共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
气象要素与蒸发密切相关,通过室内外不同气象条件下的器皿水蒸发实验,获得了水面蒸发氢氧稳定同位素分馏因子与气象要素的关系。实验结果表明,随着蒸发的进行,剩余水体中逐渐富集重同位素;自由水体蒸发同位素分馏在垂线上有分层现象,表层水体同位素值比垂线平均的同位素值略富集;不同温度条件下的室内蒸发实验中,温度越高,液-气间分馏系数越小,相应于同一剩余水体体积比,剩余水体稳定同位素值则越低。室外器皿水自由蒸发实验中得出的蒸发线方程斜率较大地偏离了当地降水线,表明实验期间水体蒸发分馏作用较明显。该研究为进一步揭示水体蒸发分馏规律提供了可靠的实验依据。 相似文献
2.
利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式（iAWBM）的模拟数据,分析了在不同的下垫面蒸发和不同的凝结分馏条件下降水中δ18O的时间变化、降水量效应、负温度效应和大气水线。并通过与长沙站5年实测数据的比较以及模拟试验结果之间的相互比较,揭示下垫面蒸发水汽中稳定同位素的季节性变化和云中稳定同位素分馏对降水中稳定同位素变化的可能影响,增进对季风区水稳定同位素效应的理解和认识。iAWBM给出的4个模拟试验均很好地再现了监测站降水中δ18O的时间变化,模拟出季风区降水中稳定同位素在暖半年被贫化、在冷半年被富集的基本特点。与平衡分馏相比,动力分馏下降水中稳定同位素被贫化的程度加强、季节差和离散程度减小;由下垫面蒸发水汽中稳定同位素δe季节性变化所引起的降水中稳定同位素的变化在不同季节完全相反：在长沙,暖半年降水中δ18O更低,冷半年降水中δ18O更高,使得降水中稳定同位素季节差和离散程度增大。4个模拟试验均很好地再现了季风区的降水量效应和负温度效应。与平衡分馏相比,动力分馏下模拟的降水量效应和负温度效应的斜率相对较小;δe季节性变化导致模拟的降水量效应和负温度效应的斜率增大。利用iAWBM,模拟出季风区湿热气候条件下的MWL。动力分馏以及δe季节变化均使模拟得到的MWL的斜率和截距减小。 相似文献
3.
为研究华北平原衡水地区水体蒸发氢氧同位素分馏特征,采集不同盐度的深层地下淡水(TDS 为0.61g/L)和浅层地下咸水(TDS为7.97g/L),现场开展室外器皿蒸发实验,获得了当地气象条件下氢氧同位素分馏参数.实验结果显示,淡水及咸水剩余表层水δ18O与剩余水比率f呈指数关系,与瑞利分馏模拟结果一致,δD和δ18O蒸发线斜率分别为4.78和4.69.整个蒸发过程中,淡水及咸水氢氧同位素值增量ΔδD分别为Δδ18O的4.82倍和4.76倍;剩余表层水相对于初始水δD和δ18O的变化量与累积蒸发量之比,淡水分别为2.68‰/cm和0.56‰/cm,咸水分别为2.78‰/cm和0.61‰/cm;而在不同的蒸发时段,剩余表层水δD和δ18O的变化量与蒸发量无明显相关性.受水分子扩散的影响,蒸发皿中氢氧同位素分馏在垂线上分层微弱.由于水体盐度较低,在当地气候条件下进行自由蒸发时,氢氧同位素分馏的盐效应可以忽略. 相似文献
4.
利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式（iAWBM）,在一个水平衡和水稳定同位素平衡的框架下以及在相同的气象驱动下,模拟在不同的下垫面蒸发和不同的云中凝结分馏条件下降水中稳定同位素效应的空间分布特征,并通过与GNIP实测数据的比较以及模拟试验结果之间的相互比较,揭示云中的稳定同位素分馏和从下垫面蒸发的水汽同位素δe对降水中稳定同位素变化的可能影响,增进对全球水循环中稳定同位素效应的理解和认识。结果显示：iAWBM的4个模拟试验均很好地再现了全球降水中平均δ18O和平均δ18O季节差的空间分布特征;很好地模拟了降水同位素的温度效应、降水量效应的分布特点以及全球的大气水线MWL;比较而言,平衡分馏假设下模拟的全球降水中平均δ18O的空间分布与根据GNIP数据得到的实际空间分布以及模拟的全球MWL与实际MWL最接近,且模拟效果亦最好;动力分馏假设下模拟的降水中δ18O平均季节差的空间分布与根据GNIP数据得到的实际分布之间的相关程度较好,且拟合水平明显提高;在动力分馏和δe季节性的假设下,iAWBM再现全球δ18O-T和δ18O-P相关关系空间分布的能力较强。 相似文献
5.
水体蒸发过程中稳定同位素分馏的模拟 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：13
通过对非平衡条件下水体蒸发中稳定同位素分馏机制的分析, 模拟了蒸发水体中稳定同位素比率的变化及与温度、大气湿度的关系. 在瑞利模式中, 剩余水中的稳定同位素随剩余水比例f的减小不断富集, 富集的速率与温度呈反比. 在动力蒸发条件下, 稳定同位素的分馏不仅与相变温度有关, 而且受大气湿度和液-气相之间物质交换的影响. 在动力蒸发过程中, 相对湿度越小, 剩余水中稳定同位素比率随 f的变化越快. 当相对湿度较大时, 在经历了一段时间蒸发后的剩余水中的δ将不随 f变化. 蒸发水体达到稳定状态的速率主要取决于大气的相对湿度. 当温度约20℃时, 在瑞利平衡条件下模拟的蒸发线与全球大气水线较接近. 在非平衡蒸发条件下, 蒸发线的梯度项和常数项与温度和相对湿度呈正比. 相似文献
6.
为研究伊犁谷地降水同位素特征及陆地内循环对其的影响,为流域水循环研究提供科学依据,于2016年在伊宁、尼勒克和新源气象站采集降水同位素样品。采用回归对照法,讨论降水氘氧稳定同位素的影响因素。研究表明,研究区大气降水线方程为δD=7.96δ^18O+10.37,与全球大气降水线较接近,水汽主要由西风带输送;氘氧同位素夏季富集冬季贫化而氘盈余无规律变化,由于降水过程不仅受温度效应,还受到水汽陆地再循环影响。冬夏季样品在D-^18O关系图中分布特征,证明冬夏影响降水同位素本地水循环因素不同,夏季以云下蒸发为主。根据对氘过量计算的夏季降水雨滴蒸发分数为4.1%~16.2%,再次证明夏季云下蒸发效应明显,而在冬季云下蒸发效应几乎不会发生。 相似文献
7.
非传统稳定同位素分馏理论及计算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
综述了稳定同位素平衡和动力学分馏的一些主要的理论方法。首先介绍了平衡分馏的理论方法,从平衡分馏的核心理论-Bigeleisen Mayer公式(或称Urey模型)以及对它的一些高级能量校正开始,介绍了基于路径积分的分子动力学方法和蒙特卡罗方法对同位素非谐效应的处理,介绍了压力效应的理论计算方法,最后介绍了核体积效应及其理论计算方法,并强调核体积效应是未来重金属同位素研究的重要部分。另外,综述了同位素动力学分馏的主要理论和计算方法,首先介绍了在稳态下因温度梯度引发的同位素分馏,着重介绍了基于局部热力学平衡理论的计算方法和最新结果;然后从如何使用过渡态理论计算化学反应导致的同位素动力学分馏出发,深入介绍了磁同位素效应和由于核体积效应引发的异常同位素动力学分馏;然后对低温下矿物生长的同位素动力学理论模型进行了介绍,尤其是仔细介绍了其中DePaolo的表面动力学模型,并对由吸附和共沉降过程产生的动力学分馏也进行了介绍。最后详细介绍了在气化过程、固体中、高温硅酸洋熔体中由于扩散引起的同位素动力学分馏,以及如何对这些过程进行理论处理,强调了开展固体矿物扩散理论计算的重要性。 相似文献
8.
蒸发过程中水体稳定同位素富集与空气湿度的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过同位素分馏模型的物理意义分析及实验模拟分析,探讨空气湿度对蒸发过程水体稳定同位素富集过程的影响机理,研究认为:1空气相对湿度决定了扩散系数和自由空气同位素组成对分馏系数的影响比例,空气相对湿度越小,分馏系数受扩散分馏系数影响越大,分馏系数受自由空气水汽同位素组成影响则越小,反之亦然;2空气相对湿度与蒸发残余水体氢氧稳定同位素富集程度具有负相关性,即空气湿度越大越不利于残余水体重同位素富集;3模拟残余水体同位素丰度对空气相对湿度的敏感性呈负指数关系。在无外界气态水介入的蒸发实验中,残余系数为0.194条件下,当相对湿度小于80%时,H、O稳定同位素模拟结果对湿度的敏感性均小于0.0002,即相对湿度变化对模拟残余水体同位素丰度影响很小;当湿度大于80%时,湿度变化对模拟结果的影响呈指数关系急剧增加,湿度大于80%的蒸发实验需要准确观测相对湿度值。 相似文献
9.
黑河流域中上游地区降水中氢氧同位素研究 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：17
根据黑河流域中上游地区取得的降水水样和气象资料,分析了该区域地区降水线和降水中氘盈余分布特征,为同位素技术在黑河流域水循环研究中的应用提供科学依据.结果表明:受降水再次强烈蒸发同位素动力分馏效应影响,地区大气降水线(LMWL)δD=4.1447δ18O-20.6852(‰)的斜率很低,符合干旱区降水线斜率很低的规律.冬秋两个季节降水线的斜率明显高于春夏季节,氢氧同位素的相关性也远高于春夏季节.降水中氘盈余(d)变化幅度较大,呈现山区高平原低和冬季高夏季低的时空分布规律. 相似文献
10.
四川黄龙降水氢、氧同位素对气候变化的指示意义 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
与全球大气降水线相比,黄龙大气降水线的斜率和常数项均较小,这与水滴在未饱和大气中降落时重同位素的蒸发富集作用有关,且反映了近几十年以来黄龙的气候有向暖干变化的趋势。降水稳定同位素的显著降水量效应说明黄龙降水的水汽主要来源于低纬度海洋。过剩氘的季节变化及降水氢、氧同位素的降水量效应反映了黄龙地区旱季受大陆性气团的影响,空气干燥,降水量小,因此蒸发强,重同位素的富集作用强,从而降水中稳定同位素比率高;在雨季,受来自海洋水汽的影响,空气湿润,降水量大,因此蒸发弱,重同位素的富集作用轻,从而降水中稳定同位素比率低。据此推测,降水量效应可能是不同水汽来源对降水稳定同位素影响的结果。黄龙的降水温度效应不显著,季风气候抑制和掩盖了温度效应。 相似文献
11.
Xiaoxu Sun Jiansheng Chen Hongbing Tan Wenbo Rao Yongsen Wang Xiaoyan Liu Zhiguo Su 《中国地球化学学报》2009,28(4):351-357
In this study, with the method of vacuum extraction, two evaporative processes of soil water and free water under equilibrium
condition were simulated. For each sample, water vapor was condensed by liquid nitrogen and was collected in four time intervals.
From the analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of the water collected at different times, it was discovered
that the isotope fractionation of soil water also follows the mode, which is just the same as the evaporative process of free
water. The relationship between the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in residual water showed that the simulative evaporation
line was close to the global meteoric water line (GMWL) under the equilibrium condition at about 20°C. Comparison of the two
types of evaporative processes indicated that the isotope fractionation and evaporation velocity of soil water were only slightly
modified by the Van der Waals force. 相似文献
12.
Frank M. Richter 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(23):4971-4992
A first order characteristic of the relative abundance of the elements in solar system materials ranging in size from inclusions in primitive meteorites to planetary sized objects such as the Earth and the Moon is that they are very much like that of the Sun for the more refractory elements but systematically depleted to varying degrees in the more volatile elements. This is taken as evidence that evaporation and and/or condensation were important processes in determining the distinctive chemical properties of solar system materials. In some instances there is also isotopic evidence suggesting evaporation in that certain materials are found enriched in the heavy isotopes of their more volatile elements. Here model calculations are used to explore how the relative rates of various key processes determine the relationship between elemental and isotopic fractionation during partial evaporation and partial condensation. The natural measure of time for the systems considered here is the evaporation or condensation timescale defined as the time it would take under the prevailing conditions for evaporation or condensation to completely transfer the element of interest between the two phases of the system. The other timescales considered involve the rate of change of temperature, the rate at which gas is removed from further interaction with the condensed phase, and the rates of diffusion in the condensed and gas phases. The results show that a key determinant of whether or not elemental fractionations have associated isotopic effects is the ratio of the partial pressure of a volatile element (Pi) to its saturation vapor pressure (Pi,sat) over the condensed phase. Systems in which the rate of temperature change or of gas removal are slow compared to the evaporation or condensation timescale will be in the limit Pi ∼ Pi,sat and thus will have little or no isotopic fractionation because at the high temperatures considered here there is negligible equilibrium fractionation of isotopes. If on the other hand the temperature changes are relatively fast, then Pi ≠ Pi,sat and there will be both elemental and isotopic fractionation during partial evaporation or partial condensation. Rapid removal of evolved gas results in Pi ? Pi,sat which will produce isotopically heavy evaporation residues. Diffusion-limited regimes, where transports within a phase are not sufficiently fast to maintain chemical and or isotopic homogeneity, will typically produce less isotopic fractionation than had the phases remained well mixed. The model results are used to suggest a likely explanation for the heavy silicon and magnesium isotopic composition of Type B CAIs (as due to rapid partial melting and subsequent cooling at rates of a few °C per hour), for the uniformity of the potassium isotopic composition of chondrules despite large differences in potassium depletions (as due to volatilization of potassium by reheating in regions of large but variable chondrules per unit volume), and that the remarkable uniformity of the potassium isotopic composition of solar system materials is not a measure of the relative importance of evaporation and condensation but rather due to the solar nebula having evolved sufficiently slowly that materials did not significantly depart from chemical equilibrium. 相似文献
13.
镉同位素体系及其在地球科学和环境科学中的应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
镉是典型的亲硫元素,常赋存于各种硫化物矿床中.在环境体系中,镉是微生物所需的营养物质,其元素的循环受生物活动的影响.已有研究表明蒸发/冷凝过程、生物及无机过程都会导致镉同位素发生分馏,因此镉同位素研究在地球科学、环境科学具有独特的应用前景.与此同时,多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)技术的应用成功地实现了地质样品中镉同位素组成的高精度测量,使得镉同位素地球化学研究获得了蓬勃发展.本文基于当前最新研究成果,对镉同位素体系进行了详细综述,重点探讨镉的地球化学行为及同位素分馏机制,镉同位素在各物质储库中的分布特征及其在地球科学、环境科学中的应用,镉同位素测试技术.镉同位素地球化学的研究尚处于起步阶段,深入开展镉同位素分馏机理、完善镉同位素在各物质储库中的分布、建立统一的同位素标准体系的研究,将推动镉同位素在地球科学和环境科学领域的广泛应用. 相似文献
14.
由于多年冻土区流域土壤冻融过程对水循环影响的复杂性,水循环物理过程观测存在困难和不足,而利用稳定同位素方法可以有效地解决该问题。因此,基于2009年长江源风火山流域夏季定点降水和河水δD和δ18O,对研究区降水河水稳定同位素特征进行分析。结果表明,研究区夏季降水δD和δ18O受到降水量和温度的双重影响,即受海洋性和大陆局地气团的交替影响。河水氢氧同位素的季节变化和空间差异与壤中流、地下水补给河流的季节差异和植被覆盖的空间差异有关。随着地温升高和土壤冻融锋面的迁移,河水补给来源和同位素特征发生改变,表明土壤冻融变化对多年冻土流域径流过程起到重要作用。此外,蒸发分馏作用是研究区河水同位素的重要影响因素。 相似文献
15.
The isotopic composition of meteoric water in Sicily, Italy was investigated from May 2004 until June 2006. Samples were sampled monthly from a network of 50 rain gauges. During the same period 580 groundwater samples were collected from springs and wells to obtain insight into the isotopic composition of the water circulating in the main aquifers of the area. The mean weighted precipitation values were used to define the weighted local meteoric water line for five different sectors of Sicily. The use of Geographical Information System tools, coupled with isotopic vertical gradients, allowed designing an isotopic contour map of precipitation in Sicily. The defined meteoric compositions were highly consistent with most of the groundwater samples in each sector. However, in some areas fractionation processes occurring during and after rainfall slightly modify the isotopic composition of the groundwater. The obtained data set defines the present day isotopic composition of meteoric water in the central Mediterranean area and provides baseline values for future climatic and/or isotope-based hydrology studies. 相似文献
16.
Xianfang Song Peng Wang Jingjie Yu Xin Liu Jianrong Liu Ruiqiang Yuan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(4):787-796
Vegetation cover plays an important role in the process of evaporation and infiltration. To explore the relationships between
precipitation, soil water and groundwater in Taihang mountainous region, China, precipitation, soil water and water table
were observed from 2004 to 2006, and precipitation, soil water and groundwater were sampled in 2004 and 2005 for oxygen-18
and deuterium analysis at Chongling catchment. The soil water was sampled at three sites covered by grass (Carex humilis and Carex lanceolata), acacia and arborvitae respectively. Precipitation is mainly concentrated in rainy seasons and has no significant spatial
variance in study area. The stable isotopic compositions are enriched in precipitation and soil water due to the evaporation.
The analysis of soil water potential and isotopic profiles shows that evaporation of soil water under arborvitae cover is
weaker than under grass and acacia, while soil water evaporation under grass and acacia showed no significant difference.
Both δ18O profiles and soil water potential dynamics reveal that the soil under acacia allows the most rapid infiltration rate, which
may be related to preferential flow. In the process of infiltration after a rainstorm, antecedent water still takes up over
30% of water in the topsoil. The soil water between depths of 0–115 cm under grass has a residence time of about 20 days in
the rainy season. Groundwater recharge from precipitation mainly occurs in the rainy season, especially when rainstorms or
successive heavy rain events happen. 相似文献
17.
利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式(i AWBM)模拟了季风区长沙站大气水汽和降水中δ18O的时间变化,并与实际监测结果进行比较,其目的在于检验i AWBM在模拟季风区大气中水稳定同位素循环方面的能力,揭示影响水稳定同位素变化的主要原因,改善对季风区水循环中稳定同位素效应的理解和认识.模拟结果很好地再现了长沙降水中δ18O的季节变化,季风区降水中稳定同位素雨季被贫化旱季被富集的基本特点以及存在的显著降水量效应均被模拟出.在2010年1月-2012年12月,模拟的冬季风盛行期间的加权平均δ18O为-6.58‰,与该时段的实际监测值相当;模拟的夏季风盛行期间的加权平均δ18O为-9.58‰,低于该时段的实际监测值.i AWBM主要利用大气的可降水量、水汽通量、蒸发量和降水量4个驱动变量来模拟水稳定同位素的循环.其中,可降水量对水稳定同位素变化的贡献被包含在其他3个驱动变量中.水汽通量对水汽同位素变化的贡献具有富集和贫化的双重作用,蒸发量和降水量对水汽同位素变化的贡献分别具有富集和贫化的作用.在对水汽同位素起富集作用的两个因子中,水汽通量的平均同位素贡献为1.66‰,贡献率为63.97%;蒸发量的平均同位素贡献为0.91‰,贡献率为36.03%,水汽通量的同位素贡献起主要作用.在对水汽同位素起贫化作用的两个因子中,水汽通量的平均同位素贡献为-1.40‰,贡献率为53.47%;降水量的平均同位素贡献为-1.09‰,贡献率为46.53%,水汽通量和降水量的同位素贡献大致相当. 相似文献