共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 92 毫秒
1.
Daniel “daan” Strebe 《制图学和地理信息科学》2018,45(6):529-538
Equivalence (the equal-area property of a map projection) is important to some categories of maps. However, unlike for conformal projections, completely general techniques have not been developed for creating new, computationally reasonable equal-area projections. The literature describes many specific equal-area projections and a few equal-area projections that are more or less configurable, but flexibility is still sparse. This work develops a tractable technique for generating a continuum of equal-area projections between two chosen equal-area projections. The technique gives map projection designers unlimited choice in tailoring the projection to the need. The technique is particularly suited to maps that dynamically adapt optimally to changing scale and region of interest, such as required for online maps. 相似文献
2.
Daniel “daan” Strebe 《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):260-276
ABSTRACTSometimes map projection designers need to create equal-area projections to best fill the projections’ purposes. However, unlike for conformal projections, few transformations have been described that can be applied to equal-area projections to develop new equal-area projections. Here, I survey area-preserving transformations, giving examples of their applications and proposing an efficient way of deploying an equal-area system for raster-based Web mapping. Together, these transformations provide a toolbox for the map projection designer working in the area-preserving domain. 相似文献
3.
An adaptable equal-area pseudoconic map projection 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Daniel “daan” Strebe 《制图学和地理信息科学》2016,43(4):338-345
Equivalence (the equal-area property of a map projection) is important to some categories of maps. However, unlike conformal projections, completely general techniques do not exist for creating new, computationally reasonable equal-area projections. The literature describes many specific equal-area projections and a few equal-area projections that are more or less configurable, but flexibility is still sparse. This work describes a new, highly configurable equal-area projection system consisting of arcs of concentric circles, placing it in the pseudoconic class. The system uses a novel technique to hybridize the Bonne pseudoconic projection and the Albers conic projection, subsuming many existing projections as degenerate cases. With the resulting system and the technique used to develop it, map projection designers will have greater choice in tailoring the projection to the need. The system may be particularly suited to maps that dynamically adapt to changing scale and region of interest, such as required for online maps. 相似文献
4.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):183-194
High-resolution regional and global raster databases are currently being generated for a variety of environmental and scientific modeling applications. The projection of these data from geographic coordinates to a plane coordinate system is subject to significant areal error. Sources of error include users selecting an inappropriate projection or incorrect parameters for a given projection, algorithmic errors in commercial geographic information system (GIS) software, and errors resulting from the projection of data in the raster format. To assess the latter type of errors, the accuracy of raster projection was analyzed by two methods. First, a set of 12 one-degree by one-degree quadrilaterals placed at various latitudes was projected at several raster resolutions and compared to the projection of a vector representation of the same quadrilaterals. Second, several different raster resolutions of land cover data for Asia were projected and the total areas of 21 land cover categories were tabulated and compared. While equal-area projections are designed to specifically preserve area, the comparison of the results of the one-degree by one-degree quadrilaterals with the common equal area projections (e.g., the Mollweide) indicates a considerable variance in the one-degree area after projection. Similarly, the empirical comparison of land cover areas for Asia among various projections shows that total areas of land cover vary with projection type, raster resolution, and latitude. No single projection is best for all resolutions and all latitudes. While any of the equal-area projections tested are reasonably accurate for most applications with resolutions of eight-kilometer pixels or smaller, significant variances in accuracies appear at larger pixel sizes. 相似文献
5.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(4):341-356
A series of new equal-area map projections has been devised. Called Oblated Equal-Area, its lines of constant distortion follow approximately oval or rectangular paths instead of the circles of the Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection or the straight lines of the Cylindrical Equal-Area projection. The projection series permits design of equal-area maps of oblong regions with less overall distortion of shape and scale than equal-area maps on other projections. 相似文献
6.
一种通用球面等积离散网格生成算法 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
球面离散网格模型是管理海量数据的有效途径,如何构建球面网格是这类模型的基础问题.文中利用Snyder等积多面体投影建立了平面与球面的对应关系,设计了球面等积三角形和四边形离散网格的生成算法.结合实验分析了两种网格的最大/最小边长比和单元周长均方差两项指标,结果表明全部网格的指标均收敛,适合用作多分辨率地理空间信息的管理. 相似文献
7.
The adaptive composite map projection technique changes the projection to minimize distortion for the geographic area shown on a map. This article improves the transition between the Lambert azimuthal projection and the transverse equal-area cylindrical projection that are used by adaptive composite projections for portrait-format maps. Originally, a transverse Albers conic projection was suggested for transforming between these two projections, resulting in graticules that are not symmetric relative to the central meridian. We propose the alternative transverse Wagner transformation between the two projections and provide equations and parameters for the transition. The suggested technique results in a graticule that is symmetric relative to the central meridian, and a map transformation that is visually continuous with changing map scale. 相似文献
8.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(2):91-100
Approximately half of the planetary bodies in our solar system imaged by spacecraft have irregular shapes. Since maps are used to record, interpret and display these irregularly shaped bodies, a special map projection, which can display them faithfully, is desirable. Unfortunately, no mathematical approach that permits true conformal or equal-area projections has been developed. In this paper, a novel approach to construct a special equal area map projection for irregularly shaped objects is suggested. Using this innovative approach, equal area map projections for two Martian satellites—Phobos and Deimos are—developed. 相似文献
9.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):167-182
One of the most fundamental steps in map creation is the transformation of information from the surface of a globe onto a flat map. Mapmakers have developed and used hundreds of different map projections over the past 2,000 years, yet there is no perfect choice because every map projection uniquely alters some aspect of space during the transformation process. Detailed information about the type, amount, and distribution of distortion is essential for choosing the best projection for a particular map or data set. The distortion inherent in projections can be measured and symbolized much like any other map variable. Methods for symbolizing map projection distortion are reviewed, with each method described and illustrated in graphical form. The symbolization methods are collected under ten separate headings organized from simple to more complex in terms of interpretation. Most of these methods are highly effective at communicating distortion, yet they are rarely used beyond textbooks and technical documentation. Map projections and the distortions they carry need to be better understood by spatial data developers, distributors, and users. Map distortion should be carried along with map data as confidence layers, and the easily accessible distortion displays should be available to help in the selection of map projections. There is a suitably wide array of symbolization methods to match any need from basic education to research. 相似文献
10.
Richard Barnes 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2020,13(7):803-816
ABSTRACT Spatial analyses involving binning often require that every bin have the same area, but this is impossible using a rectangular grid laid over the Earth or over any projection of the Earth. Discrete global grids use hexagons, triangles, and diamonds to overcome this issue, overlaying the Earth with equally-sized bins. Such discrete global grids are formed by tiling the faces of a polyhedron. Previously, the orientations of these polyhedra have been chosen to satisfy only simple criteria such as equatorial symmetry or minimizing the number of vertices intersecting landmasses. However, projection distortion and singularities in discrete global grids mean that such simple orientations may not be sufficient for all use cases. Here, I present an algorithm for finding suitable orientations; this involves solving a nonconvex optimization problem. As a side-effect of this study I show that Fuller's Dymaxion map corresponds closely to one of the optimal orientations I find. I also give new high-accuracy calculations of the Poles of Inaccessibility, which show that Point Nemo, the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility, is 15?km farther from land than previously recognized. 相似文献
11.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(1):67-76
Application of standard map projections to the ellipsoidal Earth is often considered excessively difficult. Using a few symbols for frequently-used combinations, exact equations may be shown in compact form for ellipsoidal versions of conformal, equal-area, and equidistant projections developed onto the cone, cylinder (in conventional position), and plane, as well as for the polyconic projection. Series are needed only for true distances along meridians. The formulas are quite interrelated. The ellipsoidal transverse and oblique Mercator projections remain more involved. An adaptation of the Space Oblique Mercator projection provides a new ellipsoidal oblique Mercator which, unlike Hotine's, retains true scale throughout the length of the central line. 相似文献
12.
现有的虚拟地球中的海面可视化方法主要采用投影网格的方式组织海面格网,这种特殊的网格组织方式,导致其在反映不同海域差异性特征时存在缺陷。基于全球离散格网的海面可视化方法由于能够与虚拟地球离散的空间剖分相匹配,有效弥补了投影网格法的缺陷,因此更符合虚拟地球海面仿真应用的需要。然而现有的离散格网法存在绘制效率差、场景加载慢、需要修补格网缝隙等问题,限制了其应用发展。对此,本文在现有离散格网法基础上进行优化:首先,在数据结构上对传统等经纬度离散格网进行扩展,设计了一种面向GPU绘制的多尺度海面网格模型来组织管理海面格网;其次,为了实现风场驱动下的海浪动态绘制,在多尺度海面网格模型的基础上提出了一种支持实时风场更新的海浪动态绘制方法;同时,考虑到格网缝隙修补对系统效率的影响,本文针对海面格网特点并结合GPU技术提出了一种高效的海面格网缝隙修补方法。最后通过对比试验验证了本文方法的可行性和有效性。试验结果表明,本文方法绘制效率稳定,加载速度快,且能弥补现有方法在功能上的缺失,因此应用范围更加广泛。 相似文献
13.
14.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(4):381-390
Gringonen's square equal-area map projection has been forgotten since its appearance in 1972. I describe a modern implementation, including details of how to arrange, in different ways, the fundamental Gringonen projection of a sexadecant (one sixteenth of the surface of the sphere) onto a triangle. The Gringorten Mark I projection is an arrangement in which one hemisphere forms a square, with the other hemisphere disposed around it so that the whole sphere projects as a diamond, which may then be rotated to appear as a square. I introduce an alternative arrangement, the Gringorten Mark II, which is twice as high as it is wide, with one hemisphere on top of the other. These variants are compared with some other square map projections. Maps that fill a rectangular space completely can be very useful where, as on computer screens, space is limited and must be used efficiently. 相似文献
15.
The mixed spherical map projections of equiareal, cylindric type are based upon the Lambert projection and the sinusoidal
Sanson–Flamsteed projection. These cylindric and pseudo-cylindric map projections of the sphere are generalized to the ellipsoid
of revolution (biaxial ellipsoid). They are used in consequence by two lemmas to generate a horizontal and a vertical weighted
mean of equiareal cylindric map projections of the ellipsoid of revolution. Its left–right deformation analysis via further
results leads to the left–right principal stretches/eigenvalues and left–right eigenvectors/eigenspace, as well as the maximal
left–right angular distortion for these new mixed cylindric map projections of ellipsoidal type. Detailed illustrations document
the cartographic synergy of mixed cylindric map projections.
Received: 23 April 1996 / Accepted: 19 April 1997 相似文献
16.
Maxim V. Nyrtsov Maria E. Fleis Michael M. Borisov Philip J. Stooke 《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):114-124
Many small solar system bodies such as asteroids or small satellites have irregular shapes, often approximated by the reference surface of a triaxial ellipsoid. Map projections for the triaxial ellipsoid are needed to present the incoming data in the form of maps. In this paper the formulae of equal-area cylindrical and azimuthal projections of the triaxial ellipsoid were derived and practically implemented for the first time using as an example the asteroid 253 Mathilde. This paper is the final in a series of papers devoted to all main classes of projections of the triaxial ellipsoid. Before this, the authors obtained equidistant along meridians projection and Jacobi conformal projection for the triaxial ellipsoid. 相似文献
17.
Remote sensing is a useful tool for monitoring changes in land cover over time. The accuracy of such time-series analyses has hitherto only been assessed using confusion matrices. The matrix allows global measures of user, producer and overall accuracies to be generated, but lacks consideration of any spatial aspects of accuracy. It is well known that land cover errors are typically spatially auto-correlated and can have a distinct spatial distribution. As yet little work has considered the temporal dimension and investigated the persistence or errors in both geographic and temporal dimensions. Spatio-temporal errors can have a profound impact on both change detection and on environmental monitoring and modelling activities using land cover data. This study investigated methods for describing the spatio-temporal characteristics of classification accuracy. Annual thematic maps were created using a random forest classification of MODIS data over the Jakarta metropolitan areas for the period of 2001–2013. A logistic geographically weighted model was used to estimate annual spatial measures of user, producer and overall accuracies. A principal component analysis was then used to extract summaries of the multi-temporal accuracy. The results showed how the spatial distribution of user and producer accuracy varied over space and time, and overall spatial variance was confirmed by the principal component analysis. The results indicated that areas of homogeneous land cover were mapped with relatively high accuracy and low variability, and areas of mixed land cover with the opposite characteristics. A multi-temporal spatial approach to accuracy is shown to provide more informative measures of accuracy, allowing map producers and users to evaluate time series thematic maps more comprehensively than a standard confusion matrix approach. The need to identify suitable properties for a temporal kernel are discussed. 相似文献
18.
利用二十面体施奈德等积多面体投影构建了球面多分辨率六边形层次网格;通过边界四元组将六边形单元分解到四元三角形及其子单元中处理;利用改进的四元三角网编码方案建立了网格的数字空间、单元层次编码模型和不同实体在球面上的表达方法.在此基础上,提出了球面Voronoi图的生成算法.实验结果表明该算法与现有算法相比具有更高精度. 相似文献
19.