共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
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GIS支持下的土壤重金属污染预测预警研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
面对日益严重的土壤重金属污染问题,必须采用快速高效的方法对污染趋势做出预测预警。本研究建立了土壤重金属污染预警模型和土壤重金属污染超标年限预测模型,并在GIS技术支持下,开发了基于ArcView GIS的预警预测程序模块,实现了对土壤重金属污染的预警预测。最后以北京市及其近郊区为实例,对该区重金属污染进行了预警并对Pb元素超标年限进行了预测,取得了较好的预警预测结果。 相似文献
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利用GIS的强大空间数据架构功能，将各类水文物探数据与空间数据相关联，建立了基于GIS技术的综合水文物探系统。水文物探数据量大，而且复杂多变，本系统利用新兴的GIS技术和数据库功能对水文物探属性数据与空间数据进行有效的整合，高效地管理空间与属性数据，实现了图形编辑、空间分析、数据的查询与统计、专题图绘制、以及数值模拟等功能。利用本系统可对图形进行空间处理分析，对各类数据进行各种查询，实现图形和数据的互动，并对所获得的数据制作各种专题图，并且通过数值模拟具体、直观的再现观测实体的空间位置与相应的属性，为综合预测与评估提供科学依据。 相似文献
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基于ArcView GIS的矿床定位预测系统简介 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
基于矢量数据的"矿床定位预测系统",简称DPIS,用于对地质、物探、化探、遥感、矿产等信息数据进行集成研究,预测找矿靶区.系统充分发挥ArcView GIS图形管理、空间查询、空间分析等优势,使地质研究人员能在熟悉的地质矿产图界面上,通过简单的鼠标操作,在短时间内完成大范围的矿床统计预测工作.系统还提供了"图层自动生成"、"线走向/长度计算"、"面积计算"、"图层平移/旋转/缩放"、"图层合并"等多种实用的矢量数据变换、处理功能,使数据资料的整理便捷、高效. 相似文献
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应用Visual Basic开发环境及Map Info MapX控件建立了一个非点源污染评价系统,并以浙江省剡江流域为试验区对其非点源BOD年负荷量进行了模拟计算,从系统的结构及运行过程,包括数据的输入、模型参数的提取、结果的可视化等方面分析了GIS在流域非点源污染评价中的应用,研究表明,将GIS技术应用于流域非点源污染评价能够有效地获取模型参数,增加了数据和评价结果的直观性,为流域非点源污染治理提供了一种有效的途径。 相似文献
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基于GIS技术的区域地质灾害信息分析系统研究 总被引：39，自引：2，他引：39
作为GIS技术应用的一个方向,作者经过多年的研究,利用GIS强大的空间分析功能和空间数据库管理能力,基于MAPGIS地理信息系统软件及其提供的二次开发函数,通过信息量模型与GIS技术的有机结合,实现了区域地质灾害空间预测制图与分析的自动化系统,即地质灾害信息分析系统.该系统具有进行任意图形边界的多图层矢量数据叠加功能,克服了地质灾害空间预测中因栅格数据叠加而产生的误差,使预测过程和预测结果更符合地质灾害发生的地质背景.文章以我国地质灾害高发区的陕西省旬阳地区为例,对地质灾害信息分析系统进行了应用研究. 相似文献
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以西安市地下水污染防治GIS系统的构建设想为例,根据GIS软件平台的要求采用基于转换器的数据融合,将所搜集到的不同格式的空间数据通过统一的交换格式转换成为GIS软件平台所能识别的格式,并将所有空间和属性数据导入到统一的关系数据库中,以实现数据库对水文地质空间和属性基础数据的统一管理和调用.通过将GIS控件与其它非GIS... 相似文献
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烟台市是山东半岛蓝色经济区核心城市之一。通过对山东省烟台市生态地球化学资料的系统整理,发现土壤主要污染因子是Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属元素,工矿三废排放是土壤重金属的主要来源;过量施用化肥和工矿污染形成的酸雨使区内土壤明显酸化,土壤根系土中镉等元素在酸性环境中活化迁移能力明显增强,有毒重金属镉等通过土壤-水-植物活化迁移量大,经食物链向人体中转移危险性增大。土壤重金属污染和土壤酸化成为烟台市域内两项重大的生态环境问题,为土地污染防治提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001034 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
A comprehensive methodology that integrates Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation（RUSLE） model and Geographic Information System（GIS） techniques was adopted to determine the soil erosion vulnerability of a forested mountainous sub-watershed in Kerala,India.The spatial pattern of annual soil erosion rate was obtained by integrating geo-environmental variables in a raster based GIS method.GIS data layers including,rainfall erosivity（R）,soil erodability（K）,slope length and steepness（LS）,cover management （C） and conservation practice（P） factors were computed to determine their effects on average annual soil loss in the area.The resultant map of annual soil erosion shows a maximum soil loss of 17.73 t h-1 y-1 with a close relation to grass land areas,degraded forests and deciduous forests on the steep side-slopes（with high LS ）.The spatial erosion maps generated with RUSLE method and GIS can serve as effective inputs in deriving strategies for land planning and management in the environmentally sensitive mountainous areas. 相似文献
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北京城区表层土壤多元素分布特征及重金属元素污染评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对北京城区表层土壤样品54项指标的地球化学背景值进行了详细研究,认为微量元素中Ni、Cr和As含量值存在极高值点,具有点源污染特征;Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu具有面状污染特点。对这5种重金属元素开展研究,统计北京城区五环内每个区域的数据并结合元素含量空间分布特征,指出元素含量平均值由市中心向周边地区逐渐降低。采用内梅罗指数法对表层土壤重金属元素污染进行评价,认为北京市城区表层土壤大部分已经被重金属元素所污染。分析了造成土壤重金属元素污染的可能影响因素,主要包括工业活动、化石燃料燃烧、建筑涂料、机动车尾气等,并提出了污染防控的建议。 相似文献
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土壤污染地球化学标准及等级划分问题讨论 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
全国多目标区域地球化学调查发现有害元素广泛分布引起极大关注。土壤污染将长期危及生态系统和人类生存安全。制定土壤污染等级标准十分重要。国家土壤环境保护标准体系中,土壤污染等级标准是针对调查发现的污染进行量度划分,土壤环境质量标准是依据污染对环境影响程度确定临界值,土壤污染评价标准是针对存在问题进行科学研究的指标。土壤污染等级采用统一的分级标准,划分为国家级、流域级、省级和地市级。标准制定是一个由局部到全局的认识,又由全局到局部的决策过程。在多目标区域地球化学调查基础上首先制定土壤污染标准及划分污染等级是笔者的主导思想。 相似文献
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Natural hazards pose an increasing threat to society and, for this reason, it is necessary to develop models and methodologies for better understanding and forecasting extreme weather events. A new structure of the Greek Regional Administration (Kallikratis) was established in 2011, based on geographical criteria, in order to create an operational and capable administration. An Atmospheric Hazards Early Warning System (AHEWS) could be characterised as an ultimate tool for the local authorities (first and second tier level) in order to organise and implement efficient plans to mitigate the risk. New operation centres (related to regional and municipality administration level) are suggested to be staffed and equipped with the proposed Early Warning System (EWS). The AHEWS will link to extensive Geographical Information Systems (GIS) datasets and methodologies for safety plans by government agencies and services in order to mitigate the impacts caused by atmospheric extreme events. AHEWS involves high-resolution Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) products, ground observation network, lightning detection network and satellite information in terms of early convective, initiation and Now-Casting. Storms, lightings, gale winds, snow, hail, tornadoes, low temperatures, heatwaves and several others extreme events are weather phenomena that AHEWS deals with in order to prevent and mitigate impacts on humans and constructions. An automated dissemination procedure is described here for individual and administrative users, followed by safety and action plans, respectively. 相似文献
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Soil erosion assessment and its verification using the Universal Soil Loss Equation and Geographic Information System: a case study at Boun,Korea 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
This study is aimed at the evaluation of the hazard of soil erosion and its verification at Boun, Korea, using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing. Precipitation, topographic, soil, and land use data were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and remote sensing data. Areas that had suffered soil erosion were analysed and mapped using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The factors that influence soil erosion are rainfall erosivitiy (R) from the precipitation database, soil erodibility (K) from the soil database, slope length and steepness (LS) from the topographic database, and crop and management (C) and conservation supporting practices (P) from the land use database. Land use was classified from Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images. The soil erosion map verified use of the landslide location data. Landslide locations were identified in the Boun area from interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys. 相似文献
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Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution at the Three Gorges reservoir area in China has been increasingly recognized as a threat to aquatic environment in recent years due to the serious eutrophication problem. Adsorbed NPS pollution is one of the major forms of NPS pollution in mountainous regions, the essential of the adsorbed NPS pollution is soil loss. Thus, simple, highly sensitive and continuous methods are required to simulate and quantify sediments yield at watershed scales. It is imperative to construct an integrated model to estimate the sediment yield and adsorbed NPS pollution load. According to the characteristics of climate, hydrology, topography, geology, geomorphology and land use types in Three Gorges reservoir area, a GIS-based dynamic-integrated-distributed model of annual adsorbed NPS load was presented in view of impacts of the rainfall intensity, sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and land management, where the temporally dynamic-continuous model of annual sediment yield was established by modifying the revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and the spatially integrated-distributed model of annual adsorbed NPS load was then developed via the correlation between sediment yield and adsorbed NPS load. Furthermore, a case study of the Jialing River basin in China was applied to validate the integrated model, the dynamic-distributed coupling among GIS technology, sediment yield model, and adsorbed NPS load model was achieved successfully. The simulation results demonstrate the following: (1) runoff and sediment are influenced greatly by rainfall intensity, SDR and vegetation cover; rainfall and land management show high sensitivities to the integrated model; the average annual adsorbed TN and TP pollution loads from 2006 to 2010 decreased by 76 and 74 % compared with the previous treatment (1990), respectively. (2) Spatio-temporal variations of adsorbed NPS nitrogen and phosphorus load are mainly related to different land use types and the background level of nutriments in topsoil; different land use types have different contribution rates; the largest contribution rates of adsorbed total nitrogen (TN, 58.9 %) and total phosphorus (TP, 53 %) loads are both from the dryland cropland. (3) The identification of critical source areas can help to implement the prevention and control measures aiming at the reduction of water environmental pollution. These results will provide useful and valuable information for decision makers and planners to take sustainable land use management and soil conservation measures for the control of sediment pollution in the Three Gorges reservoir area. The application of this model in the catchment shows that the integrated model may be used as a major tool to assess sediment yield risks and adsorbed NPS pollution load at mountainous watersheds. 相似文献
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随着地理信息系统（GIS）技术的不断完善,利用GIS的空间数据（矢量化数据）与化探测量数据（定量数据）的有机结合,建立基于地理信息系统（GIS）空间数据库对已有的海量化探数据进行统一管理,并开发基于GIS空间信息技术的地球化学异常查询系统,是化探相关地质信息提取的有效途径。 相似文献