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基于黄河源区相关气象站1961-2014年蒸发皿蒸发数据,利用线性倾向分析、滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall法等方法,对黄河源区各分区及整个源区蒸发皿蒸发量变化进行多尺度变化特征及突变分析。结果表明：近50余年来,空间上,黄河源区年平均蒸发量经历了从上游到下游先减小后增加的过程,季节蒸发量变化稍有差异;时间上,黄河源区季节及年平均蒸发量总体呈上升趋势,各分区略有差异,各分区及整个源区蒸发量年代际变化具有较好的一致性。各分区及整个黄河源区年平均及季节平均蒸发量突变点基本一致,均出现在2000年前后,且年与季节平均蒸发量在突变前均值大部分小于突变后的均值。位于源区下游的玛曲-兴海平均蒸发量发生突变的时间较早,且跳跃幅度较小,位于源区中游的达日-玛曲平均蒸发量发生突变的时间较晚,且跳跃幅度较大。对各气象因子的相关分析表明,影响源区年蒸发量变化的主要因子为平均温度。 相似文献
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潜水蒸发是干旱内陆盆地区地下水的主要排泄方式,但其定量评价存在很大的不确定性,是水均衡分析和水资源评价的难点.在新疆玛纳斯河流域平原区,以溴离子为示踪剂于2017年5月在不同土地利用类型区试验点投溴化钠,分别于2017年8月和2018年8月采样测定溴离子垂向分布,根据溴离子垂向运移速率确定潜水蒸发速率.试验点溴离子的浓度在垂向剖面上的分布呈现单峰形态且峰值上移,根据其峰值上移距离计算得出非沙漠区年平均潜水蒸发量为33.59 mm;不同土地利用类型潜水蒸发由强至弱依次为棉田、荒地、林地和沙漠,年平均蒸发量分别为41.71 mm、34.01 mm、11.28 mm、8.58 mm.溴离子示踪法评价潜水蒸发量的结果与前人相符;潜水蒸发速率与土地利用类型、包气带岩性、土壤体积含水量和潜水埋深有关,岩层粘粒含量越高、含水量越高、越靠近细土平原低地势区,潜水蒸发作用越强. 相似文献
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利用长江流域107个气象站1951-2000年的20cm口径蒸发皿逐日蒸发资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和IDW反距离权重空间插值法分析了近50年来,尤其是20世纪90年代长江流域的年和季节蒸发皿蒸发量的时空变化.50年来,长江流域以年平均、夏季和秋季蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降为主要特点,尤以20世纪90年代最为显著,是年平均和夏季蒸发皿蒸发量最小的时期,比前0年平均值分别低-25.9mm和-36.1mm,这种趋势中下游地区比上游地区明显得多,尤其是在鄱阳湖流域. 相似文献
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In the arid regions of Australia, fine-grained slurried wastes produced during gold mining are typically disposed of in large storages using subaerial deposition. Management of the storage is often aimed at maximising the evaporative drying that occurs, thereby maximising the density achieved. Ore processing is conducted using groundwater that can have salinities that approach solution saturation. Precipitation of salts on the tailings surfaces during evaporation leads to the development of thin salt crusts that can significantly reduce the rate of evaporation. Quantification of the actual rate of evaporation from the drying tailings surfaces is important for assessing disposal strategies. Different methods of estimating evaporation were employed at mine sites in Western Australia (WA) to provide more information on the drying behaviour of saline tailings. These techniques are described and typical results from a saline tailings storage are presented. 相似文献
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利用中国664个气象站1960-2000年20 cm口径蒸发皿资料,借助地理信息系统Arc GIS,分析了中国蒸发皿蒸发量的气候变化趋势.结果表明,就中国平均而言,1960-2000年中国蒸发皿蒸发量呈明显下降趋势,年蒸发皿蒸发量在20世纪80～90年代较60～70年代下降了99.8 mm,下降幅度为5.8%;不同季节对照发现,蒸发皿蒸发量的下降主要表现在春季、夏季和冬季,秋季不明显;对蒸发皿蒸发量气候变化的空间分析表明,年蒸发皿蒸发量的下降主要表现在华东和中南地区;对蒸发皿蒸发量下降的原因分析表明,日照百分率下降从而导致太阳总辐射的下降可能是近年来蒸发皿蒸发量下降的主要原因. 相似文献
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采用气候倾向率方法,对藏北高原1971-2006年6个气象站年、季小型蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响气候因子的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明:近36年藏北高原年蒸发皿蒸发量各站点均呈现显著的减少趋势,平均减少61.7mm/10a(通过99%显著性检验),以夏季减幅最明显。就地域分布而言,蒸发皿蒸发量的下降主要表现在藏北高原的中西部。蒸发量减少幅度随经度的增加减小,随海拔高度的升高而加大。影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主要气候因子日照时数、平均风速呈现显著下降趋势,平均相对湿度、降水量表现为显著增加,平均气温显著升高,平均最低气温的升温速率(0.54℃/10a)明显比平均最高气温的升温速率(0.17℃/10a)大,导致气温日较差的减小(-0.37℃/10a)。藏北高原平均气温日较差和日照时数的显著减小,以及平均相对湿度的明显增加可能是蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降的主要原因,降水量的增加和平均风速的明显减小在蒸发量减少趋势中的作用也不可忽视。 相似文献
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Evaporation capacity is an important factor that cannot be ignored when judging whether extreme precipitation events will produce groundwater recharge. The evaporation layer’s role in groundwater recharge was evaluated using a lysimeter simulation experiment in the desert area of Dunhuang, in the western part of the Hexi Corridor in northwestern China’s Gansu Province. The annual precipitation in the study area is extremely low, averaging 38.87 mm during the 60-year study period, and daily pan evaporation amounts to 2,486 mm. Three simulated precipitation regimes (normal, 10 mm; ordinary annual maximum, 21 mm; and extreme, 31 mm) were used in the lysimeter simulation to allow monitoring of water movement and weighing to detect evaporative losses. The differences in soil-water content to a depth of 50 cm in the soil profile significantly affected rainfall infiltration during the initial stages of rainfall events. It was found that the presence of a dry 50-cm-deep sand layer was the key factor for “potential recharge” after the three rainfall events. Daily precipitation events less than 20 mm did not produce groundwater recharge because of the barrier effect created by the dry sand. Infiltration totaled 0.68 mm and penetrated to a depth below 50 cm with 31 mm of rainfall, representing potential recharge equivalent to 1.7 % of the rainfall. This suggests that only extreme precipitation events offer the possibility of recharge of groundwater in this extremely arid area. 相似文献
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Drying sewage sludge using flue gas from power plants in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A lot of energy is required for drying the sewage sludge produced during the wastewater treatment process in China; however,
on the other hand, the thermal energy in flue gas from power plants is usually wasted as it discharges into the atmosphere.
In this study, a new technique for sludge drying is introduced. The key component of the new technique is equipment of a two-stage
drying and granulation that utilizes thermal energy contained in the flue gas from power plants and extends sludge contact
time with flue gas during the constant-rate evaporation stage. The primary results of the implementation in the Kangshun sludge
treatment plant (daily treatment capacity of 100 tons of wet sludge) show that the new drying technique is very effective
economically and environmentally. The water content in the sludge was reduced from 78% to less than 30%. The resulted sludge
could be used either to co-incinerate with coal in a circulating fluidized bed or to mix with clay to make better bricks.
Besides the saving in the direct heating cost in the sludge drying processes by 80%, the saving in fossil fuel consumption
due to reuse of the dried sludge is also significant. As a result of the implementation of the new technique in a sludge treatment
plant at the scale of the Kangshun plant, about 16,440 tons of CO2 emission could also be reduced every year. 相似文献
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Behavior of a municipal landfill from field measurement data during a waste-disposal period 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The behavior of a municipal waste landfill on marine clay was analyzed from field measurement data. Instruments, e.g., a groundwater level sensor, piezometer, earth pressure gauge, settlement plates, inclinometer, etc., were installed and operated during the disposal period from October 1992 to November 2000. A database system was developed to manage the data from this landfill using Access (Microsoft) with Delphi programs. From the analyses, it was determined that the settlement of the landfill during the initial period of waste disposal was small because of the high leachate level in the landfill. As the level of waste became higher than the leachate level, the settlement of the landfill increased significantly due to the increasing effective pressure within the landfill. From a stability point of view, the critical time for the landfill in this study was the initial period of landfill disposal, which was caused by either the impact load of waste disposal or the time schedule of waste disposal, which was faster than the consolidation of foundation clay caused by the waste load. 相似文献
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Y. L. Li J. W. Liu J. Y. Chen Y. F. Shi W. Mao H. Liu Y. Li S. He J. K. Yang 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(1):233-240
High water and organic content of sewage sludge constricts its reuse and disposal. It is often necessary to solidify/stabilize the dewatered sludge with solidifying agents before landfill disposal. In this study, the sewage sludge was conditioned with skeleton builders, i.e., fly ash and lime combined with ferric chloride for the purpose of improving the dewatering efficiency. The dewatered sewage sludge was then directly reused as landfill cover materials since the skeleton builders also play a role in solidification of sludge. The geotechnical properties of the dewatered sewage sludge were investigated. The results show that the plasticity index of the dewatered sludge increases compared to that of the dewatered sludge without any conditioner, and the permeability coefficient changes from 10?8 to 10?5 cm s?1. Furthermore, the strength of specimens increase with curing days. Microstructure analyses reveal that the main hydrated products are calcium silicate hydrate and ettringite, which contribute to the solidification/stabilization of the dewatered sludge. The results indicate that the dewatered sewage sludge conditioned with skeleton builders can be used as landfill covers. This study provides an alternative for traditional sewage sludge treatment and disposal. 相似文献
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为研究南宁石灰改良膨胀土高铁路堤在干湿循环作用下的工程特性,运用相似原理,以室内离心模型试验为主要手段,对路堤模型进行三次干湿循环试验,探究土压力、吸力、含水率、温度等随时间、深度及干湿循环次数变化的规律。研究表明:在离心模型试验中,自行推导建立的蒸发相似关系对蒸发时间和强度的控制适用可行,效果良好;路堤边坡变形与含水率变化密切相关,蒸发过程中产生少量裂缝,最大宽度不足2 mm,降雨过程裂缝消失;三次干湿循环后路堤整体变形不明显;土压力、吸力、含水率、温度随时间和深度等具有明显的变化规律,随深度增加大气影响减弱,试验测得其影响深度为8.0 m。研究结果可为现场石灰改良膨胀土高铁路堤施工提供一定参考,具有良好的工程应用价值。 相似文献
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为评价污泥灰改性黏土作为填埋场衬垫防渗材料的可行性,分析污泥灰改性黏土强度特性及孔隙结构,针对受垃圾渗沥液腐蚀的纯黏土与污泥灰掺量为1%～5%的改性黏土,采用直接剪切试验分析其抗剪强度变化规律,采用低温氮气吸附试验分析剪切变形后试样的孔隙结构组成。结果表明,改性黏土属于VI型等温线,并存在H3型滞后环,且2～6 nm介孔的数量占比较大。受垃圾渗沥液腐蚀后,黏土抗剪强度大幅下降,黏聚力与内摩擦角分别下降60.12%和19.17%;黏土的最大氮气吸附量降低16.19%,且孔隙分布双肩峰发育不完全;随污泥灰添加量的增加,改性黏土抗剪强度增大,且孔隙分布逐渐恢复双肩峰形式,总孔容增大。 相似文献
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利用研究区1956-2000年117个气象台站的小型蒸发皿观测资料,分析了黄淮海流域蒸发量的变化趋势及其可能原因。结果表明,近50年来本区蒸发量减少十分显著,其变化速率一般在-50 mm/10a,平原地区最大变化速率达到-80mm/10a以上。蒸发量下降最明显的季节是春季和夏季,其中春季减少最大区域主要在海河流域的东南部和黄河下游,而夏季的减少主要在淮河流域。造成蒸发量减少的直接气候原因可能是日照时数及太阳辐射的减少,平均风速和气温日较差的降低可能也起着重要的作用。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Granular pile-anchor (GPA) technique is an innovative tension-resistant foundation technique which can effectively ward off the dual swell–shrink problem posed by expansive clays. The other tension-resistant foundation techniques are drilled piers, belled piers and under-reamed piles. Laboratory scale model studies and field scale experiments on GPAs revealed that swelling of expansive clay beds could be effectively controlled by GPA technique. This paper presents results obtained from laboratory scale model studies on GPA-reinforced expansive clay beds subjected to alternate cycles of wetting and drying. Swelling and shrinkage of the clay beds were monitored for three wetting–drying cycles (N) spanning a time period of 300 days. The clay beds were reinforced with varying number of GPAs (n = 0, 1, 2 and 3). Swelling (mm) and shrinkage (mm) of the clay beds in a given wetting–drying cycle decreased with increasing number of GPAs. Further, swelling (mm) and shrinkage (mm) significantly decreased with increasing number of wetting–drying cycles (N) also. For a given number of GPAs (n), swelling and shrinkage decreased with increase in depth from the top of the clay bed too. 相似文献
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结合全国317个气象站1956-2005年气象资料,分别利用普通Mann-Kendall、预置白Mann-Kendall、去趋势预置白Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法分析了年降水量、年平均气温和年蒸发皿蒸发量的趋势检验结果及自相关系数变化规律。其中,年降雨序列的自相关性不显著,3种趋势检验方法的分析结果差异不大;年平均气温和年蒸发皿蒸发量自相关性显著,其3种方法的检验结果差异性较大,需要剔除自相关性后进行趋势检验;空间特征上,北方站点气象要素的自相关显著性较高。数据分析和数学推导表明,序列正自相关性会放大序列趋势的显著性,序列的趋势项会增大计算的自相关系数。 相似文献
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Engineering geological aspects of replacing a solid waste disposal site with a sanitary landfill 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Kamil Kayabali 《Engineering Geology》1996,44(1-4):203-212
The current solid waste disposal site in the Mamak district of Ankara is being engulfed by the growing city. All varieties of solid wastes, including medical wastes, are stored at the present site in an irregular manner. Topographical and geological conditions at Mamak waste site are favorable for constructing a sanitary landfill. Located at the edge of a topographical depression, the site is underlain by the natural hydraulic barriers such as clay and metagreywacke. The terrestrial clay has a permeability of 10−7 to 10−8 cm/s and low to moderate values of CEC. The proposed sanitary landfill to replace the present solid waste site has a capacity of storing solid waste over 50 years. The details of base liner, final cover, toe embankment, and drainage of leachate and gas are presented in the paper. 相似文献
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《城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术规范》[1]执行前,市政污泥往往直接倾倒于填埋场形成污泥库,导致垃圾设计库容显著降低。为恢复填埋场库容,许多填埋场面临污泥库的原位加固处理。通过2组模型试验,探讨真空预压处理污泥的可行性。试验结果表明,真空预压后污泥含水率显著降低,强度提高至2~4 kPa;污泥排水固结系数随预压过程发展表现出非线性;排水板周围污泥含水率和渗透系数降低明显,阻碍离排水板较远处污泥排水固结,因此减少排水板间距可显著提高污泥处理效果;真空预压过程中污泥中孔压变化规律与常规淤泥质土有明显区别,特别是远离排水板的位置孔压消散幅度小,表明污泥中孔压消散规律不符合传统的太沙基固结理论;污泥真空预压过程中,间歇式通正气压会在处理初期阶段加快排水速率,但整体改善作用不明显;真空预压可作为污泥减量化的一种途径,如要满足后续堆载垃圾的要求,还需配合其他原位处理方法进一步提高强度。 相似文献