共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Computer networks like the Internet are gaining importance in social and economic life. The accelerating pace of the adoption
of network technologies for business purposes is a rather recent phenomenon. Many applications are still in the early, sometimes
even experimental, phase. Nevertheless, it seems to be certain that networks will change the socioeconomic structures we know
today. This is the background for our special interest in the development of networks, in the role of spatial factors influencing
the formation of networks, and consequences of networks on spatial structures, and in the role of externalities. This paper
discusses a simple economic model – based on a microeconomic calculus – that incorporates the main factors that generate the
growth of computer networks. The paper provides analytic results about the generation of computer networks. The paper discusses
(1) under what conditions economic factors will initiate the process of network formation, (2) the relationship between individual
and social evaluation, and (3) the efficiency of a network that is generated based on economic mechanisms.
Received: 5 July 2000 / Accepted: 28 November 2000 相似文献
2.
Wolf-Dieter Rase 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2001,3(2):199-213
The interpolation of continuous surfaces from discrete points is supported by most GIS software packages. Some packages provide
additional options for the interpolation from 3D line objects, for example surface-specific lines, or contour lines digitized
from topographic maps. Demographic, social and economic data can also be used to construct and display smooth surfaces. The
variables are usually published as sums for polygonal units, such as the number of inhabitants in communities or counties.
In the case of point and line objects the geometric properties have to be maintained in the interpolated surface. For polygon-based
data the geometric properties of the polygon boundary and the volume should be preserved, avoiding redistribution of parts
of the volume to neighboring units during interpolation. The pycnophylactic interpolation method computes a continuous surface
from polygon-based data and simultaneously enforces volume preservation in the polygons. The original procedure using a regular
grid is extended to surface representations based on an irregular triangular network (TIN).
Received: 5 October 2000 / Accepted: 20 December 2000 相似文献
3.
This paper discusses a modeling approach for spatial-temporal prediction of environmental phenomena using classified satellite
images. This research was prompted by the analysis of change and landscape redistribution of petroleum residues formed from
the residue of the burning oil wells in Kuwait (1991). These surface residues have been termed “tarcrete” (El-Baz et al. 1994).
The tarcrete forms a thick layer over sand and desert pavement covering a significant portion of south-central Kuwait. The
purpose of this study is to develop a method that utilizes satellite images from different time steps to examine the rate-of-change
of the oil residue deposits and determine where redistribution is are likely to occur. This problem exhibits general characteristics
of environmental diffusion and dispersion phenomena so a theoretical framework for a general solution is sought. The use of
a lagged-clique, Markov random field framework and entropy measures is deduced to be an effective solution to satisfy the
criteria of determination of time-rate-of-change of the surface deposits and to forecast likely locations of redistribution
of dispersed, aggraded residues. The method minimally requires image classification, the determination of time stationarity
of classes and the measurement of the level of organization of the state-space information derived from the images. Analysis
occurs at levels of both the individual pixels and the system to determine specific states and suites of states in space and
time. Convergence of the observed landscape disorder with respect to an analytical maximum provide information on the total
dispersion of the residual system.
Received: 5 September 2000 / Accepted: 10 July 2001 相似文献
4.
Giles M. Foody 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2001,3(3):217-232
Neural networks are attractive tools for the derivation of thematic maps from remotely sensed data. Most attention has focused
on the multilayer perceptron (MLP) network but other network types are available and have different properties that may sometimes
be more appropriate for some applications. Here a MLP, radial basis function (RBF) and probabilistic neural network (PNN)
were used to classify remotely sensed data of an agricultural site. The accuracy of these classifications ranged from 86.25–91.25%.
The accuracy of the PNN classification could be increased through the incorporation of prior probabilities of class membership
but the accuracy of each classification could also be degraded by the presence of an untrained class. Post-classification
analyses, however, could be used to identify potentially misclassified cases, including those belonging to an untrained class,
to increase accuracy. The effect of the post-classification analysis on the accuracy of the classification derived from each
of the three network types investigated differed and it is suggested that network type be selected carefully to meet the requirements
of the application in-hand.
Received: 23 March 2000 / Accepted: 9 July 2000 相似文献
5.
An algorithm for very accurate absolute positioning through Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite clock estimation has
been developed. Using International GPS Service (IGS) precise orbits and measurements, GPS clock errors were estimated at
30-s intervals. Compared to values determined by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the agreement was at the level of about 0.1 ns
(3 cm). The clock error estimates were then applied to an absolute positioning algorithm in both static and kinematic modes.
For the static case, an IGS station was selected and the coordinates were estimated every 30 s. The estimated absolute position
coordinates and the known values had a mean difference of up to 18 cm with standard deviation less than 2 cm. For the kinematic
case, data obtained every second from a GPS buoy were tested and the result from the absolute positioning was compared to
a differential GPS (DGPS) solution. The mean differences between the coordinates estimated by the two methods are less than
40 cm and the standard deviations are less than 25 cm. It was verified that this poorer standard deviation on 1-s position
results is due to the clock error interpolation from 30-s estimates with Selective Availability (SA). After SA was turned
off, higher-rate clock error estimates (such as 1 s) could be obtained by a simple interpolation with negligible corruption.
Therefore, the proposed absolute positioning technique can be used to within a few centimeters' precision at any rate by estimating
30-s satellite clock errors and interpolating them.
Received: 16 May 2000 / Accepted: 23 October 2000 相似文献
6.
Change detection thresholds for remotely sensed images 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Peter A. Rogerson 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2002,4(1):85-97
The detection of change in remotely sensed images is often carried out by designating a threshold to distinguish between
areas of change and areas of no change. The choice of threshold is often arbitrary however. The purpose of this paper is to
offer a statistical framework for the selection of thresholds. The framework accounts for the facts that one carries out multiple
tests of the null hypothesis of no change, when searching for regions of change over an image with a large number of pixels.
Special attention is given to global spatial autocorrelation, which can affect the selection of appropriate threshold values.
Received: 8 March 2001 / Accepted: 12 October 2001 相似文献
7.
A special class of regularization methods for satellite gravity gradiometry based on Tikhonov spherical regularization wavelets
is considered, with particular emphasis on the case of data blurred by random noise. A convergence rate is proved for the
regularized solution, and a method is discussed for choosing the regularization level a posteriori from the gradiometer data.
Received: 23 March 2000 / Accepted: 20 September 2000 相似文献
8.
A new approach for airborne vector gravimetry using GPS/INS 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
A new method for airborne vector gravimetry using GPS/INS has been developed and the results are presented. The new algorithm
uses kinematic accelerations as updates instead of positions or velocities, and all calculations are performed in the inertial
frame. Therefore, it is conceptually simpler, easier, more straightforward and computationally less expensive compared to
the traditional approach in which the complex navigation equations should be integrated. Moreover, it is a unified approach
for determining all three vector components, and no stochastic gravity modeling is required. This approach is based on analyzing
the residuals from the Kalman filter of sensor errors, and further processing with wavenumber coefficient filterings is applied
in case closely parallel tracks of data are available. An application to actual test-flight data is performed to test the
validity of the new algorithm. The results yield an accuracy in the down component of about 3–4 mGal. Also, comparable results
are obtained for the horizontal components with accuracies of about 6 mGal. The gravity modeling issue is discussed and alternative
methods are presented, none of which improves on the original approach.
Received: 18 April 2000 / Accepted: 14 August 2000 相似文献
9.
An integrated representation of spatial and temporal relationships between evolving regions 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
The study of relationships between evolving regions within GIS still needs the development of operators that integrate the
spatial and temporal dimensions. This paper introduces a new approach that combines topological relationships between regions
in 2-dimensional space with temporal relationships between convex intervals in time. Resulting relationships are defined and
visually presented within a 3-dimensional space that integrates the geographical space as a 2-dimensional space and the time
line as the third dimension. Conceptual neighbourhoods are identified and extended by the concept of semi-transitions and
transitions. Such a flexible framework presents the advantage of being derived from accepted relationships in both space and
time. Its computational implementation is therefore compatible with current spatial and temporal GIS models.
Received: May 2000 / Accepted: June 2001 相似文献
10.
We present a spatial decision support system for the non-profit sector, designed to assist planning in the area of home-delivered
services such as meals on wheels. Using data collected from existing programs, current and forecasted demographic data, and
a set of algorithmic tools, we provide a system for evaluating current meals on wheels facilities, and for making incremental
facility location decisions that satisfy coverage and equity requirements.
Received: 27 September 2000 / Accepted: 22 March 2001 相似文献
11.
Recent advances in accessibility research: Representation,methodology and applications 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
Mei-Po Kwan Alan T. Murray Morton E. O'Kelly Michael Tiefelsdorf 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2003,5(1):129-138
In this article we examine recent advances in accessibility research and their implications for future studies. We base our
discussion on three intersecting dimensions that are useful for evaluating the contribution of recent studies: representation,
methodology and applications. Various examples are selected to show that research concerned with representation and methodological
problem solving is often applied to issues of broad concern in policy and planning. It is, however, not clear that the simultaneous
treatment of representation, methodological and application issues has ever been fully worked out. The questions raised in
this article may serve as a foundation for addressing issues pertinent to accurate representation, improved model building,
and more rigorous applications in accessibility research.
Received: 9 December 2002 / Accepted: 10 February 2003 相似文献
12.
Tide gauge records of Hong Kong covering the past 45 years (1954.0–1999.0) are adopted to analyze the basic features of sea
level changes in the region. Data sets of atmospheric pressure, southern oscillation index and sea surface temperature during
the same time span are also used to determine the possible link between the sea level changes in Hong Kong and local and global
geophysical processes. Results indicate that the sea level of Hong Kong has a rising trend of 1.9 ± 0.4 mm per year, and that
there is an upward offset of about 15 cm in the pre-1957.0 tide gauge records. The effect of local atmospheric pressure variations
on the amplitude of the annual sea level change is about 30% of the amplitude that is calculated after the effect is corrected.
It is also found that the interannual variations in the sea level of Hong Kong are related to El Ni?o and La Ni?a events that
happen frequently in the tropical Pacific.
Received: 27 October 1999 / Accepted: 15 August 2000 相似文献
13.
The Spatial Interaction Model proposed by Alonso as “Theory of Movements” offers an innovative specification of spatial origin-destination
flow models. Equations for flows between regions, total outflow from and total inflow to a region are linked by balancing
factors. This paper presents a consistent formulation of Spatial Interaction Models in the Wilson tradition and Alonso's Theory
of Movements. The paper is intended as an introduction to the model and a review of␣the state of the art. Besides it is argued
that simultaneous equation techniques are required to estimate the so-called systemic parameters.
Received: 21 May 2000 / Accepted: 18 January 2001 相似文献
14.
This paper develops a computational method for analyzing changes in polygon distributions. Unmovable polygons that change
discontinuously without explicit functional linkage information are discussed. Six types of primitive events are used to describe
the change: 1) generation, 2) disappearance, 3) expansion, 4) shrinkage, 5) union, and 6) division. The change of polygon
distributions is decomposed into a combination of these events. A computational procedure for deducing a set of events from
polygon distributions of two times is proposed. The method is applied to the analysis of the spatial competition between the
major and small chains of convenience stores in Tokyo, Japan. Some empirical findings are shown.
Received: 3 August 2000 / Accepted: 6 February 2001 相似文献
15.
Fast transform from geocentric to geodetic coordinates 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
T. Fukushima 《Journal of Geodesy》1999,73(11):603-610
A new iterative procedure to transform geocentric rectangular coordinates to geodetic coordinates is derived. The procedure
solves a modification of Borkowski's quartic equation by the Newton method from a set of stable starters. The new method runs
a little faster than the single application of Bowring's formula, which has been known as the most efficient procedure. The
new method is sufficiently precise because the resulting relative error is less than 10−15, and this method is stable in the sense that the iteration converges for all coordinates including the near-geocenter region
where Bowring's iterative method diverges and the near-polar axis region where Borkowski's non-iterative method suffers a
loss of precision.
Received: 13 November 1998 / Accepted: 27 August 1999 相似文献
16.
On the design of formal theories of geographic space 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper discusses the design of formal theories of geographic space for the application in Geographic Information Systems.
GIS software is an implementation of formal theories of geographic space. The notions of formal theories are introduced and
discussed in the context of examples from the GIS field.
Our approach is an application of the general framework of formal theories to the special class of theories of geographic
space, in particular to the geometry of geographic space. A framework is introduced for characterizing and evaluating formal
theories of geographic space and the process of their design. This is used to provide (1) a classification of formal theories
of geographic space, (2) criteria of their adequacy, and (3) an evaluation of design decisions in the process of formalization.
The paper demonstrates the choices in the design of GIS and the dependencies between these choices. Considering the design
space for theories underlying a GIS, we can see that current GIS are based on one choice: analytical geometry. Other designs
are possible and a systematic exploration of alternative types of GIS, for example, based on constraints or based on stored
spatial relations, becomes necessary.
Received: 30 April 1997/Accepted: 8 March 1999 相似文献
17.
P. J. G. Teunissen 《Journal of Geodesy》2001,75(7-8):399-407
Carrier phase ambiguity resolution is the key to fast and high-precision GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) kinematic
positioning. Critical in the application of ambiguity resolution is the quality of the computed integer ambiguities. Unsuccessful
ambiguity resolution, when passed unnoticed, will too often lead to unacceptable errors in the positioning results. Very high
success rates are therefore required for ambiguity resolution to be reliable. Biases which are unaccounted for will lower
the success rate and thus increase the chance of unsuccessful ambiguity resolution. The performance of integer ambiguity estimation
in the presence of such biases is studied. Particular attention is given to integer rounding, integer bootstrapping and integer
least squares. Lower and upper bounds, as well as an exact and easy-to-compute formula for the bias-affected success rate,
are presented. These results will enable the evaluation of the bias robustness of ambiguity resolution.
Received: 28 September 2000 / Accepted: 29 March 2001 相似文献
18.
Giuseppe Arbia 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2001,3(3):271-281
Economists have recently devoted an increasing attention to the issue of spatial concentration of economic activities. However,
surprisingly enough, most of the empirical work is still based on the computation of very basic statistical measures in which
the geographical characteristics of data play no role. By making use of a series of empirical examples we show that spatial
concentration consists of two different features that are rarely kept as separate in the statistical analysis: an a-spatial
concept of variability which is invariant to permutations, and the concept of polarization that refers to the geographical
position of observations.
Received: 8 August 2000 / Accepted: 20 June 2001 相似文献
19.
Richard Thomas 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2001,3(3):283-301
This paper applies a compartmental epidemic model to estimating the mixing relations that support the transfer of HIV infection
between risk populations within the countries of Western Europe. To this end, a space-time epidemic model with compartments
representing countries with populations specified to be at high (gay men and intravenous drug injectors ever with AIDS) and
low (the remainder who are sexually active) risk is described. This model also allows for contacts between susceptible and
infectious individuals by both local and international travel. This system is calibrated to recorded AIDS incidence and the
best-fit solution provides estimates of variations in the rates of mixing between the compartments together with a reconstruction
of the transmission pathway. This solution indicates that, for all the countries, AIDS incidence among those at low risk is
expected to remain extremely small relative to their total number. A sensitivity analysis of the low risk partner acquisition
rate, however, suggests this endemic state might be fragile within Europe during this century. The discussion examines the
relevance of these mixing relationships for the maintenance of disease control.
Received: 4 May 2000 / Accepted: 9 July 2000 相似文献
20.
Geostatistical incorporation of spatial coordinates into supervised classification of hyperspectral data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
P. Goovaerts 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2002,4(1):99-111
This paper presents a methodology to incorporate both hyperspectral properties and spatial coordinates of pixels in maximum
likelihood classification. Indicator kriging of ground data is used to estimate, for each pixel, the prior probabilities of
occurrence of classes which are then combined with spectral-based probabilities within a Bayesian framework. In the case study
(mapping of in-stream habitats), accounting for spatial coordinates increases the overall producer's accuracy from 85.8% to
93.8%, while the Kappa statistic rises from 0.74 to 0.88. Best results are obtained using only indicator kriging-based probabilities,
with a stunning overall accuracy of 97.2%. Significant improvements are observed for environmentally important units, such
as pools (Kappa: 0.17 to 0.74) and eddy drop zones (Kappa: 0.65 to 0.87). The lack of benefit of using hyperspectral information
in the present study can be explained by the dense network of ground observations and the high spatial continuity of field
classification which might be spurious.
Received: 12 April 2001 / Accepted: 7 September 2001 相似文献