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1.
P. Divakar Naidu 《Marine Geology》1993,110(3-4):403-418
Study of Recent planktonic foraminifera from the surface sediment samples of western continental margin of India reveals the ecological preferences of the different planktonic foraminifer species in the area. Higher absolute abundance of planktonic foraminifera in the offshore associated with the lower frequencies of the productivity indicator Globigerinoides bulloides and lower absolute abundance in the nearshore with higher frequencies of G. bulloides appears to suggest that productivity does not control the absolute abundance of planktonic foraminifera in this area. In general, the difference in absolute abundance between offshore and nearshore indicates that the dilution by terrigenous and other biogenic (benthic foraminifera and diatoms) material governs the absolute abundance of planktonic foraminifera.

Globigerinoides sacculifer shows a significant positive correlation with salinity and a negative correlation with temperature, which reflects its preference for higher salinity and lower temperature of the surface water. Globigerinoides ruber abundances are related to a distinct highly saline Persian Gulf water mass in the eastern Arabian Sea. Neogloboquadrina butertrei shows a strong inverse relationship with surface water salinity in the eastern Arabian Sea. Therefore, the relative abundance variations of N. dutertrei in sediment cores of the southeastern Arabian Sea can be used to reconstruct the past surface water salinity, which varies according to the strength of the northeastern monsoon.

The high diversity of planktonic foraminifera in the offshore is attributable to equitable environmental conditions. The high-salinity surface waters ( > 36‰) and terrigenous dilution in the northeastern Arabian Sea limit the diversification of species in this region.  相似文献   


2.
During the late summer monsoon living planktonic foraminifera were collected in the southeastern Arabian Sea between 3°N and 15°N by using six vertical plankton tows. Sixteen species of planktonic foraminifera were identified. Among them, Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerinoides sacculifer are the most abundant species, while the ecologically most important species Globigerina bulloides is very rare. The low abundance of G. bulloides can be explained by the warming of the surface water in combination with deepening of the mixed layer, since this species preferentially dwells in nutrient-rich upwelling waters. The population density of planktonic foraminifera ranges between 31 and 185 specimens per 10−3 m3. The low absolute numbers of planktonic foraminifera are similar to the numbers which were reported before from the non-upwelling areas in the Arabian Sea. The low absolute numbers and the collected foraminiferal assemblages are therefore highly indicative of the Arabian Sea non-upwelling areas. Particularly significant are the low absolute and relative numbers of the non-spinose species Globorotalia menardii and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei. The absence of these species indicate the relatively low nutrient levels in this area at the tail end of the summer monsoon period.  相似文献   

3.
The spreading pathways of the Somali and Arabian coastal upwelled waters in the northern Indian Ocean are identified from an ocean re-analysis data set of a single year using numerical passive tracers in a transport model. The Somali and Arabian coastal upwelled waters are found to have entirely different spreading pathways in the northern Indian ocean. The former circulates anticyclonically, is mixed vertically, and is advected to the eastern Indian Ocean along the north equatorial region; while the later intrudes into the northern Arabian Sea, circulates anticyclonically and is advected to the south in the central Arabian Sea and then to the eastern Indian Ocean. The seasonal surface mixing by strong monsoon winds and sheared currents due to dominant eddies of the Somali region are found responsible for mixing 25% of Somali upwelled water with the subsurface and affecting the resultant pathways. The effect of mixing is, however, found negligible in the case of Arabian coastal upwelled water pathways. The seasonal reversal of circulation and eddy dominance during the southwest monsoon cause the Somali upwelled water to spread over the northern Indian Ocean faster than the simultaneously upwelled Arabian coastal water.  相似文献   

4.
A three-dimensional hydrodynamic-ecosystem model was used to examine the factors determining the spatio-temporal distribution of denitrification in the Arabian Sea. The ecosystem model includes carbon and nitrogen as currencies, cycling of organic matter via detritus and dissolved organic matter, and both remineralization and denitrification as sinks for material exported below the euphotic zone. Model results captured the marked seasonality in plankton dynamics of the region, with characteristic blooms of chlorophyll in the coastal upwelling regions and central Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon, and also in the northern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon as the mixed layer shoals. Predicted denitrification was 26.2 Tg N yr−1,the greatest seasonal contribution being during the northeast monsoon when primary production is co-located with the zone of anoxia. Detritus was the primary organic substrate consumed in denitrification (97%), with a small (3%) contribution by dissolved organic matter. Denitrification in the oxygen minimum zone was predicted to be fuelled almost entirely by organic matter supplied by particles sinking vertically from the euphotic zone above (0.73 mmol N m−2 d−1) rather than from lateral transport of organic matter from elsewhere in the Arabian Sea (less than 0.01 mmol N m−2 d−1). Analysis of the carbon budget in the zone of denitrification (north of 10°N and east of 55°E) indicates that the modelled vertical export flux of detritus, which is similar in magnitude to estimates from field data based on the 234Th method, is sufficient to account for measured bacterial production below the euphotic zone in the Arabian Sea.  相似文献   

5.
Analysis of living (Rose Bengal-stained) benthic foraminifera in 13 multicorer samples taken along the Cap Breton canyon (Bay of Biscay) revealed that the combination of organic-rich material and sediment instability provides very specific benthic ecosystem conditions. The active canyon hosts different foraminiferal assemblages that appear to be determined by different types and frequencies of environmental disturbance at the sites. Most of them are strongly dominated by shallow-infaunal living taxa that combine a tolerance for low-quality organic matter with a high reproductive potential. Foraminiferal assemblages characterized by high densities, very superficially living taxa and strong dominance of bolivinids and buliminids, follow a poor pioneer fauna dominated by Technitella melo. These assemblages are observed in the narrow canyon axis, where frequent sediment resuspension occurs and affects habitat stability. Assemblages studied from sites outside the canyon axis are still dominated by shallow-infaunal species but show lower foraminiferal densities and higher diversities. Deep-infaunal taxa are only present in some inner meanders and more distal stations. These assemblages are typical for ecological niches that are relatively stable and unaffected by re-sedimentation processes. They have attained a more advanced stage of ecosystem stability. They are influenced by neither lateral sediment nor enriched organic matter input.  相似文献   

6.
Extensive measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) were made in the central and eastern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon (February–March), intermonsoon (April–May) and southwest monsoon (July–August) seasons. The latitudinal and longitudinal variations, along with seasonal changes with respect to winter convection and coastal upwelling, are clearly discernible. Vertical profiles collected down to 1000 m show that the Arabian Sea water column is supersaturated with N2O at all depths. However, N2O consumption at intermediate depths, coincident with the oxygen minimum and associated with sediment–water interfaces, and in the denitrifying zone, coincident with NO-2 secondary maxima, are also apparent. The N2O concentration varies from ∼10 nM near the surface to about 80 nM in the secondary peak region (≈800 m). Interrelationships with chemical parameters suggest nitrification to be the main process for the production of N2O in the oceanic water. Plots of apparent oxygen utilization vs production of N2O indicate a consistent linear relationship for AOU between 0 and 200 μM.  相似文献   

7.
Bacterial grazing loss rates were studied by radioactive labeling of natural bacteria with L-(4,5-3H) leucine and from the rate of disappearance of bacterial cells in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Bacterivory was measured in a mixed sample that had been combined from various depths across the euphotic zone. Experiments were performed on 26 occasions at 19 stations in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea during the intermonsoon–northeast monsoon period (November–December 1994). Combined uptake of radiolabeled bacteria (ULB) in 1–8 and 8–100 μm size fractions was somewhat lower than loss of label (LBL) measured in the bacterial fraction (0.2–1.0 μm), suggesting loss of radioactivity from the grazers due to metabolism. The less sensitive rate of disappearance of bacterial cells (LBC) was on average 51% higher than LBL estimates. Results from ULB and LBL measurements revealed that bacterivory was higher in the Gulf of Oman (average loss rate 4.1% h-1) than in the Arabian Sea where rates were slightly higher inshore (1.7% h-1) than in the central gyre. Heterotrophic nanoflagellates in the 1–8 μm size fractions were identified as the primary bacterivores. Microzooplankton (8–100 μm) accounted for 33% of total bacterivory in the Gulf of Oman but only 16% in the central Arabian Sea. Time-course experiments conducted at two stations indicated that diel changes in bacterivory may be substantial in the northwestern Indian Ocean.  相似文献   

8.
Benthic faunal assemblages were analysed from 47 stations in the central and southern parts of the Barents Sea, together with sedimentary and water column parameters, daily ice records and modelled integrated primary productivity. Sampling spanned areas influenced by Atlantic Water (AW) to those lying under Arctic Water (ArW), and included stations with mixed water masses. Ice cover suppressed water column productivity in the northern areas. Three main faunal groups were identified, based on similarity of numerical faunal composition. The northern and southern faunal groups were separated by the northernmost penetration of AW in the bottom water and the third group, the Hopen group, was influenced by modified bank water. Faunal abundances were significantly higher within the southern faunal group relative to the northern group, but the numbers of taxa present were similar. The particularly rich fauna of the Hopen group reflected sediment heterogeneity and tight pelagic–benthic coupling. These results suggest that a retreat and thinning of the ice cover in the Barents Sea likely will result in the northern parts of the Barents Sea becoming more Atlantic in character, with a higher productivity at the sea floor.  相似文献   

9.
Mass fluxes of diatom opal, planktonic foraminifera carbonate and coccolithophorid carbonate were measured with time-series sediment traps at six sites in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIOT). The above fluxes were related to regional variations in salinity, temperature and nutrient distribution. Annual fluxes of diatom opal range between 3 and 28 g m−2 yr−1, while planktonic foraminifera carbonate fluxes range between 6 and 23 g m−2 yr−1 and coccolithophorid carbonate fluxes range between 4 and 24 g m−2 yr−1. Annual planktonic foraminifera carbonate to coccolithophorid carbonate ratios range between 0.8 and 2.2 and coccolithophorid carbonate to diatom opal ratios range between 0.5 and 3.3.In the western Arabian Sea, coccolithophorids are the major contributors to biogenic flux during periods of low nutrient concentrations. Coccolithophorid carbonate fluxes decrease and planktonic foraminiferal carbonate and diatom opal fluxes increase when nutrient-rich upwelled waters are advected over the trap site. In the oligotropic eastern Arabian Sea, coccolithophorid carbonate fluxes are high throughout the year. Planktonic foraminiferal carbonate fluxes are the major contributors to biogenic flux in the EIOT. In the northern and central Bay of Bengal, when surface salinity values drop sharply during the SW monsoon, there is a drastic reduction in planktonic foraminiferal carbonate fluxes, but coccolithophorid carbonate and diatom opal fluxes remain steady or continue to increase. Distinctly higher annual molar Sibio/Cinorg (>1) and Corg/Cinorg (>1.5) ratios are observed in the northern and central Bay of Bengal mainly due to lower foraminiferal carbonate production as a result of sharp salinity variations. We can thus infer that the enhanced freshwater supply from rivers should increase oceanic CO2 uptake. Its silicate supply favours the production of diatoms while the salinity drop produces conditions unfavourable for most planktonic foraminifera species.  相似文献   

10.
Data are presented for the concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, V, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in aerosols collected over two contrasting regions of the Indian Ocean. These are: (1) the northern Arabian Sea (AS), from which samples were collected in the northeast monsoon, during which the region receives an input of crustal material from the surrounding arid land masses; and (2) the Tropical Southern Indian Ocean (TSIO), a remote region from which samples were collected from air masses for which there were no large-scale up-wind continental aerosol sources. The TSIO samples can be divided into two populations: Population I aerosols, collected from air masses which have probably impinged on Madagascar, and Population II aerosols, which have been confined to open-ocean regions to the south of the area.The data indicate that there are strong latitudinal variations in the chemical signatures of aerosols over the Indian Ocean. The input of crustal material to the Arabian Sea gives rise to an average Al concentration of about 1000 ng m−3 of air in the northeast monsoon regime. As a result, the concentrations of all trace metals are relatively high, and the values of crustal enrichment factors are less than 10 for most metals, in the AS aerosols. In contrast, TSIO Population II ‘open-ocean southern air’ sampled during the southwest monsoon season, has an average Al concentration of only about 10 ng m−3 of air. Trace metal concentrations in the TSIO ‘open-ocean southern air’ during the southwest monsoon season are representative of ‘clean’ remote marine air and are generally similar to those reported over the central North Pacific.Mineral dust concentrations over the Indian Ocean decrease in a north to south direction, from about 15–20 μg m−3 of air in the extreme north to about 0.01–0.25 μg m−3 of air in the far south. The deposition of mineral dust over the northern Arabian Sea can account for approximately 75% of the non-carbonate material incorporated into the underlying sediments.In the Arabian Sea the dissolved atmospheric inputs of all the trace metals, with the exception of Cu and Co, exceed those from fluvial run-off by factors which range from 9.6 for Pb to 1.6 for Cr.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of this study is to analyse the effects in space and time of relict sand-dredging activities on macrobenthic assemblages, in an area situated offshore Montalto di Castro (central Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy), and to analyse the recolonisation processes of macrobenthos in the dredged areas. The area in question is characterised by relict sand deposits (Holocenic paleo-beaches), used for beach nourishment along the Latium coast. The effects of sand extraction on benthic assemblages were investigated before, during and after three dredging operations. The sites analysed are located within the dredged areas (inside stations) and in neighbouring, not dredged, areas (outside stations). The results showed that the impact of sand extraction was confined to the dredged stations and to the areas in proximity to the dredged areas. During dredging activities, the structure of benthic assemblages within the impacted stations was characterised by low species richness and diversity. Both the direct removal of sediment and the re-suspension and consequent deposition of fine sediment affected benthic assemblages of the impacted stations. A few months after the dredgings, a recolonisation process was still observed at all the impacted stations. A gradual recolonisation process was observed at those stations affected by only one dredging, whereas a different recolonisation was observed at those stations affected by two dredgings over time. This study suggests that differences of re-colonisation processes of benthic assemblages are related to the intensity of dredging operations in terms of dredging frequency.  相似文献   

12.
Particulate manganese (Mn) fluxes measured with six time series sediment traps showed that the annual settling fluxes were 3–6 times higher in the west compared to those in the east and central Arabian Sea. Annual detrital Mn (Mndt) flux was nearly the same in the eastern and western Arabian Sea, but excess Mn (Mnex) fluxes were much higher (>4 times) in the western Arabian Sea. Atmospheric inputs cannot account for these high-Mn fluxes. Central and eastern Arabian Sea traps are overlain by a thick and intense denitrification layer, which may cause reductive dissolution of Mn oxides from settling particles and consequently low Mnex fluxes. As the exchange of intermediate waters between the Arabian Sea and the rest of the Indian Ocean is confined largely to the western Arabian Sea, relatively more oxic and dynamic conditions prevail in this region. Increased oxidizing conditions coupled with higher inputs of dissolved Mn through intermediate and surface advective processes might have led to in situ oxidation of Mn, thus resulting in higher vertical fluxes of Mnex. Mnex fluxes in traps at ∼1000 m depth exhibited seasonal variability with a minimum during the winter monsoon (January–February) and maximum during the pre- and early- south-west monsoon (March–June). This variation is correlated with water mass movements and bacterial abundance observed during the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). The possible involvement of bacteria and the microbial loop is suggested for the concentration and vertical transport of excess Mn.  相似文献   

13.
为探究复杂环境下的河口大型底栖生物群落结构特征,研究了黄河口及其毗邻海域内14个站位的底栖生物群落结构及其与主要环境因子的耦合关系。研究结果表明调查海域底栖生物群落组成和结构的空间异质性较高。底栖生物优势度不明显,优势物种集中于河口附近站位。生物多样性随离河口距离增加而增加,物种丰富度和生物多样性指数等的高值区均出现在远离河口的渤海湾和渤海中部站位,低值区位于近河口站位。对底栖生物群落的非参数多维排序(nMDS)和等级聚类分析显示,底栖生物群落结构相似性较低。丰度/生物量曲线(ABC曲线)分析显示,黄河口底栖生物群落整体上处于稳定状态,但近河口和莱州湾中西部站位受到干扰影响,群落结构不稳定。研究还表明生物量大的底栖生物(软体动物)倾向于向重金属含量较高的站位聚集。综合沉积物化学、预测毒性和底栖生物群落结构变化的评价结果可知,远离黄河口的沉积物环境质量普遍较好,而河口附近的沉积物环境质量较差。  相似文献   

14.
南海东沙海域HD319岩心富甲烷环境底栖有孔虫群落结构   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
对南海东北部东沙海域HD319岩心富甲烷环境和非富甲烷环境底栖有孔虫进行对比研究,旨在探讨富甲烷环境对底栖有孔虫群落结构的影响。结果表明,该岩心富甲烷环境和非富甲烷环境的底栖有孔虫组成有所差异:富甲烷缺氧环境底栖有孔虫群落中耐低氧类内生种群占绝对优势,Uvigerina(U.peregerina,U.hispido-costata,U.rugosa,U.probscidea,U.spp.),Bulimina(B.aculeata,B.mexicana),Bolivina(B.bradyi,B.quad-rilatera),Globocassidulina subglobosa,Brizalina superba,Hoglundina elegans等冷泉甲烷相关种大量出现;非富甲烷一般低氧环境下底栖有孔虫以内生种含量占优势,表生种和旋向种零星出现;富氧环境下底栖有孔虫以表生种和旋向种占优势,受有机碳含量变化控制明显。推测底栖有孔虫这种群落结构的差异是适应高甲烷含量的结果,底栖有孔虫对富甲烷环境的响应通过群落结构的差异表现出来。  相似文献   

15.
通过对南海东北部(12°～22°N,116°～122°E)表层沉积中的浮游有孔虫、底栖有孔虫、钙质超微化石、硅质与钙质生物丰度和比值的定量分析以及碳酸盐含量的测定,发现碳酸盐含量、浮游有孔虫、钙质超微化石丰度以及钙质生物比值随水深的增大迅速减小,而底栖有孔虫占有孔虫全群的比值和硅质生物比值以及底栖有孔虫胶结质壳类的百分含量却随水深的增大迅速增加.研究表明,调查区内微体化石丰度和比值以及碳酸钙含量的高低,与碳酸盐溶跃面(lysocline)和碳酸盐补偿深度密切相关,碳酸盐溶跃面和碳酸盐补偿深度南、北还存在一定差异,碳酸盐溶跃面南部较北部深,南部在2600m上下,北部则在2200m上下;碳酸盐补偿深度也是南部的较深,南部为3 600 m上下,而北部在3 400 m上下。  相似文献   

16.
The interdependence between groundfish assemblages and habitat properties was investigated on the Dogger Bank in the North Sea. Abiotic habitat parameters considered included topography, hydrographic conditions, sediment composition, and the biotic habitat variable the prevailing benthic invertebrates. Distinct epi- and infauna communities occurred at different locations on the Dogger Bank. Fish assemblages were clearly linked to both the biotic and abiotic habitat characteristics.Overall, fish and benthic communities revealed similar spatial distribution, represented in the respective clusters of characteristic and abundant species. Distribution patterns corresponded with the prevailing abiotic conditions such as depth and sediment composition, which appear to relate to autecological preferences of individual species.The apparently most generalist species, grey gurnard (Eutrigla gurnardus) and dab (Limanda limanda) occurred at all stations and dominated in terms of biomass in most cases. The absolute numbers of grey gurnards were related to the abundance of suitable prey, invertebrate and fish species, which stomach analyses revealed as part of the diet in an independent study during the same research cruise. Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) were only abundant at deep stations along the flanks of the bank. The occurrence of lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and cod (Gadus morhua) was also positively correlated with depth, whereas especially lesser weever (Echiichthys vipera), sandeel species and solenette (Buglossidium luteum) occurred predominantly at the shallower sites. At the same time, individual fish species such as solenette and lesser weever were associated with high densities of selected epi- or infauna species.  相似文献   

17.
INTRODUCTIONTwoimportantinterfacespunctuatingtheabyssalverticaltrans sectionarecarbonatelyso clineandcarbonatecompensationdepth (CCD) .Thecarbonatelysoclineislabeledbyabruptincrementofcarbonatedissolutiononcalcitemicrofossilssuchasplanktonicforaminifertests(Berger,1 96 8) ,ordecreasingapparentlyinpercentageofthecarbonateproportion (Panetal ,1 988) .ThoughtherearemanyachievementsonthecarbonatecycleandCCDresearches(Wangetal ,1 995;Rottman ,1 979;Thunelletal ,1 992 ;Zhengetal ,1 993;Mia…  相似文献   

18.
Recolonization patterns of benthic assemblages after relict sand dredging were investigated in an area offshore of Capo d’Anzio (central Tyrrhenian Sea). Surveys were performed before, during, and after dredging in 2007. Sampling stations were located within and outside the dredging site in water depths between 40 and 56 m. Defaunation due to sand extraction was the main impact observed in the inner stations and in stations located in proximity of the dredging site. At the inner stations, 9 months after dredging, a significant increase in species richness and diversity was observed: the sediment removal led to an increase of the sandy sediment fraction, favouring the settlement of sabulicolous species. A decrease in number of individuals and species was also observed in most of the outer stations, probably due to fine sediment redeposition. Recolonization of macrobenthic assemblages was essentially achieved at inner stations both in terms of abundance and species richness, while at outer stations it was still in progress. Results of this study, providing a picture of recovery times and processes in the Tyrrhenian Sea, could be used to develop predictions of the effects of future offshore sand dredging projects in comparable areas. Monitoring programs and research have a key role to provide a more detailed overview of biological recovery processes and times in different regions and with different dredging intensity.  相似文献   

19.
通过对南海北部和中部两套时间序列沉积物捕获器中的颗粒物样品进行硅藻分析,揭示了南海北部和中部硅藻通量的季节变化规律及其区域差异和各自对东亚季风气候的响应.研究表明在南海北部和中部海域,硅藻通量可以在一定程度上指示海洋初级生产力水平,其中南海北部硅藻通量明显低于中部,这可能与北部颗粒物样品采集期间发生的E1 Ni(n)o...  相似文献   

20.
Phototrophic and heterotrophic nanoplankton (PNAN, HNAN; 2–20 μm protists) and microplankton (PMIC, HMIC; 20–200 μm protists and micrometazoa) are major components of the producer and consumer assemblages in oceanic plankton communities. Abundances and biomasses of these microorganisms were determined from samples collected along two transects during the Northeast Monsoon and Spring Intermonsoon process cruises of the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Program in 1995. Vertical profiles of these assemblages were strongly affected by the presence of a subsurface oxygen minimum layer. Abundances of all four assemblages decreased dramatically below the top of this layer. Depth-integrated (0–160 m) abundances and biomasses of nanoplankton and microplankton were of similar magnitude for most samples. Exceptions to this rule were primarily due to PMIC (mostly diatom) species which dominated phytoplankton assemblages at a few stations during each season. Depth-integrated biomasses for the combined nano- and microplankton averaged over all stations for each cruise were surprisingly similar for the Northeast Monsoon and Spring Intermonsoon seasons in this ecosystem (2.0 and 1.8 g C m−2 [170 and 150 m moles C m−2] for the two seasons, respectively). Nano- and microplankton biomass for these two time periods constituted a signficant portion of the total amount of the particulate organic carbon (POC) in the water column. Summed over all stations, these assemblages constituted approximately 25–35% of the POC in the top 160 m of the northern Arabian Sea.  相似文献   

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