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1.
A geologic anomaly is a geologic feature or structure that departs markedly from its surrounding environment with respect
to composition, texture, or genesis. The analysis of geologic anomalies related to mineralization is based upon specific geologic
factors and a combination of features, such as structural, temporal, and spatial, and draws upon special effects that are
due to ore-forming processes. An analysis of the geologic anomalies in the, middle-lower Yangtze area in southeastern China
has led to an interpretation of the relation between anomaly subtypes and the occurrence and spatial distribution of ore deposits.
Consequently, the following conclusions have been reached: the type of anomaly reflects the controlling factors that led to
the formation of iron, copper, and gold deposits in the area; sedimentary geologic anomalies are most closely associated with
stratiform deposits; structral complexity anomalies are most closely associated with Cu−Fe−Au deposits; magmatic anomalies
reflect geologic processes in which Fe and Cu elements were separated from magma and enriched into ores; and the geologic
combination entropy anomaly is proposed as a comprehensive variable that is related to favorable ore-forming environments
and that can serve as a quantitative index that can be used in mineral exploration. 相似文献
2.
The weights-of-evidence method provides a simple approach to the integration of diverse geologic information. The application addressed is to construct a model that predicts the locations of epithermal-gold mineral deposits in the Great Basin of the western United States. Weights of evidence is a data-driven method requiring known deposits and occurrences that are used as training sites in the evaluated area. Four hundred and fifteen known hot spring gold–silver, Comstock vein, hot spring mercury, epithermal manganese, and volcanogenic uranium deposits and occurrences in Nevada were used to define an area of 327.4 km 2 as training sites to develop the model. The model consists of nine weighted-map patterns that are combined to produce a favorability map predicting the distribution of epithermal-gold deposits. Using a measure of the association of training sites with predictor features (or patterns), the patterns can be ranked from best to worst predictors. Based on proximity analysis, the strongest predictor is the area within 8 km of volcanic rocks younger than 43 Ma. Being close to volcanic rocks is not highly weighted, but being far from volcanic rocks causes a strong negative weight. These weights suggest that proximity to volcanic rocks define where deposits do not occur. The second best pattern is the area within 1 km of hydrothermally altered areas. The next best pattern is the area within 1 km of known placer-gold sites. The proximity analysis for gold placers weights this pattern as useful when close to known placer sites, but unimportant where placers do not exist. The remaining patterns are significantly weaker predictors. In order of decreasing correlation, they are: proximity to volcanic vents, proximity to east-west to northwest faults, elevated airborne radiometric uranium, proximity to northwest to west and north-northwest linear features, elevated aeromagnetics, and anomalous geochemistry. This ordering of the patterns is a function of the quality, applicability, and use of the data. The nine-pattern favorability map can be evaluated by comparison with the USGS National Assessment for hot spring gold–silver deposits. The Spearman's ranked correlation coefficient between the favorability and the National Assessment permissive tracts is 0.5. Tabulations of the areas of agreement and disagreement between the two maps show 74% agreement for the Great Basin. The posterior probabilities for 51 significant deposits in the Great Basin, both used and not used in the model, show the following: 26 classified as favorable; 25 classified as permissive; and 1, Florida Canyon, classified as nonpermissive.The Florida Canyon deposit has a low favorability because there are no volcanic rocks near the deposit on the Nevada geologic map used. The largest areas of disagreement are caused by the USGS National Assessment team concluding that volcanic rocks older than 27 Ma in Nevada are not permissive, which was not assumed in this model. The weights-of-evidence model is evaluated as reasonable and delineates permissive areas for epithermal deposits comparable to expert's delineation. The weights-of-evidence model has the additional characteristics that it is well defined, reproducible, objective, and provides a quantitative measure of confidence. 相似文献
3.
A recently published study has shown that small-scale geologic map data can reproduce mineral assessments made with considerably
larger scale data. This result contradicts conventional wisdom about the importance of scale in mineral exploration, at least
for regional studies. In order to formally investigate aspects of scale, a weights-of-evidence analysis using known gold occurrences
and deposits in the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt of Finland as training sites provided a test of the predictive power of
the aeromagnetic data. These orogenic-mesothermal-type gold occurrences and deposits have strong lithologic and structural
controls associated with long (up to several kilometers), narrow (up to hundreds of meters) hydrothermal alteration zones
with associated magnetic lows. The aeromagnetic data were processed using conventional geophysical methods of successive upward
continuation simulating terrane clearance or ‘flight height’ from the original 30 m to an artificial 2000 m. The analyses
show, as expected, that the predictive power of aeromagnetic data, as measured by the weights-of-evidence contrast, decreases
with increasing flight height. Interestingly, the Moran autocorrelation of aeromagnetic data representing differing flight
height, that is spatial scales, decreases with decreasing resolution of source data. The Moran autocorrelation coefficient
scems to be another measure of the quality of the aeromagnetic data for predicting exploration targets. 相似文献
5.
在分析阿尔泰山地质演化历史的基础上．讨论了相关地质体为该区砂金矿提供物源的可能性。指出从石炭纪到二叠纪。广泛发育的原生金矿床构成了该造山带金的专属成矿域。所以原生金矿是砂金最主要的物源。新生代,阿尔泰山在喜马拉雅运动影响下,发生差异性升降和遭受非均一性剥蚀．导致砂金矿在空间分布上和原生金矿成反消长关系。在砂金成矿过程中,氧化还原反应起着积极作用。 相似文献
6.
The Bendigo and Stawell zones in Victoria and the Mossman Orogen in north Queensland host numerous orogenic gold deposits and are likely to contain significant undiscovered gold resources. This paper discusses applications of Zipf’s law to estimate the scale of residual gold endowment in each of the regions. Testing various plausible scenarios on whether or not the largest deposit in each region has been discovered and its endowment adequately evaluated provided some measure of uncertainty of assessment results. The Bendigo and Stawell zones are estimated to host 12 undiscovered ore fields with >31 t (1 Moz) of contained gold and another 35 undiscovered ore fields with >10 t (0.32 Moz) of gold, containing in total 1600 t (51 Moz) of gold. The total residual orogenic gold endowment of the Mossman Orogen is estimated to be between 3 and 30 t of gold, contained in extensions of known deposits and up to six significant undiscovered gold ore fields each containing >1 t of gold. These estimates are comparable to results of recent three-part quantitative mineral resource assessments for those areas. 相似文献
7.
In this study, deposit- and district-scale three-dimensional (3D) fault-and-intrusion structure models were constructed, based on which a numerical simulation was implemented in the Jiaojia gold district, China. The numerical simulation of the models shows the basic metallogenic path and trap of the gold deposits using mineral system theory. The objective of this study was to delineate the uncertainty of the geometry or buffer zones of the ore-forming and ore-controlling fault-and-intrusion domains in 3D environment representing the exploration criteria extraction and the gold potential targeting in the study area. The fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in three dimensions was used as the platform to define the stress deformation fracture ore storage and the hydrothermal seepage channel zone based on the gold deposit features and metallogenic model in the study area. The validity of the numerical simulation was verified by comparing it with robust 3D geological models of the large Xincheng gold deposit. The potential targeting zones are analyzed for uncertainty and then evaluated by Boolean operation in a 3D geological model using the computer-aided design platform. The research results are summarized as follows. (1) In the pre-mineralization period, the Jiaodong fault’s left lateral movement created the Jiaojia network faults and formed a fracture zone with NW- to NNW-trending dips of 20° to 40°. (2) During the mineralization period, hydrothermal flow was associated with the intrusion geometry and features. However, it was constrained by the Jiaojia fault, which blocked the vadose flow into the upper wall rock and made the hydrothermal route close to the fault in the footwall fracture zones. (3) Three gold potential targets were identified by the numerical simulation results in the study area: the NW-trending Sizhuang gold deposit, the NW-trending zone of Jiaojia gold deposit, and the NE-trending zone of the Xincheng gold deposit. (4) The numerical simulation results show the fault-and-intrusion metallogenic domain and the hydrothermal alteration zones, which reflect the main ore-controlling and ore-forming factors of mineralization. The information obtained through the numerical simulation discussed here can be used to define exploration criteria in the study area. 相似文献
8.
The Pb–Zn sulfide concentrations hosted by dolomitized Cambrian carbonates in Southeast Missouri are world-class Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) deposits. These deposits commonly are in sites where local Precambrian basement highs resulted in depositional pinchouts of the basal Cambrian sandstones that served as a regional aquifer for basinal fluid migration driven by late Paleozoic Ouachita deformation. Mineralization also appears to be spatially related to regional faults that probably served as local fluid conduits. Understanding spatial associations between sites of known mineralization and regional geology, geochemistry, and geophysics in Southeast Missouri will be a useful guide in future exploration efforts in this region and for similar geologic settings globally. The weights-of-evidence method is used to evaluate regional geology, geochemistry, and geophysical datasets and produce favorability maps for MVT deposits in Southeast Missouri. Host rock characteristics, regional structural controls, stream sediment geochemistry, and proximity to basement highs appear to be the most useful data for predicting the location of the major deposits. This work illustrates the potential utility of mineral potential modeling to prioritize areas for exploration and identify permissive areas for undiscovered MVT mineralization. 相似文献
9.
Favorability methods produce a unique measure for mineral potential mapping and quantitative estimation of mineral resources. Indicator favorability theory is developed in this study to account for spatial (auto and cross) correlations of regionalized geological, geochemical, and geophysical fields based on the indicator concept. Target and explanatory indicators are introduced to describe, respectively, direct and indirect evidence of the mineralization of interest. Mineralization is represented by a combination () of a set of target indicators. Indicator favorability theory estimates a regionalized favorability function in two stages: (1) estimate a linear combination of target indicators by maximizing var() and (2) estimate favorability function F by minimizing estimation variance var[ F–]. The model is established on the basis of a conceptual model of target. The favorability estimates can be justified by correlation analysis and cross validation in control areas. The indicator favorability theory is demonstrated on a case study for gold-silver mineral potential mapping based on geophysical, structural, and geochemical fields. 相似文献
10.
通过遥感图像处理与目视解译,对扎布耶盐湖典型矿床从控矿构造、矿物质来源、湖盆封闭性和沉降性、地形地貌、水热活动、遥感色异常及退宿湖痕迹等因素进行了总结,初步建立主要盐类矿产资源的遥感找矿模式。经过综合分析,对比扎布耶盐湖典型矿床的成矿地质条件,以近矿找矿标志及遥感成矿信息为依据圈定了24个成矿条件优越、遥感找矿标志明显的区域为钾盐矿最小预测区。该研究可为矿产潜力评价及以后的工作奠定基础。 相似文献
11.
The Okhotsk–Chuckchee volcanic belt (OCVB) represents a world class gold–silver province, being a well-studied part of the Circum-Pacific Rim. Extensive research, preceding the system compilation, included collection of various data on major gold–silver, silver–lead–zinc, and tin–silver ore fields (with some data on minor gold–quartz, gold–sulfide, and gold–rare-metal sites). The database consists of 129 ore fields of the OCVB and comprises 433 geological, mineralogical, geochemical, and geophysical indicators. Using the original pattern recognition programs (accounting the frequencies and correlation of the indicators), the most informative indicators were selected, their weights (both positive and negative) were identified, and an expert system (solution tree) was compiled. The computer system is intended to be an assistance to an expert in the ore field potential evaluation. The system includes several blocks of questions with a goal of classifying the geochemical type and size of the analyzed ore field. The questions have an indirect character, so they could be answered by an expert at early stages of exploration (before drilling). The level of recognition of sizes of the ore sites in the control populations is 95% or higher. The aim of the expert system is to reestimate a large number of known ore sites in a relatively brief period of time with the aid of the personal computer. The revealed patterns could be used in other less studied parts of the Circum-Pacific belt. 相似文献
12.
The Pareto-lognormal frequency distribution, which can result from multifractal cascade modeling, previously was shown to be useful to describe the worldwide size-frequency distributions of metals including copper, zinc, gold and silver in ore deposits. In this paper, it is shown that the model also can be used for the size-frequency distributions of these metals in Canada which covers 6.6% of the continental crust. Like their worldwide equivalents, these Canadian deposits show two significant departures from the Pareto-lognormal model: (1) there are too many small deposits, and (2) there are too few deposits in the transition zone between the central lognormal and the upper tail Pareto describing the size-frequency distribution of the largest deposits. Probable causes of these departures are: (1) historically, relatively many small ore deposits were mined before bulk mining methods became available in the twentieth century, and (2) economically, giant and supergiant deposits are preferred for mining and these have strongest geophysical and geochemical anomalies. It is shown that there probably exist many large deposits that have not been discovered or mined. Although overall the samples of the size-frequency distributions are very large, frequencies uncertainties associated with the largest deposits are relatively small and it remains difficult to estimate more precisely how many undiscovered mineral deposits there are in the upper tails of the size-frequency distributions of the metals considered. 相似文献
13.
Relationships between tectonic framework and gravity-driven phenomena have been investigated in an area of the Central Apennines (Italy) characterised by high relief. The north–south, half-dome shaped Maiella anticline lies in the easternmost part of the Apennine fold-and-thrust belt. Its backlimb is bordered by the Caramanico Fault, a normal fault with a maximum downthrown of about 3.5 km that separates the western slope of the Maiella Massif from the Caramanico Valley. The southwestern Maiella area is affected by deep-seated gravitational slope deformation indicated by major double crest lines, down-hill and up-hill facing scarps, a pattern of crossing trenches, bulging at the base of slopes and the presence of different types of landslide and talus slope deposits.The onset and development of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations and the location of Quaternary, massive rockslope failures have been strongly influenced by the structural framework and tectonic pattern of the anticline. Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation at Mt. Macellaro–Mt. Amaro ridge has developed along the Maiella western, reverse slope in correspondence with the anticline axial culmination; it is bordered at the rear by a NNW–SSE oriented, dextral, strike-slip fault zone and has an E–W direction of rock mass deformation. Closer to the southern plunging area of the anticline, gravity-driven phenomena show instead a N–S and NW–SE direction, influenced by bedding attitude.3D topographic models illustrate the relationship between deep-seated gravitational slope deformation and massive rockslope failures. The Campo di Giove rock avalanche, a huge Quaternary failure event, was the result of an instantaneous collapse on a mountaine slope affected by a long-term gravity-driven deformation. 相似文献
14.
Logistic regression has been used in the study to integrate indicator patterns for estimation of the probability of occurrence of gold deposits in a part of the auriferous Archaean Hutti–Maski schist belt. Data used consist of categorical and continuous variables obtained from a coded lineament map and geochemical anomaly maps of the pathfinder elements of gold in soil and groundwater. Main effects and interactions of the variables studied were used in formulating the logistic regression model. Regression models using lineament-proximity data, combined with soil and groundwater geochemical anomalies were tested on parts of the schist belt with data not used in estimation of model parameters. Predicted probabilities greater than 0.9 identified known deposit locations in the area. 相似文献
15.
The potential for mining hydrothermal mineral deposits on the seafloor, such as seafloor massive sulfides, has become technically possible, and some companies (currently not many) are considering their exploration and development. Yet, no present methodology has been designed to quantify the ore potential and assess the risks relative to prospectivity at prospect and regional scales. Multi-scale exploration techniques, similar to those of the play analysis that are used in the oil and gas industry, can help to fulfill this task by identifying the characteristics of geologic environments indicative of ore-forming processes. Such characteristics can represent a combination of, e.g., heat source, pathway, trap and reservoir that all dictate how and where ore components are mobilized from source to deposition. In this study, the understanding of these key elements is developed as a mineral system, which serves as a guide for mapping the risk of the presence or absence of ore-forming processes within the region of interest (the permissive tract). The risk analysis is carried out using geoscience data, and it is paired with quantitative resource estimation analysis to estimate the in-place mineral potential. Resource estimates are simulated stochastically with the help of available data (bathymetric features in this study), conventional grade–tonnage models and Monte Carlo simulation techniques. In this paper, the workflow for a multi-scale quantitative risk analysis, from the definition to the evaluation of a permissive tract and related prospect(s), is described with the help of multi-beam data of a known hydrothermal vent site. 相似文献
16.
编制南北过渡带地区1∶25万和典型山地1∶5万植被类型图是南北过渡带综合科学考察的主要任务之一。以往植被类型图的编制都是采用大量的地面调查来完成的,地面调查方法虽然精确,但费时费力,并且由于自然条件的限制,地面调查往往只能覆盖较小的范围。遥感数据因为其全覆盖的优势,可以很好地弥补样方调查的局限性,但目前大范围的植被类型遥感信息提取尤其是自动提取方面仍然存在一定的困难和瓶颈。本文以1∶5万太白山植被类型图的编制为例,利用多源多时相的高分辨率遥感数据,结合地面调查数据、以往的各种比例尺的植被类型图数据和森林资源调查数据等,探讨并研究基于山地垂直带谱的中大比例尺植被类型图的遥感提取方法和制图方法。研究结果表明：① 山地植被垂直带谱可以有效地支持1∶5万山区植被类型图的遥感制图。利用太白山植被垂直带谱和1∶1万数字表面模型数据（DSM）可以生成具有垂直带谱信息的地形约束因子;将地形约束因子与多源多时相高分辨率遥感数据、地面调查数据、以往的小比例尺植被类型图数据等相结合,可以有效提取各级植被类型,从而实现中大比例尺植被类型图的编制。② 典型山地1∶5万植被类型图的遥感制图基本流程为植被型组解译→植被群系组、群系、亚群系解译→植被型、植被亚型分类,采取自上而下和自下而上相结合的分类方法来分类。本文的研究成果可以为中大比例尺植被类型图的编制提供示范和科学依据。 相似文献
17.
Abandoned channel belts, ponds and point bar deposits of palaeochannels in the interfluve regions of the central Ganga Plain suggest changes in the morphohydrologic conditions during the Latest Pleistocene–Holocene. Stratigraphy of these ponds comprises channel sand at the base overlain by shell-bearing clayey silt. The contact of the two facies marks the phase when channels converted into standing water bodies. Point bar deposits of some palaeochannels are overlain by oxidised aeolian sand, indicating that the channel abandonment possibly occurred due to the desiccation and aridity in the region.Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) chronometry of the pond sediments suggests that the deposition of the basal channel sand started before 13 ka and continued up to 8 ka. The ponds formed around 8–6 ka when the channel activity ceased. Evidence from the point bar deposits also indicates that the fluvial activity in the region ended sometime during 7–5 ka. This was followed by aeolian aggradation. The present study thus suggests that the hydrologic conditions in the Gangetic plains, i.e. initiation of channels and their abandonment, formation of microgeomorphologic features such as ponds and their eventual siltation, were controlled largely by climatic changes (i.e. monsoon changes) supported by tectonic activity. For the past 2 ka, increasing human and related agricultural activity has substantially accentuated the natural siltation rate of ponds. 相似文献
18.
The Guilaizhuang gold deposit, with an average grade of 8.10 g/t Au and reserves of over 30 mt, is a subvolcanic epithermal
deposit. The deposit is hosted in Paleozoic carbonate rocks in the western Shandong metallogenic terrane of the littorine
Pacific metallogenic domain, eastern China, and is associated spatially with an early Mesozoic subvolcanic alkalic intrusive
complex (188–190 Ma). The orebody was discovered at the end of the 1980s based on anomalies of Au in stream sediment samples
at a map scale of 1∶200,000. The ore is rich in Au, Ag, Te, V, F, As, Sb, Tl, W, and Mo but poor in Cu, Pb, and Zn. The ore
is similar in its trace elements to Carlin-type Au deposits. The transverse element association zonation of the deposit is
as follows: (on the hanging wall) F⟸ W−Mo−As−Tl⟸Se−Sb−Bi⟸Au−Ag−Te (orebody) ⟹ Se−Sb−Bi (on the foot wall). The axial zonation
is as follows: Au⟹Ag⟹Sb⟹V⟹Zn ⟹W⟹F⟹Mo⟹Tl⟹As. Indexes such as (Au+Sb)
d
/ (As+Tl)
d
and (Au+ Ag)
d
/(As+Tl)
d
decrease with depth but dramatically increase at the level where the orebody pinches out, which indicates another orebody
might exist at depth. Multivariate statistical analysis suggests that the ore (halo)-forming process can be divided into two
stages: alteration and mineralization. The former includes: potash feldsparization, albitization, silicification, and fluoritization.
The latter includes the following substages: arsenopyritization and scheelitization; pyritization, chalcopyritization, and
sphaleritization; and native gold, electrum, and calaveritization. The last substage is considered to be the main ore-forming
stage in the formation of the deposit. 相似文献
19.
This study is concerned with understanding of the formation of ore deposits (precious and base metals) and contributes to the exploration and discovery of new occurrences using artificial neural networks. From the different digital data sets available in BRGM's GIS Andes (a comprehensive metallogenic continental-scale Geographic Information System) 25 attributes are identified as known factors or potential factors controlling the formation of gold deposits in the Andes Cordillera. Various multilayer perceptrons were applied to discriminate possible ore deposits from barren sites. Subsequently, because artificial neural networks can be used to construct a revised model for knowledge extraction, the optimal brain damage algorithm by LeCun was applied to order the 25 attributes by their relevance to the classification. The approach demonstrates how neural networks can be used efficiently in a practical problem of mineral exploration, where general domain knowledge alone is insufficient to satisfactorily model the potential controls on deposit formation using the available information in continent-scale information systems. 相似文献
20.
We propose an information-structure-analysis (ISA) method to quantify the correlations between quantitative and qualitative variables as well as within each type of variable. This method is applied to the evaluation of mineral resources in the western Zheijiang Province of China. The district contains a number of silver-bearing Fe–Cu–Pb–Zn mineral deposits near igneous complexes and FeCuPbZn zones away from the complexes. Silver anomalies occur not only in the known Fe–Cu–Zn–Pb deposits, but also in the country rock, suggesting the possible existence of silver deposits far from the igneous complexes.The tonnage distribution of silver is modeled by Monte Carlo simulation. This simulation is conducted on the basis of the correlations between silver (Ag) and lead (Pb), since no known data on silver is available. The known tonnage distribution of lead in 11 control cells was used to approximate the tonnage distribution of silver in the Monte Carlo simulation. With ISA and Monte Carlo methods, the total amount of potential polymetallic resources in 49 cells in the western Zhejiang Provice is predicted. Significantly, a deposit with about 24 tonnes of silver has been found within our exploration target area. 相似文献
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