共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
We investigated the effects of morphologic position and discharge on flow structure in a steep (0.10 m/m) mountain channel by collecting three-dimensional measurements of time-averaged and turbulent velocity components with a SonTek FlowTracker Handheld ADV (acoustic Doppler velocimeter) on a 30-m reach of a step-pool channel in the Colorado Rockies. Velocity profiles were measured at morphologic positions characteristic of steep channels (above steps, step lips, base of steps, pools, cascades, runs), and at five different discharges. A marked three-dimensionality of flow structure was documented in East St. Louis Creek. Velocities in the streamwise component were the largest contributors to overall velocity vector magnitudes; cross-stream and vertical components contributed averages of 20% and 15%, respectively, to overall vector magnitudes. Turbulence intensities were especially multi-dimensional, however, with large contributions to turbulent kinetic energy from the vertical component of velocity. Analysis of variance indicated that discharge and morphologic position significantly affected mean streamwise velocities, with substantially higher velocities upstream from steps than in pools. Discharge and morphology effects on cross-stream and vertical velocity components, however, were not significant. Discharge and morphologic position also significantly affected turbulence intensities for all flow components, with the greatest turbulence intensities occurring in pools and at high discharges. These results illustrate the strong discharge-dependence of hydraulics in step-pool channels, where relative submergence of bedforms changes rapidly with discharge, and the substantial spatial variation in hydraulics created by step-pool sequences. 相似文献
2.
The self-organization of step-pools in mountain streams 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Spontaneous, autogenic self-organization has been described in numerous geomorphic systems, but it has not been investigated in detail with respect to coarse bedforms in general or step-pools in particular. In this paper, we review the spatial organization of step-pool systems and present example evidence of step-pool development as an autogenic self-organization process. We then outline the mathematical language for defining spatially divergent self-organization and test these ideas using two unique field examples from Oregon (Andrews Experimental Forest) and California (Baxter Creek), where step-pools developed from planar beds in artificially manipulated channels. Results show that step-pool development is consistent with a spatially divergent self-organization phenomenon. Entropy increases as initially undifferentiated planar channels diverge into steps and pools, then declines when a series of steps and pools of consistent size and spacing is established, signifying stability in the system. The self-organization process is accompanied by increasing flow resistance and decreasing slope (through increasing the “vertical sinuosity” of the step-pool profile and creation of low- or negative gradient pool areas), suggesting a minimization of stream power. The self-adjustment of the step-pool bed profile over time represents another manifestation of a general process that results in rhythmic patterns on the surface of Earth. 相似文献
3.
Reach-scale channel geometry of mountain streams 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The basic patterns and processes of steep channels remain poorly known relative to lower-gradient channels. In this analysis, characteristics of step-pool, plane-bed, and pool-riffle channels are examined using a data set of 335 channel reaches from the western United States, Nepal, New Zealand, and Panama. We analyzed differences among the three channel types with respect to hydraulics, channel geometry, boundary roughness, and bedforms. Step-pool channels have significantly steeper gradients, coarser substrate, higher values of shear stress and stream power for a given discharge, and larger ratios of bedform amplitude/wavelength (H/L). Pool-riffle channels have greater width/depth ratios and relative grain submergence (R/D84) than the other channel types. Plane-bed channels tend to have intermediate values for most variables examined. Relative form submergence (R/H) is statistically similar for step-pool and pool-riffle channels. Despite the lesser relative grain submergence and greater bedform amplitude of step-pool channels, mean values of Darcy–Weisbach friction factor do not change in response to changes in relative grain submergence. These patterns suggest that adjustments along mountain streams effectively maximize resistance to flow and minimize downstream variability in resistance among the different channel types. 相似文献
4.
汉江丹江口水库下游河床演变 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
丹江口水库建库20多年来,下游河道由堆积性河道变成了冲刷性的河道,河床物质沿程粗化,比降得以调平。水深增加幅度大于河宽,流速并不随着水深增加而加快。深槽、浅滩分布明显化,宽深比不断在减少。整个库下游变化可分为三段:1)近库段,游荡河道向单一限制性曲流转化;2)大支流影响段,河道仍保持着游荡特性;3)下游段,游荡段游荡特性减弱,弯曲段则深蚀作用加强。 相似文献
5.
Rill erosion is well developed in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley. The appearance of step-pools in rills (SPRs) is an early stage of erosion and necessary condition for rill development. We measured length, width, depth of plunge pools, and length, height, and slope of step walls. We observed the developmental environment of every SPR in the field. Through research on relationships among SPR parameters, morphological characteristics, and control factors, we conclude that (1) correlations of step slope with pool length and width, and of step length with pool width are not evident (p > 0.1); correlations of pool length with step height and length are evident (p < 0.1); correlations of step slope with pool depth, and of step height with pool width are significant (p < 0.05); and correlations of pool depth with step length and height are highly significant (p < 0.01). Plunge-pool length is affected by soil properties and step height, but not by step gradient. (2) SPR formation shows a coupling effect of a single factor or many factors, such as terrain conditions, vegetation, confluence area, soil properties, and boundary conditions, and the shapes and scales of SPRs notably change with differences of the main control factors. 相似文献
6.
通过野外调查及试验对堰塞坝的稳定和裂点的发育进行研究,发现堰塞坝的稳定性主要取决于泄洪道内阶梯-深潭系统的发育程度SP和坝体上游洪峰的水流能量P.堰塞坝的保存与溃决情况采用保留的坝高比进行定量描述,对于洪峰流量小于30 m3/s山区河流,保留坝高比与SP呈线性相关;洪峰流量大于30 m3/s(＜ 30000m3/s)时,河道稳定所需的最小河床结构强度SP随着单宽水流能量P的增加而增大.堰塞坝泄洪道内不发育阶梯-深潭系统或发育程度较低的坝体,SP值小于稳定河床最小的阻力强度,将会发生下切、溯源冲刷并引起溃坝.保留的堰塞坝在泥沙淤积和水流的长期作用下会形成裂点,对河床下切起到控制作用,降低再次发生滑坡的风险.大型裂点能改变河床演变和河流地貌,连续堰塞坝形成的裂点能长期保存并形成优美的自然景观,创造良好的河流生态环境. 相似文献
7.
长江口横沙通道近岸冲刷地貌形成机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近岸河床的剧烈冲刷是引起岸坡失稳的主要原因之一。通过SeaBat 7125多波束测深系统对长江口近岸冲刷最为剧烈的横沙通道北口冲刷坑地貌进行测量,同时利用双频ADCP采集区域水流数据,结合历史海图资料,研究该冲刷坑演变过程及形成机制。结果表明：冲刷坑呈椭圆形,长约430 m,宽约150 m,最深处距床面约38 m;1984-2017年期间,冲刷坑附近河床经历了冲—淤—冲的演变模式,整体呈冲刷状态,净冲刷量3.45×10 7 m 3,平均冲深4.68 m;2005年后冲刷坑快速发育,且持续向南延伸。这主要是因为长兴北沿圈围工程的建设减小该处弯道曲率半径,导致了侵蚀加剧。其次,青草沙水库的建设使得北港上中段深泓线发生偏移,横沙通道北口水动力增强,这也是快速冲刷的主要原因之一。另外,长江口深水航道工程、横沙东滩围垦、横沙通道两侧圈围工程及港口码头的建设也一定程度加剧了冲刷之势。由此可见,人类涉水工程活动是引起该处大型冲刷坑快速发育的主要驱动因素。 相似文献
8.
黄河下游游荡段河床调整对于水沙组合的复杂响应 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11
以黄河资料为基础,提示地包括非高含沙水流和高含沙水流在内的河道挟不流的复杂冲淤行为。由于这种复杂冲淤行为的作用和高含沙水流特殊能耗特征的影响,使得河床横断面形态及平面形态对于水沙组合的响应出现非线性特征,这可视为流水地貌系统复杂响应的又一表现形式。这种复杂响应不能用Ｓｃｈｕｍｍ的河床调整来解释,因而需要对这一理论作必要的修正。 相似文献
9.
Field study of bedrock step–pool systems along the upper reaches of Soda Creek in the Three Sisters Wilderness of Oregon shows strong correlation between several form variables (shape) and channel slope. Although step height and step length showed no regular spacing and variable correlation with channel slope, length to height ratios demonstrated strong negative correlations: steep slopes (20% to 80%) featured greater step height and shorter pool lengths than did flatter channel slopes. Correlations between step height to length ratios and channel slope varied between three lithologies. Explained variations ranged from 0.984 for the oldest channel steps developed in basalt, to 0.982 for steps of intermediate age developed in andesite, to 0.964 for the youngest steps developed in dacite. Sample size was 57, 40, and 33, respectively. The frequency of pool shape classes did not vary by lithology, but specific shape classes developed under differing slope conditions by rock type. All pool classes have adjusted (developed) their form to maximize resistance to flow H/L/S, and they have done so in remarkably uniform fashion. 相似文献
10.
M.J. Saynor Wayne D. Erskine K.G. Evans I. Eliot 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2004,86(2):191-203
A track across a burnt grass swale was used intensively on the Jabiluka Mineral Lease (located adjacent to Kakadu National Park in the seasonally wet tropics of the Northern Territory, Australia) for a short time period during the 1998 dry season. Repeated vehicle passes over the burnt grass increased soil bulk density and locally disrupted the root and algal mat, lowering the critical shear stress for sediment transport. Overland flow during the next wet season was above average and eroded eleven discontinuous, flow‐aligned scour holes in the wheel ruts where the track crossed grassed sandy swales. Although the site was burnt again during the next dry season, the scour holes did not coalesce during the second wet season, which was wetter than the previous one, because infrequent traffic bypassed the eroded section allowing grass to re‐establish. Scour holes on vehicle tracks in the Kakadu region are an intermediate but reversible stage in the development of gullies in grassed swales. Treatment of scour holes by soil conservation works may prevent gully formation. 相似文献
11.
L. W. Morland 《Geophysical Journal International》1977,51(2):371-385
Summary. The flux between a well and a water-saturated permeable elastic layer caused by an oscillating rigid impermeable overburden is examined for plane and axi-symmetric flows. It is assumed that the overburden height is much greater than the layer thickness. Estimates of the amplitude of the water-level fluctuation in the well are made when the oscillation is caused by a small periodic gravity perturbation describing an Earth tide. It is shown that the maximum possible amplitude is inversely proportional to the layer porosity, and is attained only when the length (radius) of layer influencing the well exceeds a critical length. This critical length is much smaller for axi-symmetric flow than for plane flow. The maximum amplitude can be of order 1 cm or greater for low-porosity layers under an overburden of large depth. 相似文献
12.
Sources of debris flow material in burned areas 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
Paul M. Santi Victor G. deWolfe Jerry D. Higgins Susan H. Cannon Joseph E. Gartner 《Geomorphology》2008,96(3-4):310
The vulnerability of recently burned areas to debris flows has been well established. Likewise, it has been shown that many, if not most, post-fire debris flows are initiated by runoff and erosion and grow in size through erosion and scour by the moving debris flow, as opposed to landslide-initiated flows with little growth. To better understand the development and character of these flows, a study has been completed encompassing 46 debris flows in California, Utah, and Colorado, in nine different recently burned areas. For each debris flow, progressive debris production was measured at intervals along the length of the channel, and from these measurements graphs were developed showing cumulative volume of debris as a function of channel length. All 46 debris flows showed significant bulking by scour and erosion, with average yield rates for each channel ranging from 0.3 to 9.9 m3 of debris produced for every meter of channel length, with an overall average value of 2.5 m3/m. Significant increases in yield rate partway down the channel were identified in 87% of the channels, with an average of a three-fold increase in yield rate. Yield rates for short reaches of channels (up to several hundred meters) ranged as high as 22.3 m3/m. Debris was contributed from side channels into the main channels for 54% of the flows, with an average of 23% of the total debris coming from those side channels. Rill erosion was identified for 30% of the flows, with rills contributing between 0.1 and 10.5% of the total debris, with an average of 3%. Debris was deposited as levees in 87% of the flows, with most of the deposition occurring in the lower part of the basin. A median value of 10% of the total debris flow was deposited as levees for these cases, with a range from near zero to nearly 100%. These results show that channel erosion and scour are the dominant sources of debris in burned areas, with yield rates increasing significantly partway down the channel. Side channels are much more important sources of debris than rills. Levees are very common, but the size and effect on the amount of debris that reaches a canyon mouth is highly variable. 相似文献
13.
A flood event occurred on 30 September 1997, in three catchments, Torrealvilla, Salada and Nogalte, in SE Spain which were being monitored for morphological change. Peak discharges were high in the Torrealvilla catchment, moderate in the Salada and low in the Nogalte. Detailed topographic surveys were made before and after the flood and from these DEMs of difference were constructed. The two sites with highest flow both underwent significant incision of the channel. At other sites, both scour and aggradation of the channel took place, with scour holes of up to 1 m depth eroded. Elsewhere, within the channels major erosion took place downstream of tracks and structures such as check dams that impeded sediment movement. The pattern and amounts of change show little relationship to independent factors, other than a scale effect of peak discharge. Behaviour of channels is closely related to local sediment supply. Sediment flux calculated from changes in volumes at the site is comparable with the other figures produced for ephemeral channels and much higher than for perennially flowing streams. 相似文献
14.
Field research on step–pool channels has largely focused on the dimensions and sequence of steps and pools and how these features vary with slope, grain sizes and other governing variables. Measurements by different investigators are frequently compared, yet no means to identify steps and pools objectively have been used. Automated surveying instruments record the morphology of streams in unprecedented detail making it possible to objectively identify steps and pools, provided an appropriate classification procedure can be developed.To achieve objective identification of steps and pools from long profile survey data, we applied a series of scale-free geometric rules that include minimum step length (2.25% of bankfull width (Wb)), minimum pool length (10% of Wb), minimum residual depth (0.23% of Wb), minimum drop height (3.3% of Wb), and minimum step slope (10° greater than the mean slope). The rules perform as well as the mean response of 11 step–pool researchers who were asked to classify four long profiles, and the results correspond well with the channel morphologies identified during the field surveys from which the long profiles were generated. The method outperforms four other techniques that have been proposed. Sensitivity analysis shows that the method is most sensitive to the choice of minimum pool length and minimum drop height.Detailed bed scans of a step–pool channel created in a flume reveal that a single long profile with a fixed sampling interval poorly characterizes the steps and pools; five or more long profiles spread across the channel are required if a fixed sampling interval is used and the data suggest that survey points should be located more frequently than the diameter of the step-forming material. A single long profile collected by a surveyor who chooses breaks in slope and representative survey points was found to adequately characterize the mean bed profile. 相似文献
15.
坡度在坡面侵蚀中的作用* 总被引：39，自引：2，他引：39
本文分析了坡度在坡面侵蚀中的作用,包括不同坡度下被蚀体的特征差异,坡度对坡面溅蚀、坡面入渗、坡面径流及坡面侵蚀的影响,最后从理论上阐明了坡面侵蚀中的临界坡度。 相似文献
16.
Yuanfu Zhang Chenlin Hu Min Wang Mingfu Ma Xingmou Wang Zaixing Jiang 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2018,59(2):279-296
Lake beach bar sandstone has been regarded as an important oil and gas reservoir in China. However, types and depositional mechanisms of the sandstone have not yet been fully studied. In this study, we analyzed modern beach bars in Qinghai Lake, the largest modern lake in China. The key factors controlling beach bar development in the lake were found to be wave length and height, lakeshore terrain, and material supply. Sedimentary models were established based on modern coastal dynamic theory. Beach bars were divided into breaking and surf bars. Breaking bars develop near the breaking zone where water depth is a function of wave height and length. Maximum breaking bar thickness is calculated from the difference between breaking point depth and breaking wave height. Surf bars develop in the surf zone where surf water depth equals breaking wave height. Maximum surf bar thickness is given by the breaking wave height. Wind waves play an important role in the location and construction of Qinghai Lake beach bars. 相似文献
17.
Sediment concentration changes in runoff pathways from a forest road network and the resultant spatial pattern of catchment connectivity 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Hydrological connectivity is a term often used to describe the internal linkages between runoff and sediment generation in upper parts of catchments and the receiving waters. In this paper, we identify two types of connectivity: direct connectivity via new channels or gullies, and diffuse connectivity as surface runoff reaches the stream network via overland flow pathways. Using a forest road network as an example of a landscape element with a high runoff source strength, we demonstrate the spatial distribution of these two types of linkages in a 57 km2 catchment in southeastern Australia. Field surveys and empirical modelling indicate that direct connectivity occurs primarily due to gully development at road culverts, where the average sediment transport distance is 89 m below the road outlet. The majority of road outlets were characterised by dispersive flow pathways where the maximum potential sediment transport distance is measured as the available hillslope length below the road outlet. This length has a mean value of 120 m for this catchment. Reductions in sediment concentration in runoff plumes from both pathways are modelled using an exponential decay function and data derived from large rainfall simulator experiments in the catchment. The concept of the volume to breakthrough is used to model the potential delivery of runoff from dispersive pathways. Of the surveyed road drains (n=218), only 11 are predicted to deliver runoff to a stream and the greatest contributor of runoff occurs at a stream crossing where a road segment discharges directly into the stream. The methodology described here can be used to assess the spatial distribution and likely impact of dispersive and gullied pathways on in-stream water quality. 相似文献
18.
BY C. CONESA-GARCÍA R. GARCÍA-LORENZO 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2009,91(3):159-177
For several decades, the check dam building has been one of the most commonly used structural measures in the Forestry Hydrological Restoration Programs and Plans in the torrential basins of south east Spain. Two examples are the catchments studied here, drained by the Cárcavo and Torrecilla torrential streams belonging to the Segura Basin. Obtaining a more stable bed and a less powerful flow requires transitory hydro-morphological stages such as check dam filling upstream or local erosion downstream. The main aims of this paper are to estimate local scouring induced by check dams downstream, and to find evolution stages of scouring depth, the response time of the local erosion point and the local maximum depth to reach a stable bed situation. To do this, the results obtained by different methods were compared with measured scour depths for various hydraulic radii. From this comparison, performed in non-uniform sediment size beds and in clear-water conditions, the Fahlbusch's formula gives a better fit, while the Jaeger's and Bormann and Julien's methods tend to underestimate the results. These may be used to calculate local instantaneous scouring in flows less than bankfull, but give a worse estimate for maximum equilibrium scouring. Under active bed conditions, the temporal response of the cross-sections experiencing local scour processes below these structures reflects the variations in hydraulic regime during flooding. In general, a rapid evolution phase is followed by a slow stage, which in the most torrential sectors has still not reached the equilibrium threshold. 相似文献
19.
Steven N. Ward 《Geophysical Journal International》1985,81(2):409-428
Summary. This paper explores the middle ground between complex thermally-coupled viscous flow models and simple corner flow models of island arc environments. The calculation retains the density-driven nature of convection and relaxes the geometrical constraints of corner flow, yet still provides semianalytical solutions for velocity and stress. A novel aspect of the procedure is its allowance for a coupled elastic lithosphere on top of a Newtonian viscous mantle. Initially, simple box-like density drivers illustrate how vertical and horizontal forces are transmitted through the mantle and how the lithosphere responds by trench formation. The flexural strength of the lithosphere spatially broadens the surface topography and gravity anomalies relative to the functional form of the vertical flow stresses applied to the plate base. I find that drivers in the form of inclined subducting slabs cannot induce self-driven parallel flow; however, the necessary flow can be provided by supplying a basal drag of 1–5 MPa to the mantle from the oceanic lithosphere. These basal drag forces create regional lithospheric stress and they should be quantifiable through seismic observations of the neutral surface. The existence of a shallow elevated phase transition is suggested in two slab models of 300 km length where a maximum excess density of 0.2 g cm−3 was needed to generate an acceptable mantle flow. A North New Hebrides subduction model which satisfies flow requirements and reproduces general features of topography and gravity contains a high shear stress zone (75 MPa) around the upper slab surface to a depth of 150 km and a deviatoric tensional stress in the back arc to a depth of 70 km. The lithospheric stress state of this model suggests that slab detachment is possible through whole plate fracture. 相似文献
20.
基于CALIPSO星载激光雷达的中国沙尘气溶胶观测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于2006年6月至2012年5月无云条件下CALIPSO星载激光雷达观测资料,分析中国典型地区（塔克拉玛干沙漠、柴达木盆地、戈壁区和华北）沙尘气溶胶分布。结果表明：塔克拉玛干沙漠和戈壁区为沙尘天气发生频率高值区,且前者在各高度层的沙尘发生频率都大于后者。沙尘发生呈季节性分布。塔克拉玛干沙漠在春季沙尘发生频率最大,抬升最高可至10 km,冬季频率最小,高度最低,主要分布在3 km以下。戈壁区在春季沙尘发生频率、抬升高度最大,冬季抬升高度最低,但低层发生频率大于夏、秋两季。在塔克拉玛干沙漠,沙尘光学厚度春季最大约为0.44,冬季最小约为0.17,春,冬季消光系数峰值最大,可达0.25 km-1,且随高度的递减率大于夏,秋季。在戈壁区和柴达木盆地,沙尘光学厚度春季最大、秋季最小。在华北,沙尘光学厚度春季最大、夏季最小,消光系数在2 km以上春季最大,这主要是由于春季远距离高空传输到华北的沙尘量最多。塔克拉玛干沙漠与柴达木盆地的退偏比为0.2~0.35,戈壁区为0.16~0.28,可能是由于塔克拉玛干沙漠的物质组成与柴达木盆地相同,而与戈壁区不同。华北因低层沙尘与其他气溶胶混合导致退偏振比廓线随高度递增。4个区域对流层上部退偏比全为0.2,表明高空气溶胶可能为来自相同源区的沙尘。 相似文献