. Because of the model's reliance on the physical properties of the land-surface cover, it is able to account explicitly for albedo variations caused by factors both internal to and external from the vegetation canopy. The model is described and the results of simulations for three representative canopy types are discussed. The dependence of albedo on irradiance distribution predicted by the model agrees well with established theory. [Key words: albedo, modeling, vegetation canopy, climatology.] 相似文献
2.
利用TM影像分析天山北坡三工河流域地表反照率的时空变化 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
下垫面状况是影响地表反照率分布的主要因素之一。利用遥感方法获取地表反照率时空特征是研究地表下垫面状况的有效手段。天山北坡具有典型的山地－绿洲－荒漠景观和山盆地貌格局,这一独特且复杂多样的地表下垫面特征形成了特有的垂直分布的地表反照率。通过对三工河流域TM影像进行地形校正,基于6S(Second Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum)模型分析地表反照率的时空分布。结果表明:基于中空间分辨率遥感数据的地表反照率反演适合于地表起伏明显的天山北坡地表反照率的分析。由于受到地表覆被类型及地表干湿程度的影响,三工河流域地表反照率呈明显的垂直地带性分布。中山森林带和低山干草原带受地形起伏和阴阳坡作用,其地表反照率表现出有规律的上下波动。绿洲区随着地表覆被类型、作物结构和作物物候的变化,地表反照率波动较大。 相似文献
3.
V. C.K. Kakane H. Søgaard 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(1):76-85
Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 97: 76–85, 1997. Daily Meteosat images for 1989 have been analysed for the purpose of mapping surface temperature and rainfall in Ghana. The images in the time-series are georeferenced and the maximum value composite (MVC) technique is applied to the temperature calibrated IR-channel images after a cloud screening of the images. The cloud covered areas are outlined and traced using the Meteosat visible channels. Stratiform clouds are detected using surface albedo while cumuliform clouds are detected based on a technique calculating the spatial variability within a 5 pixel by 5 pixel window around each point in the image. The cloud covered parts of the scene are then delimitated by comparing the normal albedo values and the spatial variance in albedo. The paper then discusses how the outlined procedure can be applied in an environmental monitoring context. For each of the months June to November 1989 the mean monthly rainfall amounts at 35 meteorological stations are plotted against the mean surface temperature. It is found that apart from the month of June statistical significant linear relationships are obtained and that the scattering around the line is decreasing for increasing sampling length. 相似文献
4.
青藏高原西部地面反射率的日变化以及与若干气象因子的关系 总被引：17，自引：10，他引：7
根据1997年10月至1998年11月青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河两个自动气象站连续观测的大气、辐射和土壤资料,在分析高原西部地面反射率冬、夏季日变化特征的基础上,重点研究了地面反射率与土壤和大气若干重要因子(如土壤湿度、土壤温度、空气相对湿度、空气温度)的关系。研究结果有助于改进气候模式和卫星遥感中高原地面反射率的参数化方案。 相似文献
5.
Ben W. Brock 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2004,86(1):53-65
Abstract An analysis of ten‐minute albedo variations, recorded on Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, over an 11 day period in the 1999 ablation season is presented. Most of the short‐term (<1 day) albedo variability is caused by variations in cloud cover, while solar zenith angle variations in the range 25° to 75° are of minor importance, probably due to the predominantly cloudy conditions during the measurement period. A new method to calculate albedo variation as a function of cloud cover is developed. Short‐term albedo variations are expressed by the ratio of the measured albedo to the daily albedo ‘minimum’, defined as the albedo under cloud‐free conditions when the solar zenith angle is <50°. Variations in cloud cover are quantified by the ratio of the measured incoming shortwave radiation flux to the theoretical direct‐beam shortwave radiation flux. The resulting relationships are successful, explaining 83% and 87–90% of short‐term albedo variation on snow and ice respectively, and may be incorporated into albedo parameterizations already used in numerical energy balance melt models, without the need for additional data. Simulations with a glacier energy balance model suggest that melt rates are overestimated by between 1 and 3 mm water equivalent per day if a correction is not made for the increase in albedo under cloudy conditions. Other causes of albedo variation are identified and evidence is found for the removal of fine debris from the glacier surface by intense rainfall, leading to an albedo increase. The implications for energy balance models and satellite‐derived albedo measurements are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Estimation of the influence of snow grain size and black carbon on albedo is essential in obtaining the accurate albedo. In this paper, field measurement data, including snow grain size, snow depth and... 相似文献
7.
利用中(国)日(本)青藏高原陆面过程合作试验(GAME/Tibet)设立于青藏高原西部狮泉河和改则两地自动气象站(AW S)1997~1998年观测的大气、辐射和土壤等资料,计算了两地的逐时地表反射率,并进行了日平均、月平均和日合成分析,据此讨论了青藏高原西部地表反射率的若干变化特征,并在计算了对反射率影响最大的因子——太阳高度角的基础上,着重讨论了青藏高原西部地表反射率的日变化特征。结果表明:夏半年,由于降水使土壤湿度增大,植被生长、地表反射率值较低;冬半年,受土壤湿度减小、雪盖覆盖影响,地表反射率值较高,12月平均值可达0.5以上。而地表反射率的日变化特征表现为,清晨、黄昏地表反射率高,中午地表反射率低,大致呈U形曲线,与太阳高度角的变化相反。该工作有助于深入了解高原地区地表反射率的平均状况及其变化特征。 相似文献
8.
Intra-annual variability of satellite observed surface albedo associated with typical land cover types in China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Surface albedo is a primary causative variable associated with the process of surface energy exchange. Numerous studies have examined diurnal variation of surface albedo at a regional scale; however, few studies have analyzed the intra-annual variations of surface albedo in concurrence with different land cover types. In this study, we amalgamated surface albedo product data (MCD43) from 2001 to 2008, land-use data (in 2000 and 2008) and land cover data (in 2000); quantitative analyses of surface albedo variation pertaining to diverse land cover types and the effect of the presence/absence of ground snow were undertaken. Results indicate that intra-annual surface albedo values exhibit flat Gaussian or triangular distributions depending upon land cover types. During snow-free periods, satellite observed surface albedo associated with the non-growing season was lower than that associated with the growing season. Satellite observed surface albedo during the presence of ground snow period was 2-4 times higher than that observed during snow-free periods. Surface albedo reference values in typical land cover types have been calculated; notably, grassland, cropland and built-up land were associated with higher surface albedo reference values than barren while ground snow was present. Irrespective of land cover types, the lowest surface albedo reference values were associated with forested areas. Proposed reference values may prove extremely useful in diverse research areas, including ecological modeling, land surface process modeling and radiation energy balance applications. 相似文献
9.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季积雪下垫面地表反照率及土壤温湿度变化特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站西站10 m梯度探测系统气象和辐射观测数据,分析了塔中积雪下垫面地表反照率、土壤温度、土壤湿度的变化特征及其相互关系。结果表明：塔中积雪覆盖期间地表反照率0.18~0.97,日均值为0.60;有积雪覆盖的地表反照率日变化更偏向反"J"型,呈现出上午大于傍晚的形态,平均早晚较差为0.13;积雪使0~40 cm深度土壤温度下降,积雪消融后土壤湿度增大使各层土壤温度趋于接近,并使0、10、20 cm深度的土壤温度日变幅呈减小趋势,减小幅度分别为41%、39%、39%;积雪地表反照率与地表温度表现出负相关关系,反照率越高地表温度越低,二者相关系数为-0.71;积雪地表反照率与5 cm深度土壤湿度负相关,高地表反照率对应低土壤湿度,低地表反照率对应高土壤湿度,二者相关系数为-0.74。 相似文献
10.
MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据在中国温度模拟中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
地表反照率直接影响地表辐射平衡,进而改变当地温度(2 m气温,下同),然后还可能通过大气平流过程影响下游地区的温度。为揭示利用实时更新的地表反照率替换WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式的静态地表反照率对中国大陆温度模拟结果的影响,本文进行了两组为期6 年(2002-2007 年) 的连续积分试验：控制试验(CT试验) 采用短波波段地表反照率,取自WRF模式推荐的地表参数数据集;敏感试验(MD试验) 采用分波段的(可见光和近红外) 地表反照率,取自MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据产品。试验结果表明,CT试验能够模拟中国温度的基本空间格局,但是模拟温度相对于观测温度有明显偏差,青藏高原南部的模拟温度偏低(负偏差),最大偏低幅度为1.03oC,出现在秋季,东部地区的模拟温度偏高(正偏差),最大偏高幅度达3.4oC,出现在春季;MD试验模拟结果的正、负偏差格局与CT试验基本相似,但是与CT试验相比,MD试验模拟的青藏高原南部温度的负偏差更大,最大为1.32oC,而模拟的东部地区温度的正偏差明显减小,最大为2.97oC,这说明MD试验比CT试验模拟的温度普遍偏低。在青藏高原,这主要归因于MD试验比CT试验的地表反照率大,使得地表净辐射少,地表感热少,致使温度偏低;在中国东部的黄淮海至江南丘陵区,这主要归因于MD试验中北方蒙古高原的地表反照率比CT试验的大,使得MD试验中该地区的地表净辐射少,地表感热少,温度低,然后通过南下冷平流过程致使位于其下游的黄淮海至江南丘陵区温度降低。 相似文献
11.
A. John Arnfield 《自然地理学》2013,34(4):361-372
The albedo measurements of Aida (1982), made over simulated urban surfaces constructed from arrangements of concrete blocks into canyon and grid configurations, are used to evaluate the performance of the urban canyon radiation model of Arnfield (1976a, 1982). The model is shown to be capable of producing acceptable estimates of surface albedo for city land-use zones consisting predominantly of canyons with lengths considerably greater than their width, especially for high sun (high irradiance) conditions. For the data best suited to model validation, about half the albedos were estimated to within ±5% and all were within ±10%. For grid canyon configurations, the method yields less satisfactory results but it is argued that errors will be less significant for surface geometries more realistic than those employed by Aida which possessed very short block lengths in relation to street widths. [Key words: urban climate, energy-budget climatology, albedo, radiation model.] 相似文献
12.
ZhongMing Guo NingLian Wang BaoShou Shen ZhuJun Gu HongBo Wu YuWei Wu AnAn Chen Xi Jiang 《寒旱区科学》2020,(2):83-94
Quantitative estimation of the influence of various factors,such as black carbon,snow grain,dust content,and water con tent on albedo is essential in obtaining an accurate albedo.In this paper,field measurement data,including snow grain size,density,liquid water content,and snow depth was obtained.Black carbon and dust samples were collected from the snow surface.A simultaneous observation using ASD(Analytical Spectral Devices)spectral data was employed in the Qiyi glacier located on Qilian Mountain.The measurements were compared with results obtained from the Snow,Ice,and Aerosol Radiation(SNICAR)model.Additionally,a HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT)air mass backward trajectory model was used to track the source of black carbon.The simulation was found to correlate well with observed data.Liquid water content was the most influential factor of albedo among the several influencing fac tors,followed by black carbon content and snow grain size.Finally,snow density change had the least toward albedo.HYSPLIT atmospheric trajectories model can only approximately show the source of black carbon and not clearly indicate the source region of black carbon. 相似文献
13.
以木孜塔格峰地区为研究区,从不同坡度、坡向的样方内测量雪深和采集光谱,通过分析归一化差分雪盖指数（Normalized Difference Snow Index,NDSI）、反照率、HJ-1卫星的红外波段反射率与雪深的相关关系,建立了适用于HJ-1星的积雪深度反演模型,估算出2012年4月14日-25日木孜塔格峰地区的雪深时空变化,并结合实测数据进行验证。结果表明:反照率反演模型的复相关系数为0.992;通过NDSI阈值区分混合雪盖像元和积雪像元,雪深估测精度可达92.78%。冰川区的反照率、NDSI与海拔的相关系数分别为0.626和0.733,且高海拔带反照率值明显高于低海拔带的反照率值。受西风带降雪的影响,非冰川区的北坡雪深值较大;西坡、南坡次之;东坡最小,且雪深最大值出现在坡度约等于10°处。雪深估测的相对误差随着样地的坡度增大而增加,坡度为15°时相对误差较大。 相似文献
14.
末次冰期-间冰期蒙古高原与黄土高原对全球变化的重要贡献 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
地球环境-气候系统的长周期变化是随日-地相对位置的周期性变化而变化的。但是仍有15%~20%的长周期变化没有得到解释。至于中短周期变化的机制,目前的解释仍然是众说纷纭。与北美冰盖动力相关的北大西洋洋面温度一直被认为是这些中短周期变化的调控仪。然而,赤道太平洋的长周期厄尔尼诺波动被表明是更为有效的调控仪。由于海洋研究的优势地位,陆地的相关研究近20~30 a来没有得到足够的重视。实际上,陆地下垫面控制的反射率的变化可能更有效地改变地球表面的能量平衡,从而导致全球性的变化。中亚的干旱、半干旱区范围的时空变化及其对大气粉尘的贡献很可能在中短周期的全球变化中起着举足轻重的作用,因为该区的南界和北界的变幅可达300~500 km。更为重要的是,作为地球上最有效的向大气输送粉尘的源区,蒙古高原和黄土高原可能很大程度地调控着大气中的CO2含量,因此全球的温度也受到了调控。这个思路的逻辑是:干旱、半干旱区向大气输送含铁粉尘,此粉尘沉积于海洋;这些含铁粉尘控制着浅海的铁化肥供给。铁化肥的供给又控制着浅水中的固氮过程。固氮过程又控制着浅海的植物生产量。植物生产量通过储存碳和沉积碳(碳酸钙)来控制大气中的CO2。 相似文献
15.
雪和海冰作为北极地区反照率最高的地表类型,可以将大部分入射辐射能量反射回天空,其表面反照率的变化对整个地表-大气辐射平衡系统和全球气候变化都会有重要影响。在2010年中国第4次北极科学考察期间用ASD光谱仪对北极太平洋扇区不同类型的海冰表面反照率进行了现场测量,观测时段为7月27日至8月23日,地理范围在72°18′-87°20′N和152°34′-178°22′W之间。观测结果表明积雪覆盖海冰的反照率最高,干雪覆盖时均值达到0.82,融化的湿雪覆盖时反照率会有一定程度地降低。夏季北极地区存在大量融池,融池海冰按颜色划分为白冰,蓝冰和灰冰,白冰的平均反照率为0.54,蓝冰的为0.31,灰冰的只有0.20,融池水的反照率只有0.16。融池是北极夏季反照率变化的重要原因。 相似文献
16.
Pseudo-feathery dunes in the Kumtagh Desert 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Zhibao Dong Jianjun Qu Xunming Wang Guangqiang Qian Wanyin Luo Zhenhai Wei 《Geomorphology》2008,100(3-4):328-334
The Kumtagh Desert is the last explored desert in China. The unique patterns on aerial photographs and satellite images have led previous researchers to the conclusion that the Kumtagh Desert is the only place over the world where typical feathery dunes are developed, and that some unique wind regimes are at work. Recent field investigation reveals that the feathery patterns in fact reflect the albedo contrasts between the seif dunes, bright dune-like drifts and the dark inter-dune lag sediments. The wind regime in the area containing the so-called feathery dunes is typical of the regime that produces seif dunes that were considered to be shafts of the feathery dunes, and the vanes of the feathery dunes are in fact bright dune-like drifts with indistinct height from the surroundings rather than true transverse dunes. Further analysis indicates that the sediments of seif dunes, dune-like drifts and dark inter-dune flats differ in grain size distribution, mineralogy, reflectance spectrum and particle micro-morphology. Sediments that constitute seif dunes and dune-like drifts are finer and poorly rounded, contain relatively more quartz, and hence have higher albedo, while the sediments that constitute the dark inter-dune flats are coarser and better rounded, contain far less quartz but relatively more andesite and dacite, and hence have lower albedo. As a result, what was originally perceived as unique feathery dunes are in fact only pseudo-feathery dunes composed primarily of seif dunes. This discovery also demonstrates that blowing sand drifts can form dune-like patterns that remain visible for long periods of time. It is important to distinguish between the patterns of true dunes and those of dune-like drifts (pseudo-dunes) that cause albedo contrasts in interpreting remote sensing images. 相似文献
17.
沙尘气溶胶的光学特性及辐射强迫效应 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
在采用OPAC折射指数资料库和对数分布的基础上,利用MIE散射理论和一个简单的概念模型研究了沙尘气溶胶的辐射特性及全球直接辐射强迫值,分析了单相系沙尘气溶胶的消光、散射、吸收效率因子与粒径的关系,讨论了多相系沙尘气溶胶的光学参数随波长的变化特征。结果表明,消光效率因子和散射效率因子随粒径增大而衰减振荡,随波长增大振荡特性逐渐消失。消光系数对众数半径的变化很敏感,单次散射反照率和非对称因子对众数半径的变化不敏感。沙尘气溶胶的直接辐射强迫受气溶胶的单次散射反照率影响很大,随着众数半径的增大,沙尘气溶胶的负的直接辐射强迫值在减小,正辐射强迫值在增大。 相似文献
18.
It is a very complicated problem to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) over a large area of land surface. In this paper, the evapotranspiration estimation models for dense vegetation and bare soil are presented, based on the information of parameters like vegetation cover-degree and surface albedo. Combined with vegetation cover-degree data, a model for regional evapotranspiration estimation over the heterogeneous landscape is derived. Through a case study using remote sensing data over Northwest China, the accuracy of the model for regional evapotranspiration estimation is checked. The result shows that the accuracy of the model is satisfactory. The features of evapotranspiration over Northwest China are also discussed with the application of the model. 相似文献
19.
1 IntroductionThe method for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) was first given by Dalton in 1802, and a number of models for ET estimation have been presented since then. Those models, from the experiential and semi-experiential models[1,2] and physical models[3,4] to the models in terms of the mechanism for energy and water fluxes in soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer system such as SiB, have improved the precision of ET estimation. It is, however, difficult to calculate regional ET by … 相似文献
20.
20 0 1年春季 ,中国北方多次受到沙尘天气的影响 ,给人们的生产、生活带来严重的威胁 ,引起了亚洲国家的广泛重视。利用卫星监测数据采集沙尘云图变化、运移路径、地表覆盖和沙尘过程中的地面反照率、温度、湿度、粗糙度等物理参数反演实验结果 ,可以弥补地面观测站点稀少、数据不连续的缺陷。本文以 2 0 0 1年 3月到 5月的几次沙尘天气为例 ,介绍基于地表覆盖的AVHRR的LST/Albedo反演结果与TSP (沙尘干量 )对比分析 ,发现它们具有较好的相关性。从而反映了沙尘暴发生前后地表能量的变化状况 ,能为预测预警沙尘天气的危害提供及时客观的空间信息。 相似文献