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1.
惰质组是煤中一种常见的显微组分。它不仅能用来鉴别成煤前植物的木炭化程度,而且还是泥炭沼泽古环境恢复的有效途径。近年来,欧洲学者利用惰质组成功推算了地史时期三叠纪—侏罗纪之交(T—J)的古火灾温度及类型,并重建了古植被类型及泥炭沼泽古生态环境变化。与其它方法相比,利用煤中惰质组含量及其反射率进行古环境恢复的工作对于植物种类繁多、沉积岩层中夹杂的煤层或煤炭、尤其对于古气候环境波动较大的地质转折时期最为理想。因此,利用惰质组的部分参数对我国含煤沉积盆地的古生态恢复以及成煤环境的研究有积极的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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显微组分物理化学性质是影响煤炭清洁高效利用和煤储层物性的重要因素,已经认识到决定显微组分性质的根本原因在于其大分子结构。为了揭示显微组分大分子结构演化特征及其控制因素,从显微组分大分子化学结构与物理结构、大分子结构演化的构造应力效应、煤变质全阶段大分子结构演化特征等方面,总结了国内外研究进展,分析了存在的不足。指出由于富镜质组煤的广泛分布和重要工业用途使之成为煤结构研究的主要对象,惰质组的研究则相对缺乏,阻碍了对煤特性的全面认识。提出“煤变质作用的热-应力条件决定显微组分结构演化、惰质组与镜质组大分子结构演化具有差异性”的研究思路,采用惰质组/镜质组高温高压模拟和热模拟实验并与自然序列变质-变形煤对比,研究显微组分结构演化特征及其控制因素。定量刻画显微组分大分子结构与温压条件的关系,揭示构造应力对显微组分化学结构和纳米孔隙结构的控制,确定煤变质全过程中惰质组大分子结构的演化路径,建立惰质组大分子动力学模型。上述研究成果将充实对煤微观结构演化及其控制因素的全面认识,为煤炭清洁高效利用和煤储层物性评价提供基础依据。 相似文献
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富惰质组煤成因机制是目前的研究热点,其有机地球化学特征对探究富惰质组煤的古沉积环境和演化过程具有重要意义。本文以陕西省咸阳市胡家河4号煤为研究对象,运用有机化学抽提、族组分分离、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)等方法,分析了富惰质组煤的有机地球化学特征。结果表明,胡家河4号煤的有机质丰度高,饱芳比较低;正构烷烃呈单峰型分布,中-高碳数占优势,具有轻微的奇碳优势;姥植比(4.67)较高,姥鲛烷丰度高;萜烷中藿烷具有明显优势,Ts/(Ts+Tm)值为0～0.133;规则甾烷中C_(29)C_(28)C_(27),呈反"L"型;芳烃中以萘、菲系、氧芴系列为主;1,2,5-三甲基萘含量较高,惹烯具有明显优势,二苯并呋喃含量高于芴;多环芳烃中苝的优势明显。以上特征表明,胡家河4号煤的有机质处于低热成熟阶段,其母质来源以陆生高等植物为主并有少量低等水生生物混入,形成于弱还原偏氧化的干燥陆相淡水泥炭沼泽环境。 相似文献
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通过分析显微图像的光学性质和测定煤的反射率等方法,研究了新疆中生代煤中半镜质组特征。结果表明:新疆中生代煤中含有一定量的半镜质组;均质半镜质体占总体(均质镜质体与均质半镜质体之和)的49%~64%,均质半镜质体的最大反射率(Rmax)比均质镜质体的高0.08%~0.13%;均质半镜质体的Rmax介于均质镜质体和结构镜质体之间,结构半镜质体的Rmax比结构镜质体的高0.28%~0.34%。由此可以得出:在三大组分划分方案中,应将均质半镜质体归入镜质组的均质体中,同时认为,按显微组分三大组分划分方案中,将结构半镜质体归入惰质组的半丝质体中更合理;在测定煤的反射率时,不能将均质半镜质体作为反射率的测定对象。本项研究结果对于指导本地区煤炭的炼焦配煤、煤炭液化和深加工利用等具有重要意义。 相似文献
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应用煤岩学对强还原型腐殖煤系列样品(R_0=0.55％～1.01％)研究表明,它们含有较多的镜质组—类脂组过渡显微组分,这种组分的特征是:比基质镜质体反射率低,但荧光强度和生烃潜能较高。据显微特征可将其分为两种亚型——交织型和膨融型。它是荧光基质镜质体的另一种表现形式和强还原型腐殖煤生油的主要母质之一。 相似文献
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镜质组是腐殖煤中最主要的显微组分,其结构极为复杂。采用单一的实验手段,很难对镜质组结构进行深入研究。采用低温热解、高温热解及TMAH在线甲基化热解3种瞬时热解方法,对镜质组结构中吸附烃、与大分子相连的支链基团中非极性及极性组分分别进行研究。实验结果表明,吸附烃特征决定于镜质组类型及成熟度两种因素。均质镜质体吸附烃以芳烃为主,而基质镜质体吸附烃以正构脂肪烃为主。热解产物中,芳烃所占比例随基质镜质体成熟度的增加而变大;基质镜质体高温热解主要产物为正构脂肪烃,其次为芳烃和酚类,而均质镜质体高温热解主要产物为酚类,其次为芳烃,脂肪烃所占比例较小。TMAH甲基化研究表明,镜质组结构中含有丰富的脂肪酸,而脂肪酸有可能是煤成油的主要母质来源之一。镜质组不同条件下的热解产物特征说明,不同镜质组具有明显的结构差异,并对其生烃特征具有重要影响。 相似文献
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摘要：用热解色谱（Ｒｏｃｋ－Ｅｖａｌ）对２个褐煤样、３个气煤样的２８个分离组分进行了研究,揭示了不同密度镜质组组分之间生烃潜力具有较大的差异性;镜质组不仅可以作为重要的生气母质,而且还可以作为重要的生油母质。 相似文献
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通过对主煤层煤岩组分对比发现,沙尔湖煤田煤显微煤岩组分以惰质组分为主,组分因埋深不同有差异.利用镜质组与惰质组组份含量比例关系,推测煤层在沼泽积水较深还原环境中形成.煤中惰质组分含量较高,说明成煤期地壳缓慢上升,沼泽积水变浅的氧化环境.煤田自西向东主煤层形成时期沼泽积水深浅(地壳升降)变化韵律一致,早期深水中心偏向东部(葛洲坝煤矿方向),晚期深水中心偏向西部(格鑫煤矿方向),东部持续缓慢抬升使成煤阶段处于氧化环境,惰质组含量逐渐增高,并明显高于西部.同时,煤中无机质含量较高,反映当时为水动力条件较弱的成煤环境.据巨厚煤层产出、聚煤中心赋存(直接在二叠系老地层上)和煤层稳定性及变化趋势多方煤层特征,认为沙尔湖煤田巨厚煤层的形成具异地成煤特点. 相似文献
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《Gondwana Research》2015,28(4):1446-1473
The Toploje Member chert is a Roadian to Wordian autochthonous–parautochthonous silicified peat preserved within the Lambert Graben, East Antarctica. It preserves a remarkable sample of terrestrial life from high-latitude central Gondwana prior to the Capitanian mass extinction event from both mega- and microfossil evidence that includes cryptic components rarely seen in other fossil assemblages. The peat layer is dominated by glossopterid and cordaitalean gymnosperms and contains moderately common herbaceous lycophytes, together with a broad array of dispersed organs of ferns and other gymnosperms. Rare arthropod–plant and fungal–plant interactions are preserved in detail, together with a plethora of fungal morphotypes, Peronosporomycetes, arthropod remains and a diverse coprolite assemblage. Comparisons to other Palaeozoic ecosystems show that the macroflora is of low diversity. The fungal and invertebrate–plant associations demonstrate that a multitude of ecological interactions were well developed by the Middle Permian in high-latitude forest mires that contributed to the dominant coal deposits of the Southern Hemisphere. Quantitative analysis of the constituents of the silicified peat and of macerals within adjacent coal seams reveals that whilst silicified peats provide an unparalleled sample of the organisms forming Permian coals, they do not necessarily reflect the volumetric proportions of constituents within the derived coal. The Toploje Member chert Lagerstätte provides a snapshot of a rapidly entombed mire climax ecosystem in the closing stages of the Palaeozoic, but prior to the onset of the protracted crisis that engulfed and overthrew these ecosystems at the close of the Permian. 相似文献
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Paul C. Lyons Robert B. Finkelman Carolyn L. Thompson Floyd W. Brown Patrick G. Hatcher 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1982,1(4):313-346
Resin rodlets, sclerenchyma strands and woody splinters, which are collectively called rodlets, were studied by chemical, optical petrographic, and scanning-electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. A study was made of such rodlets from the bituminous coal beds of the central Appalachian basin (Pennsylvanian; Upper Carboniferous) of the United States. Comparisons were made with rodlets from coal beds of the Illinois basin, the Southern Anthracite Field of Pennsylvania, the St. Rose coal field of Nova Scotia, and European and other coal fields. In order to determine their physical and chemical properties, a detailed study was made of the rodlets from the Pomeroy coal bed (high volatile A bituminous coal; Monongahela Formation; Upper Pennsylvanian) of Kanawha County, West Virginia. The origin of the rodlets was determined by a comparative analysis of a medullosan (seed fern) stem from the Herrin (No. 6) coal bed (high volatile C bituminous coal; Carbondale Formation) from Washington County, Illinois. Rodlets are commonly concentrated in fusain or carbominerite layers or lenses in bituminous coal beds of the central Appalachian basin. Most of the rodlets examined in our study were probably derived from medullosan seed ferns. The three types of rodlets are distinguished on the basis of cellularity, morphology and fracture.The resin rodlets studied by us are noncellular and appear to be similar in properties and origin to those found in coal beds of the Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian of the Illinois basin. The resin rodlets extracted from the Pomeroy coal bed exhibit high relief and high reflectance when polished and viewed in reflected light; they are opaque in transmitted light. In cross section, the resin rodlets are oval to round and have diameters ranging from 60 to 450 μm. Many are solid, but some have vesicles, canals or cavities, which are commonly filled with clay, probably kaolinite. Typically, they have distinct fracture patterns (“kerfs”) in longitudinal and cross sections and many are characterized by dense (probably oxidized) rims. The orientation and amounts of void space and mineralization of resin rodlets in coal have resulted in much confusion in their recognition and classification. The resin rodlets are petrographically recognized as sclerotinites of the inertinite maceral group. We here propose that resin rodlets be assigned to the maceral variety of sclerotinites termed “resino-sclerotinite” because of their presumable resinous origin. Other investigators have confused some fusinitized resin rodlets with fungal masses, which have different morphological properties and which probably have different chemical properties. We here propose that such fungal masses be assigned to the maceral variety of sclerotinites termed “fungo-sclerotinite.”The sclerenchyma strands examined in our study are cellular, thick-walled, and crescent-shaped in cross section. They exhibit high reflectance and high relief and belong to semifusinite and fusinite of the inertinite maceral group. Sclerenchyma strands are commonly associated with resin canals in Medullosa and related seed-fern genera, which are common in coal balls of the Illinois basin. We here propose adoption of the maceral varietal terms “sclerenchymo-fusinite” and “sclerenchymo-semifusinite” for these bodies.The woody splinters in the Pomeroy coal bed are cellular and thin-walled and have scattered pits as much as a few microns in diameter. They are dark brown to black in transmitted light and commonly have a lower reflectance than the resino-sclerotinite and sclerenchymo-fusinite of the Pomeroy coal. The woody splinters belong to semifusinite and fusinite of the inertinite maceral group. The maceral varietal terms “xylemo-semifusinite” and “xylemo-fusinite” are here proposed for these bodies.Elemental chemical data for the resin rodlets of the Pomeroy coal bed of the central Appalachian basin indicate that resin rodlets have significantly lower atomic H/C and O/C ratios than do sclerenchyma strands and woody splinters. The lower atomic H/C and O/C ratios of the resin rodlets correlate with the highest reflectance. In the coal ball medullosan seed-fern stem from the Herrin (No. 6) coal bed of the Illinois basin, the reflectances of the resin rodlets, woody splinters and sclerenchyma strands are similar and comparable to those of associated vitrinite in the coal ball stem and in the attached coal. However, resin rodlets and sclerenchyma strands in the attached coal have significantly higher reflectances, similar to those of the Pomeroy coal. 相似文献
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煤的视相对密度是煤炭资源储量估算的一个重要参数。影响煤的视相对密度因素很多,其中煤样粒度对煤的视相对密度结果影响大。根据块煤和小颗粒煤测定煤的视相对密度结果分析,认为小颗粒煤测定煤的视相对密度结果重复性好,而块煤重复性较差,块煤测定视相对密度结果值普遍小于小颗粒煤,建议采用小颗粒煤行标法;对于某些煤样过于破碎或易泥化,取不到具有代表意义的3~6mm粒级的煤样,或出现真密度小于视密度的现象时,可利用真相对密度值或实测视密度样之灰分值进行换算处理,提供一个合适的视密度值来进行煤炭储量的估算,使煤炭储量估算值更接近于真值。 相似文献
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通过对河北省煤炭资源有效供给能力研究分析认为：河北省煤炭开发强度大，衰老矿井逐年增多使煤炭产能递减，探采比例严重失调导致新建井基地严重不足，煤炭资源供给形势严峻。根据河北省近年来的煤田地质研究和勘探成果，开发新的煤炭基地，老矿区外围及深部煤田勘探，北部地区普查找煤，白垩纪褐煤勘探及开发研究应该是今后煤炭地质勘查工作的重点。因此，煤炭资源勘探工作任务艰巨，有关部门应从能源安全保障的战略高度，来审视煤炭地质勘探工作。 相似文献
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构造煤甲烷吸附表面能研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
煤的表面能是致使煤具有吸附性差异的根本原因。通过分析动力变质作用对构造煤结构和组分的影响,借助甲烷等温吸附实验,计算了不同温度下随着压力增大,原生结构煤和构造煤吸附甲烷的煤表面能的变化情况,并从构造煤动力变质角度分析了其表面能变化的原因。结果表明:动力变质作用对构造煤结构和组分改造作用明显,构造煤比共生的原生结构煤微孔隙更发育,吸附能力更强;计算结果也表明,随着温度的升高和压力的增大,构造煤吸附甲烷的表面能降低值均大于共生的原生结构煤,构造煤吸附甲烷的能力更强。 相似文献
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Yunxing Cao Gareth D. Mitchell Alan Davis Daming Wang 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2000,43(1-4)
Tectonic displacement of coal seams in China has resulted in faulting parallel to coal bedding. Displacement along these faults caused significant comminution of the coal on the footwall contributing to various mining problems, the worst of which is catastrophic failure, or “outbursting” of the working face during mining. The granular texture and mostly unconsolidated nature of the coal suggests that faulting occurred relatively late in the coalification sequence, at a time of maximum tectonic stress. Coal samples taken on either side of the fault plane (normal and deformed coal layers) were obtained in an effort to establish what influence these tectonic stresses might have had on coal properties as well as what they might reveal about the influence of tectonic pressure on organic maturity. Sample sets were collected within coal beds from undisturbed and adjacent deformed layers, including 21 bituminous samples from the Pingdingshan coal field and nine anthracite samples from the Jiaozuo coal field, the Tieshenggou coal mine of the Yuxi coal field in Henan province, the Beijing Xishan coal field, the Baijiao mine of the Furong coal field in Sichuang province and the Baisha coal field in Hunan province, China. Results from vitrinite reflectance, proximate and ultimate analyses show some differences in reflectance, hydrogen content and nitrogen content of anthracite coal. No significant difference was found between volatile matter yields of normal and deformed coal specimens. GC measurements of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction of chloroform extracts from bituminous coals showed that lower molecular weight carbon fragments were concentrated in the deformed samples. Therefore, although changes in the gross chemical properties of the deformed coal were insignificant, some modification of the chemical structure is seen to have occurred as a result of exposure to tectonic pressure. 相似文献
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Vicky Chelangat Cheruiyot Daniel Gebregiorgis Benjamin Opiyo Lawrence Morara Kiage 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(6):737-742
Fungi are highly sensitive to environmental and climatic changes. Palaeoecological reconstructions utilising tropical African fungal spores, however, are rare and patchy. Here, we show that fossil fungal spores preserved in core KAP-01 from the Cherangani Hills in Kenya tracks critical environmental changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), largely synchronous with observations in the pollen record from the same site. Consistent with the pollen record, the presence of fungal taxa in the record, albeit meagre, during the LGM point to an intermittent wetter Cherangani that allowed for the presence of the observed taxa and the prevalence of cool, dry conditions during the last deglaciation. The elevated fungal spore activity during the Late Holocene is evidence for warm, moist environmental conditions and broadly consistent with the pollen record. These different fungal spore taxa, which can be employed to track distinct environmental conditions and processes, provide a dimension that can be overlooked if the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment were to rely solely on pollen. Thus the fungal spore record enables us to affirm the interpretation of the prevalence of warm, moist conditions evident from such as the Holocene pollen record. 相似文献
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贵州大方背斜南东翼煤中硫特征及成因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据井田勘探施工钻孔采取的136个煤样的煤质测试结果,对贵州大方背斜南东翼可采煤层煤中硫的特征及其成因进行了分析。结果表明:该区可采煤层从特低硫煤—高硫煤均有,中上部煤中硫的质量分数较高,一般为中高硫煤,中下部以低中硫煤为主,底部煤中硫的质量分数变化大,从特低硫煤可到高硫煤;龙潭组中上部煤层煤中硫主要与硫的来源和沉积环境有关,而下部煤层煤中硫与其来源有关,与沉积基底中岩性发育也有一定关系,凝灰岩、玄武岩发育地段,煤中硫的质量分数低,反之则高。 相似文献
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O. Obire Ph.D. E. C. Anyanwu M.Sc. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2009,6(2):211-218
The effect of various concentrations of crude oil on fungal populations of soil was investigated for a period of 18 weeks using standard methods. Total fungal counts ranged from 26 to 143 χ 102 cfu/gsoil while counts of petroleum-utilizing fungi ranged from 2 to 102 χ 102 cfu/g soil. Analysis of variance and randomized complete block design of counts of total fungi and petroleum-utilizers showed high significant difference between the control and the oil treated soils at p? 0.05 level. Counts of petroleum-utilizers expressed as a percentage of the corresponding total fungal count of the soils ranged from 4.7 % to 58.8 %. Species of fourteen fungal genera were isolated from the soils. These include Alternaria,Aspergillus, Candida, Cephalosporium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Rhodotolura, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis and Trichoderma. Of these, ten were petroleum-utilizers and were all isolated from the control and 1 % oil treated soils. Only seven genera were isolated from the 5 % oil treated soil out of which five genera were petroleum-utilizers in both the 3 % and 5 % treatment. The decreasing order of occurrence of a variety of fungal genera (fungal diversity) of both total fungi and petroleum-utilizers is 0 % (control) > 0.5 % > 1 % > 3 % > 5 %. This order of fungal diversity is a reverse of the decreasing order of fungal counts of these same soils. This showed that higher concentrations of crude oil has adverse effect on fungal diversity while enhancing the population of a fewer fungi. 相似文献