共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
非贯穿型热喀斯特湖下部及其周围多年冻土特征 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
基于对青藏高原北麓河盆地天然形成的湖塘下部及其周围地温的监测分析, 结果表明该湖塘为非贯穿型热喀斯特湖. 湖塘下部多年冻土上限变化较大, 湖岸过渡带及天然场地多年冻土上限基本保持不变. 随着远离湖塘中心, 湖塘下部及其周围多年冻土含冰量依次升高, 地温年变化深度依次降低, 年平均地温依次降低. 观测期内, 湖塘下部浅层多年冻土地温在逐渐升高, 深部土体地温基本保持不变; 湖岸过渡带及天然场地下部多年冻土地温基本保持不变. 天然场地多年冻土地温明显低于湖塘下部土体地温. 相似文献
2.
青藏高原改则地区多年冻土特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
改则地区地处青藏高原腹地, 气候寒冷干燥, 位于青藏高原大片连续多年冻土南界附近. 2010年"青藏高原多年冻土本底调查"项目在改则地区采用坑探、物探和钻探等多种方法对区域内多年冻土开展了大规模野外考察工作. 根据现场钻探资料和后来的地温观测资料, 并结合坑探和物探资料对改则地区多年冻土特征进行分析, 结果显示: 改则地区多年冻土上限深度在2.6~8.5 m之间, 部分地区存在融化夹层; 多年冻土含冰量在12%~35%之间, 主要为多冰冻土, 而且一般仅在上限附近发育有高含冰量多年冻土; 多年冻土温度普遍较高, 在-1.5~0℃之间; 多年下限深度一般小于60 m, 部分地区甚至在10 m左右; 多年冻土分布的下界海拔高度约为4 700 m, 海拔5 100 m以上区域普遍发育有多年冻土; 区域内多年冻土特征受局地因素影响明显, 特别是与坡向、植被覆盖、岩性和含水量等关系密切; 现场记录资料和后来的测温资料都显示改则地区部分多年冻土正处于退化状态. 相似文献
3.
Biodegradation of shell material is widespread in the cool-water skeletal carbonate deposits on Scott shelf, northwestern Vancouver Island, and is especially evident in the large aragonitic bivalves, Glycymeris and Humilaria, major primary sediment contributors. Ten types of endolithic microborings have been identified in the shells, including representatives of green algae (e.g., Ostreobium quekettii), blue-green algae (e.g., Plectonema terebrans, ?Scytonema sp.), fungi, bacteria and clionid sponges, as well as macroborings of phoronids, polychaetes and naticid gatropods. Microcrystalline carbonate is not precipitated in vacated bores. Boring physically weakens the shells, rendering them more prone to mechanical abrasion during sediment transport and bioturbation, and to biological abrasion by grazing benthos. Tumbling experiments demonstrate that the rate of carbonate mud production is much greater for bored as compared to fresh bivalve shells, and that mud production rates decrease with tumbling time because most endolithic microborings are confined to the periphery of grains. Boring also increases significantly the porosity and surface area of skeletal grains, and destroys their organic matrix, making them susceptible to maceration and dissolution on cool-water shelves. Fostered by the generally low rates of carbonate production and accumulation, many aragonitic bivalve shells on Scott shelf have become thoroughly degraded through a combination of endolithic microboring, maceration and dissolution within about 1000 years in ambient sea water. In geologic terms, such selective taphonomic loss of skeletal material may be considerable in ancient temperate-shelf limestones and should be evaluated when interpreting their paleoecology and paleoenvironments. 相似文献
4.
Manganese nodules and manganese carbonate concretions occur in the upper 10–15 cm of the Recent sediments of Loch Fyne, Argyllshire in water depths of 180–200 m. The nodules are spherical, a few mm to 3 cm in diameter, and consist of a black, Mn-rich core and a thin, red, Fe-rich rim. The carbonate occurs as irregular concretions, 0.5–8 cm in size, and as a cement in irregular nodule and shell fragment aggregates. It partially replaces some nodule material and clastic silicate inclusions, but does not affect aragonitic and calcitic shell fragments.The nodules are approximately 75% pure oxides and contain 30% Mn and 4% Fe. In the cores, the principal mineral phase is todorokite, with a Mn/Fe ratio of 17. The rim consists of X-ray amorphous Fe and Mn oxides with a Mn/Fe ratio of 0.66. The cores are enriched, relative to Al, in K, Ba, Co, Mo, Ni and Sr while the rims contain more P, Ti, As, Pb, Y and Zn.The manganese carbonate has the composition (Mn47.7 Ca45.1 Mg7.2) CO3. Apart from Cu, all minor elements are excluded from significant substitution in the carbonate lattice.Manganese nodules and carbonates form diagenetically within the Recent sediments of Loch Fyne. This accounts for the high Mn/Fe ratios in the oxide phases and the abundance of manganese carbonate concretions. Mn concentrations in the interstitial waters of sediment cores are high (ca. 10 ppm) as also, by inference, are the dissolved carbonate concentrations. 相似文献
5.
Selective dissolution of aragonitic grains is emerging as a volumetrically significant process that affects a broad range of modern carbonate settings. This study explores mechanisms and implications of aragonite loss in Challenger Mound, a giant cold‐water coral (Lophelia pertusa) mound of Pleistocene age, which lies on the continental slope off south‐west Ireland. A comprehensive sampling scheme allowed the integration of petrographic data with geochemical analyses of sediment and pore water. The mound remains virtually unlithified and consists of stacked, fining‐upward cycles of silty coral floatstone–rudstone and bafflestone grading into wackestone. Whereas calcitic grains appear unaltered, aragonitic grains are corroded and fragmented. Aragonite dissolution is attributed to organic matter oxidation at/near the sediment–water interface and, at greater depths, to the initial stages of bacterially mediated sulphate reduction, when alkalinity production is outpaced by the generation of H+. Pore water profiles indicate that undersaturated waters are diffusing towards the mound interior from two centres of sulphate reduction: one located in the upper 10 m of the sediment column and a second that lies below an erosional unconformity which marks the base of the mound. Continued aragonite dissolution is expected to gradually lower the diagenetic potential of the Challenger Mound and delay lithification until deep burial, when solution‐compaction processes come into play. Despite a fundamental role in predestining the final taphonomic and textural characteristics of Challenger Mound, the processes described here are expected to leave little trace in the geological record due to a lack of cementation and calcitization. Assuming that similar processes have been active throughout the Phanerozoic, results imply that the understanding of diagenetic processes in carbonate systems may be incomplete. 相似文献
6.
鲕粒原生矿物识别及对海水化学成分变化的指示意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
鲕粒是碳酸盐沉积过程中一类非常特殊的颗粒类型, 为研究当时的沉积背景、水动力条件、气候环境, 甚至储层特征提供了重要线索。然而, 鲕粒的矿物组成及控制因素问题, 长期受到忽视。组成鲕粒的原生矿物类型在地质历史时期呈周期性变化, 在显生宙表现为三个以文石和高镁方解石占主导的时期以及两个以低镁方解石占主导的时期, 这也被称作“文石海”和“方解石海”时期。原生矿物的组成, 制约着鲕粒的纹层结构、保存程度以及成岩特征, 还蕴含着海水化学成分变化的线索。鲕粒原生矿物识别主要依据:①原生纹层结构;②保存程度;③微量元素浓度, 尤其是Sr-Mg的浓度。文石质鲕粒受文石不稳定性的影响, 原生结构保存程度较差;一般保存有典型的文石残余纹层结构(例如砖砌结构、溶解变形结构以及偏心结构等);在封闭成岩环境下原生矿物为文石质的鲕粒Sr浓度往往大于2 000 ppm;纹层结构主要为切线状(占主导)和放射状。方解石质鲕粒包括低镁方解石和高镁方解石两种类型:低镁方解石为稳定矿物, 原生结构一般保存良好。尽管高镁方解石也为亚稳定矿物, 但成岩转换后的保存程度好于文石。两者Sr含量一般均低于1 000 ppm, Mg含量一般在0~20 mol % MgCO3(两者以4 mol % MgCO3为界)。高镁方解石受成岩作用影响, 在纹层中往往保留有微粒白云石包裹体;海相地层中保存的方解石质鲕粒为放射状或同心-放射状结构。另外还存在一类由两种矿物共同构成的双矿物鲕粒, 可以通过分析两类纹层在结构和保存特征上的差异进行区分。鲕粒原生矿物成分随时间的波动变化受到海水化学条件, 尤其是Mg/Ca比值, 大气二氧化碳分压以及碳酸盐饱和度的控制。Mg/Ca比值的波动决定着鲕粒原生矿物类型的长期变化规律。一些突发性事件可能会扰动(区域)短时间尺度下鲕粒原生矿物的组成, 造成鲕粒原生矿物的转换。通过研究碳酸盐鲕粒原生矿物特征以及控制因素进而了解海水的化学特征, 是独立于古生物学和地球化学分析之外的一种较为可靠的沉积学方法。 相似文献
7.
Simon Schneider Franz T. Fürsich Winfried Werner 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(8):1949-1970
Strontium isotope stratigraphy was performed on oyster shells from the Late Jurassic of the Lusitanian Basin (central Portugal). This represents the first approach to obtain numerical ages for these strata. The new chronostratigraphic data provide a more precise age determination of several units. After a basin-wide hiatus sedimentation in the Late Jurassic is proven in the Cabo Mondego and Cabaços formations to resume as early as the Middle Oxfordian. The Alcobaça formation can be placed in the latest Late Oxfordian to Late Kimmeridgian, while data from the upper part of the Abadia Formation indicate an Early to Late Kimmeridgian age. The Farta Pao formation ranges from the latest Kimmeridgian to the latest Tithonian. The largely synchronous Sobral, Arranhó I, and Arranhó II members are overlain by the late Early to Late Tithonian Freixial Member. The brief, local carbonate incursion of the Arranhó I member marks the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian boundary. Oysters are shown once more to be suitable for strontium isotope studies. Their calcitic shells are often unaffected by diagenesis. In particular for marginal marine Jurassic and Cretaceous strata, where belemnites are usually absent, oysters may serve as a valuable tool for isotope stratigraphy. 相似文献
8.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(3-4):322-335
An exposure within the central portion of a large drumlin at Port Byron, New York State, USA, part of the large New York drumlin field, reveals a sequence of steeply dipping cemented sands and gravels of proglacial, ice-contact deltaic origin overlain by a thin till veneer. The sands and gravels appear to have been deposited within the proximal proglacial environment during a late retreat phase of the Laurentide Ice Sheet sometime prior to being overridden by subsequent ice and drumlinized. During deposition of the ice-contact delta, escaping subglacial regelation-meltwater permeated the proximal deltaic sediment pile and calcium carbonate was released, in a series of pulses, to form pore-occluding calcite cement within the sand and gravel porespaces. The calcium carbonate precipitated into the sands and gravels due to a reduction in hydrostatic pressure and CO2 outgassing of the meltwater as it exited from beneath the ice sheet. Once cemented, these deltaic sediments were considerably stronger and acted afterward as an obstacle around which the future ice advance streamed and, in turn, produced the characteristic drumlin shape. In overriding the ice-contact deltaic sediments, the ice sheet emplaced a thin layer of till which exhibits syndepositional deformation features indicative of being emplaced as a deforming bed layer beneath the advancing ice sheet. Micromorphological analysis of the overlying till shows that no interstitial or intraclastic calcite occurs within the till. 相似文献
9.
Cryogenic structure (patterns made by ice inclusions) in seasonally frozen and permafrost-af-fected soils result from ice formation during freezing. Analysis of cryogenic structures in soils is essential to our understanding of the cryogenic processes in soils and to formulating land use management interpretations. When soils freeze, the freezing front moves downward and attracts water moving upward resulting in mainly horizontal lenticular ice formation. Platy and lenticular soil structures form between ice lenses in upper active layer. The reticular soil structure usually forms above the permafrost table caused by freeze-back of the permafrost. The upward freeze-back resulted in platy soil structure and the volume changes following the annual freeze-thaw cycle resulted in vertical cracks. The combined result is an ice-net formation with mineral soils embedded in the ice net. The upper permafrost layer that used to be a part of the active layer has an ice content exceeding 50% due to repeated freeze-thaw cycles over time. The mineral soils appear in blocks embedded in an ice matrix. The permafrost layer that never experienced the freeze-thaw cycle often consists of alternate layers of thin ice lens and frozen soils with extreme hard consistence and has relatively lower ice content than the ice-rich layer of the upper permafrost. Ice contents and thaw settling potentials associated with each cryogenic structure should be considered in engineering and land use interpretations. 相似文献
10.
多年冻土地下冰作为一种特殊的存在形式, 对高原生态、 冻土环境以及冻土工程建设等都有深刻影响, 但是目前对于青藏高原地下冰储量的研究很少。以祁连山中东部大通河源区为例, 基于源区地貌分类、 冻土分布等研究, 利用源区多年冻土钻孔数据和公路地质勘测资料, 在水平和垂直两个方向上估算了多年冻土层地下冰储量。计算表明： 大通河源区多年冻土层2.5~10.0 m深度范围内地下冰总储量为（11.70±7.24） km3, 单位体积含冰量为（0.396±0.245） m3。其中冰缘作用丘陵和冰缘湖沼平原等地貌区含冰量较高, 而冰缘作用台地、 冲积洪积平原则含冰量较低。在垂向上多年冻土上限附近含冰量最高, 并随深度增大而缓慢减小。随着未来气候变暖、 多年冻土退化以及环境变化, 准确把握多年冻土区地下冰储量和分布特点对生态、 水文地质、 地质灾害预估、 冻土工程建设具有深远意义。 相似文献
11.
青藏高原脆弱的生态系统以及人类工程活动,加剧了青藏工程走廊线性工程两侧沙漠化、荒漠化发展趋势,尤其冻土块石路基面临日益严重的风积沙灾害问题。以多年冻土区高等级公路块石路基为研究对象,采用数值模拟分析风积沙环境下封闭块石路基的降温性能和长期热稳定性。结果表明：风积沙堆积对封闭块石路基下部土层冻土温度的影响程度高于冻土上限,1.0 m湿沙工况降低冻土温度,0.2 m干沙则增大冻土温度。升温背景下,随年平均气温增加风沙堆积对路基冻土上限影响程度增强,干沙增大冻土融化深度,湿沙抬升冻土上限。随冻土含冰量减小,路基中心冻土上限对气候升温敏感性增加,风沙堆积影响减弱。气候升温和风沙堆积条件下,在年平均气温低于-5.5℃时,宽幅沥青路面封闭块石路基能够满足降温要求,使人为冻土上限保持在块石层内。研究成果可为风沙危害区多年冻土块石路基的病害治理和拟建青藏高速公路块石路基设计提供科学依据。 相似文献
12.
Carbonate ramps are gently sloping depositional surfaces where shallow-water, coarse-grained facies pass basinward into fine-grained, deep-water sediments, with no abrupt change in slope. The objectives of this study are: (i) to integrate the depositional processes recorded in the Pleistocene stratigraphy of the west Florida outer ramp into a palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic framework for the eastern Gulf of Mexico; and (ii) to examine the origin of mineralogical and sedimentary cycles in the light of pteropod and planktonic foraminiferal populations corresponding to climatic oscillations. Aragonitic, pteropod-rich sediments with large amounts of insoluble residue occur in sediments deposited during glacial intervals; sandy calcitic sediments with abundant planktonic foraminifera accumulate during interglacials. These cycles reflect variations in biological productivity of pelagic pteropods and planktonic foraminifera, rather than preferential dissolution of either aragonitic or calcitic fractions. Species assemblages suggest that the productivity cycles are linked to changes in upwelling intensity at the margins of the Loop Current and variations in water mass salinities, as well as terrigenous dilution from the Mississippi Delta. These cycles are the response to Pleistocene glacial-interglacial oscillations, controlled by Milankovitch orbital parameters. Although the organisms contributing to deep-water carbonate environments have changed through geological time, facies patterns, as well as sedimentary textures and structures, identified in the west Florida sediments provide criteria for recognition of ancient ramps. An understanding of the processes on a modern ramp slope, such as west Florida, may prove valuable in palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental analysis of epicontinental carbonate sequences and ramps in the rock record. 相似文献
13.
Calcitic, aragonitic and mixed calcitic-aragonitic ooids from the mid-Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Montana 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
MAURICE E. TUCKER 《Sedimentology》1984,31(5):627-644
A great variety of ooid types occurs within the Siyeh and Snowslip Formations of the mid-Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Montana. Cortical layers are inferred to have been composed either of calcite in a radial-concentric or radial-with-dark-rays fabric or, aragonite in a radial or concentric fabric. The calcitic cortical layers record their original fabrics but the originally aragonitic cortical layers have been replaced by calcite in a range of textures and by quartz and dolomite. Some formerly aragonitic cortical layers are replaced by calcite spar which contains relics of the original cortical structure. Others consist of calcite spar without inclusions, or columnar calcite which grew radially from the nucleus, commonly a calcitic ooid. Some ooids were wholly composed of calcite, others were of aragonite, but two phase ooids were common, mostly consisting of an inner calcitic part and an outer aragonitic part. Probable microdolomite inclusions suggest a high Mg content of the calcitic cortical layers. The depositional environment of these oolites was probably analogous to Baffin Bay, Texas, where a similar range of ooid types is forming today. 相似文献
14.
Hydrochemical data for meteoric waters of the uplifted carbonate platform of northern Guam show that, contrary to recent models of lowstand diagenesis, phreatic dissolution is active beneath a 60–180 m thick vadose zone. Overland flow during high intensity rainfall events is focussed into surface detention ponds, which drain very rapidly via the epikarst and vertical fissures to the freshwater lens. We estimate that these waters contribute 13% of dissolved calcium in samples from pumping wells but may also deliver aggressive and/or organic-rich waters to the lens. Fast-flow vadose waters mix with lens-top waters to form fresher cap that discharges rapidly coastwards via cavernous porosity. Slower vadose percolation, sampled as cave drips, equilibrates with bedrock within the upper 30 m of the vadose zone, accounting for some 46% of dissolved calcium in the lens waters. The remaining 41% calcium is generated by net dissolution within the lens. 相似文献
15.
The extent of racemization of aspartic acid (Asp) has been used to estimate the ages of 9 shells of the epifaunal calcitic brachiopod Bouchardia rosea and 9 shells of the infaunal aragonitic bivalve Semele casali. Both taxa were collected concurrently from the same sites at depths of 10 m and 30 m off the coast of Brazil. Asp D/L values show an excellent correlation with radiocarbon age at both sites and for both taxa (r2Site 9 B. rosea = 0.97, r2Site 1 B. rosea = 0.997, r2Site 9 S. casali = 0.9998, r2Site 1 S. casali = 0.93). The Asp ratios plotted against reservoir-corrected AMS radiocarbon ages over the time span of multiple millennia can thus be used to develop reliable and precise geochronologies not only for aragonitic mollusks (widely used for dating previously), but also for calcitic brachiopods. At each collection site, Bouchardia specimens display consistently higher D/L values than specimens of Semele. Thermal differences between sites are also notable and in agreement with theoretical expectations, as extents of racemization for both taxa are greater at the warmer, shallower site than at the cooler, deeper one. In late Holocene marine settings, concurrent time series of aragonitic and calcitic shells can be assembled using Asp racemization dating, and parallel multi-centennial to multi-millennial records can be developed simultaneously for multiple biomineral systems. 相似文献
16.
17.
青藏铁路路基下融化夹层特征及其对路基沉降变形的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于青藏铁路多年冻土区路基地温与变形现场监测资料, 研究了青藏铁路路基下融化夹层特征及其对路基沉降变形的影响. 结果表明:在已有监测场地中, 青藏铁路沿线天然场地融化夹层发育较少, 而路基下融化夹层发育较多. 低温冻土区路基下融化夹层能够逐渐完全回冻使其消失, 高温冻土区大部分路基下融化夹层有进一步发展的趋势. 当融化夹层下部为高含冰量冻土时, 融化夹层与路基沉降变形关系密切, 路基易产生较大的沉降变形; 当融化夹层下部为低含冰量冻土时, 路基沉降变形较小. 相似文献
18.
兰州黄土在冻融过程中水热输运实验研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
实验表明，当上边界面温度按正弦变化，下边界面温度保持某一固定值时，冻结均匀的兰州黄土融化后，相变界面附近的含水量明显增大。同样，对初始均匀融化的兰州黄土试样，经冰融循环作用后，冰土层内最大融化深工附近的含水量大于附近区域的含水量。试样内水分在冻融作用下的这种积累特征，与天然情况下多年冻土上限附近出现的水分富积现象相类似。由于在冻结和融化过程中，水分将向相变界面附近迁移，多年冻土上限附近地下冰的形成 相似文献
19.
深上限-退化型多年冻土路基变形特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究深上限-退化型多年冻土路基变形特点,基于青藏公路多年冻土路基地温和沉降现场监测资料,通过分析西大滩、唐古拉山北坡以及唐古拉山南坡路段的土质、冻土含冰量、冻土地温以及路基沉降变形数据,对冻土上限变化过程与路基沉降特点进行了研究,同时对沱沱河和清水河地区冻土路基分层沉降观测结果进行了分析。结果表明,土质和含冰量对退化型冻土路基的沉降变形影响较大,深冻土层的融化对路基沉降变形影响较小,退化型冻土路基的沉降变形主要发生在退化后的冻土层中,退化冻土层在冻融循环过程中,需要较长时间才能完成固结。对于冻土含冰量为少冰、多冰的稳定路段,退化冻土路基年平均沉降速度约为3.9～5.6 mm/a,路基沉降量极小;对于含冰量较高且土质以粉黏性颗粒为主的不稳定路段,路基沉降速度具有持续性和无减缓性的特点,路基年平均沉降量达到0.03 m/a,路基变形表现为整体均匀沉降,横向差异沉降量较小。 相似文献
20.
Relatively few studies have so far addressed diagenetic processes in Heterozoan carbonates and the role that sediment composition and depositional facies exert over diagenetic pathways. This paper presents a study of Oligocene shallow-water, Heterozoan carbonates from the Maltese Islands. We investigate stratigraphic distribution, abundance and timing of diagenetic features and their relationship to sediment composition and depositional facies. The studied carbonate rocks comprise rud- to packstones of the Heterozoan association predominantly containing coralline red algae, bryozoans, echinoids and benthic foraminifers. XRD analyses show that all high-Mg calcite has been transformed to low-Mg calcite and that no aragonite is preserved. Diagenetic processes include dissolution of aragonitic biota, neomorphism of high-Mg calcitic biota to low-Mg calcite and cementation by fibrous, bladed, epitaxial and blocky cements. Stable isotopes on bulk rock integrated with petrographic data suggest that the study interval was not exposed to significant meteoric diagenesis. We interpret early cementation to have taken place in the marine and marine burial environment. The distribution and abundance of early diagenetic features, determining the diagenetic pathway, can be related to the primary sediment composition and depositional texture. Sorting and micrite content are important controls over the abundance of diagenetic features. 相似文献