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对土石坝溃决模拟技术的最新研究成果进行了总结和评价,在此基础上对该研究领域今后的研究工作提出了若干建议,包括:应研究提出不同坝型溃决可能性分析评价方法;针对不同坝型开展溃坝离心模型试验,揭示在不同致灾因子作用下,土石坝溃决机理和溃口发展过程;开展土石坝初始管涌形成以后发展过程的试验研究,揭示孔流转变为堰流的控制条件;针对溃坝水流的流线曲率较大、溃坝水流大多是非恒定超临界流以及筑坝材料粒径级配范围变化大等特点,开展大型溃坝水工水力学模型试验,揭示不同坝型的溃口流量过程、泥沙输移及下游河道洪水演进规律。 相似文献
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Catchment scale geostatistical simulation and uncertainty of soil erodibility using sequential Gaussian simulation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil erodibility (K) affects sediment delivery to streams and needs to be appropriately quantified and interpolated as a fundamental geographic variable for implementing suitable catchment management and conservation practices. The spatial distribution of K for erosion modelling at non-sampling grid locations has traditionally been estimated using interpolation algorithms such as kriging which do not adequately represent the uncertainty of estimates. These methods cause smoothing effects through overestimating the low values and underestimating the large values. In this study observed values were used to implement a sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) procedure to evaluate the certainty of modelled data. Soil erodibility values were computed using 41 soil samples taken from the top 10 cm soil layer regularly distributed across four catchments, 367–770 ha in area, within Kangaroo River State forest, New South Wales (NSW). One hundred realisations were applied in the simulation process to provide spatial uncertainty and error estimates of soil erodibility. The results indicated that values simulated by the SGS algorithm produced similar K values for the neighbouring cells. At the pixel level, the SGS approach generated a reliable estimation of soil erodibility in most areas. Spatial variation of the K factor in this study was strongly related to soil landscape differences across the catchments; within catchments slope gradient did not have a substantial impact on the numerical values of the K factor using pixel-by-pixel comparisons of raster grid maps. 相似文献
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采空场覆岩变形数值模拟与相似模拟比较研究 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
用有限元数值计算尝试了离层模拟,并分别采用数值模拟与相似模拟的方法研究了木架山矿区143剖面倾斜采空场处理时的地表移动与覆岩破坏规律。研究发现,随着矿柱的崩落,覆岩跨度不断增加,引起的地表移动范围也不断增大,地表垂直沉降范围大致为跨度的1.5～1.7倍,垂直沉降曲线始终对称于最大沉降点;水平移动的范围大于垂直沉降的范围,最大水平移动量大约为最大沉降量的40 %,且水平移动不对称。另外,当覆岩发生整体下沉时离层主要存在于跨度两端,离层由层理剪切破坏引起。 相似文献
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Visible and near-infrared spectra are routinely used to achieve mineral abundances and mineral chemistry of the global surfaces of the Moon and asteroids.However,these spectra can be significantly modified by space weathering,including micrometeorite impacting,solar wind implanting and cosmic ray irradiation.In this paper we report results of laser-bombarding experiments on the Jilin ordinary chondrite,simulating micrometeorite impacting on the surface of asteroids.After laser bombardment,the spectra became significantly redder and moderately darker. With the Modified Gaussian Model(MGM)method,the absorption band positions of olivine can be decoded from the modified spectra,which are correlated with their fayalite contents.In addition,a continuum of the modified spectra can be decoded,and its slope may be used to depict the degree of space weathering.However,relative strengths of the absorption sub-bands of olivine and pyroxenes show significant variant after the bombardment, hence they cannot be used to estimate the relative abundances of high-Ca to low-Ca pyroxenes of the lunar surface and other matured surfaces of asteroids. 相似文献
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G. Delisle 《第四纪科学杂志》1998,13(4):325-333
A series of numerical models on permafrost growth and decay are presented with special emphasis on the climatic conditions in western Europe during the last glacial stage. Numerical modelling of growth and decay of the active layer suggests penetration depths in the range between 0.6 to 1.4 m. Permafrost is estimated to have grown, depending on the sediment type, to a thickness of 90 m to 140 m in northern Germany and The Netherlands within 10 000 y during the peak period of the last glacial stage. Permafrost continued to exist at depth for about 2000 y after the climatic improvement following the Younger Dryas. Permafrost growth under rivers and lakes is shown to be unlikely under the climatic conditions of the last glacial stage in northern Germany. A time period of 10 000 to 42 000 years and a massive climatic excursion (of the order of > 11°C) is required to remove the thick permafrost layers in Siberia and Alaska of today. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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煤层含气量模拟试验方法及应用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用IS-100等温吸附仪的高压吸附罐、精确的控温系统,配备气体电子流量计,并编制了控制程序,建立了煤层气含气量模拟试验方法。模拟试验方法的建立,可以全程模拟煤层气从提钻取心到解吸结束,了解含气量测试过程中煤层气的解吸规律,求取任意时间对应的逸散气量,为多种方法求取逸散气量的对比研究提供了方便。 相似文献
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砂岩侵入体系是一种普遍的地质现象,近些年来越来越受到地学界的重视,但对其形成机理探讨较少。作者及研究团队通过设计一套室内模拟实验装置,来简化模拟3层地层结构中砂岩侵入体系的形成和演化过程。在之前模拟实验(实验变量为顶层沉积物的厚度、进水管的结构)结果的基础上,进一步考察了地形坡度对实验结果的影响,并对砂岩侵入体系的形成机理进行了分析。实验过程中,共观察到7种不同形态不同样式的管道,并对实验过程中压力变化进行了测试。对实验结果分析认为:盖层厚度越大,压力下降的速度越慢,越不利于压力的释放;随着实验的继续进行,砂岩侵入体最终会转化为砂岩喷出体并喷出地表;不稳定的地形有利于触发疏松沉积物发生变形。实验表明,超压是砂岩侵入体发生的最重要条件之一, 沉积盆地中的压实不均衡和生烃作用是可独立产生大规模超压的2种主要机制。 相似文献
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通过对大型构筑物基础模拟切割试验,试验模拟单元浇注、金刚石水平钻孔、金刚石绳锯切割、锯口内填充材料的灌注及剥离面的生成等,证明了对该建筑物基础横断面进行钻孔、分单元切割的技术完全可以达到项目对钻、切施工的技术要求. 相似文献
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Modelling and numerical simulation of two-phase debris flows 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gravity-driven geophysical mass flows often consist of fluid–sediment mixtures. The contemporary presence of a fluid and a granular phase determines a complicated fluid-like and solid-like behaviour. The present paper adopts the mixture theory to incorporate the two phases and describe their respective movements. For the granular phase, a Mohr–Coulomb plasticity is employed to describe the relationship between normal and shear stresses, while for the fluid phase, the viscous Newtonian fluid is taken into account. At the basal topography, a Coulomb sliding condition for the solid phase and a Navier’s sliding condition for the fluid phase are satisfied, while the top free surface is traction-free for both the phases. For the interactive forces between the phases, the buoyancy force and viscous drag force are included. The established governing equations are expressed in a curvilinear coordinate system embedded in a curvilinear reference basal surface, above which an arbitrary shallow basal topography is permitted. Taking into account the typical length characteristics of such geophysical mass flows, the “thin-layer” approximation is assumed, so that a depth integration can be performed to simplify the governing equations. The resulting strongly nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are first simplified and then analysed for a steady state in a travelling coordinate system. We find the current model can reproduce the characteristic shape of some flow fronts. Additionally, a stability analysis for steady uniform flows is performed to demonstrate the development of roll waves that means instabilities grow up and become clearly distinguishable waves. Furthermore, we numerically solve the resulting PDEs to investigate general unsteady flows down a curved surface by means of a high-resolution non-oscillatory central difference scheme with the total variation diminishing property. The dynamic behaviours of the granular and fluid phases, especially, the effects of the drag force and the fluid bed friction are discussed. These investigations can enhance the understanding of physics behind natural debris flows. 相似文献
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以张石高速JK-2合同段岔道2#双连拱隧道工程为背景,通过现场埋设多源传感器构建的监测信息平台,结合回归分析方法及高置信度关系模型等参数反馈信息,对获取数据进行提取、融合和态势分析,得到了浅埋偏压连拱隧道在施工开挖过程中围岩应力、位移、变形、塑性区和支护结构等动态变化规律;对监测过程出现的各种异常现象及产生原因进行深入分析与研究,客观描述了围岩的稳定性状与支护效果。同时,采用有限元软件以实际地形等高线为参照,建立仿真三维模型对隧道施工开挖进行数值模拟,比较采用不同施工方案对隧道整体结构及支护的影响。针对原浅埋、偏压连拱隧道施工方案提出优化建议,修正优化开挖方案和支护设计,对目前同类特征隧道施工具有借鉴指导意义 相似文献
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A well studied intra-cratonic sedimentary sequence, the Lower Permian Shanxi Formation in the Ordos Basin, northern China, is characterized by a typical back-stepping or source-ward retrogradational stratigraphic stacking pattern and can be used to illustrate the conceptual sequence stratigraphic model developed for intra-cratonic siliciclastic sedimentary basins. Based on the basic geological parameters (initial topography, lake-level curve, and sediment supply) originated from the Lower Permian Shanxi Formation of the Ordos Basin, we simulated quantitatively and validated the source-ward retrogradational sequence stratigraphic pattern of intra-cartonic siliciclastic basin, and demonstrated the use of numerical simulation to replicate and extend a particular flume experiment. In Run 1 (SQ1) the result of numerical simulation was characterized by the fan-shaped distribution, Sequence SQ2 retrograded landwards and overlaid the deposits of Sequence SQ1 after Run 2, and Sequence SQ3 retrograded further landwards and overlaid the deposits of Sequence SQ2 after Run 3. The simulation results indicated that fan-shaped deposits of Sequences SQ1, SQ2, and SQ3 retrograded sequentially landwards. The sediment distribution of three sequences in the numerical simulation is in accordance with the deposits observed in the physical experiment. The simulated sequence stratigraphic pattern of three sequences also matches that from the geological model quite well. The proposed sequence stratigraphic pattern for the intra-cratonic basin should serve as a useful reference for the interpretation of sequence stratigraphic framework and stacking patterns, and the prediction of the distribution of potential reservoir sandbodies within such basins. 相似文献
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砂土的渐进破坏及其数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
紧密砂土在排水剪切过程中由于材料的应变软化特性,会出现变形局部化并伴随剪切带的产生。对此类问题进行数值模拟时会遇到很多困难,比如如何模拟紧砂的应变软化特性,如何处理有限元数值分析过程中刚度矩阵的非正定导致计算结果发散问题,以及如何处理应力不连续的问题,拟针对以上问题进行了探讨。 相似文献
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"渗流-管流耦合模型"的物理模拟及其数值模拟 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：16
井孔 -含水系统问题是当今水文地质学最重要的研究课题之一。长期以来 ,水文地质模型中对井孔的刻画基本上都是引用“热传导”中的“线汇”理论 ,需要人工预先给定线汇 线源的流量或水头的分配 ,其正确性或适用性至今没有得到理论证明。陈崇希 (1993 )提出的“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”在理论上已解决多个水文地质问题 ,也用于几个实例 ,本文再用物理模拟检验其可靠性。论文针对具有典型意义的河床下水平井或傍河垂直井地下水流问题做了砂槽物理模拟 ,并用基于“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”的数值方法仿真模拟了此条件下地下水流的规律。成果表明 ,数值模拟观测孔水头动态相当好地再现了物理模拟结果。论文指出了“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”在井孔 -含水系统问题上的广泛应用前景。 相似文献
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Ephemeral gully channel width and erosion simulation technology 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
R. L. Bingner R. R. Wells H. G. Momm J. R. Rigby F. D. Theurer 《Natural Hazards》2016,80(3):1949-1966
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In this paper, a new vertical broadband seismometer is designed, simulated, and evaluated. The proposed seismometer has a bandwidth from 40 s to 50 Hz and sensitivity to ground velocity of 1500 V’/m/s. The mechanical suspension used in the proposed design is a mass-leaf spring rotational pendulum. The displacement of the seismic mass is sensed by a laser interferometer and then forwarded to an electronic force feedback system which feeds a linear actuator to keep the mass almost fixed in its position. The current needed to fix the mass in its position is an indication of the ground acceleration. The performance of the simulated seismometer is evaluated by applying a data record of two actual earthquakes to the simulated model and comparing its response to the earthquakes with that of a real seismometer (Trillium-40) having the same bandwidth and sensitivity. The proposed seismometer has performed within 0.4 % residual variance for the local event and 0.03 % residual variance for the regional one compared to Trillium-40. 相似文献