共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
Ababouch L 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,53(10-12):561-568
International trade in fishery commodities reached US 58.2 billion dollars in 2002, a 5% improvement relative to 2000 and a 45% increase over 1992 levels. Within this global trade, developing countries registered a net trade surplus of US 17.4 billion dollars in 2002 and accounted for almost 50% by value and 55% of fish exports by volume. This globalization of fish trade, coupled with technological developments in food production, handling, processing and distribution, and the increasing awareness and demand of consumers for safe and high quality food have put food safety and quality assurance high in public awareness and a priority for many governments. Consequently, many countries have tightened food safety controls, imposing additional costs and requirements on imports. As early as 1980, there was an international drive towards adopting preventative HACCP-based safety and quality systems. More recently, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to food safety and quality throughout the entire food chain. Implementation of this approach requires an enabling policy and regulatory environment at national and international levels with clearly defined rules and standards, establishment of appropriate food control systems and programmes at national and local levels, and provision of appropriate training and capacity building. This paper discusses the international framework for fish safety and quality, with particular emphasis on the United Nation's Food and Agricultural Organization's (FAO) strategy to promote international harmonization and capacity building. 相似文献
2.
Jensen HH 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,53(10-12):591-598
Consumers world-wide are driving changes in the agriculture and food sector. Rising consumer income, changing demographics and lifestyles, and shifting preferences due to new information about the links between diet and health all contribute to new demands for foods. At the same time, technological changes in production, processing and distribution, growth in large-scale retailing, and changes in product availability, as well as expansion of trade world wide, have contributed to a rapidly changing market for food products. Changes in seafood consumption reflect these changes. The changes in consumer consumption patterns, new technologies and trade in product offer both expanded markets as well as new challenges to consumer exposure to food-borne risks. The strict quality control requirements of retail brokers, growth of private labels, and development of value-protecting marketing channels have become increasingly important in food markets. This paper addresses major trends that affect seafood consumption and the market for seafood products and the implications of these changes for consumer risk exposure to food safety hazards. The current economic environment highlights similarities and differences between the developed and developing countries, as well as diversity worldwide in consumption of seafood. Within this context, four major trends affect consumer consumption of foods, including seafood and fish products today: rising income; changing demographics; changing markets for food; and an increasingly global market for food products. Changes in consumer risk exposure to food safety problems are addressed in the context of these trends. 相似文献
3.
Todd EC 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,53(10-12):569-578
Surveillance systems for foodborne disease vary in capacity by country, especially for marine-related illnesses. Generally, the more developed the country is, the more funding that is put into its surveillance programs, but no country has an outstanding system that could serve as a model for all others. An additional problem is lack of consistency. Approaches to surveillance and available resources change over time, so that apparent trends may reflect more of an administrative function. Most countries have some passive system that allows data on foodborne illnesses to be sent to centralized authorities where summaries are generated. However, these depend on the uneven quality of the source data that vary according to the resources allocated at the local level. Active surveillance systems collect data targeted to answer specific epidemiological questions more efficiently, but at such a high cost that most countries do not have the resources, except on a occasional basis. There is also the issue of what to do with the collected data. There has to be a conscious effort to translate the problems identified from the surveillance programs to consider strategies for prevention and control of foodborne disease. Otherwise, there is little value in having these kinds of monitoring programs. Another problem is lack of coordination in surveillance systems between most countries, so that information can be rapidly and efficiently shared. That being said, surveillance over the years had generated much interesting information on how disease agents are transmitted through the food supply, and where contamination and growth by pathogens in the food production and preparation chain typically occur. In addition, attempts are being made to create regional networks in different parts of the world usually initiated by organizations like WHO and PAHO. The kinds of information collected and programs being introduced are discussed in examples taken from both the developed and less developed world, followed by a series of recommendations for improving surveillance on a global basis. A recent burden in the surveillance system is the potential for a deliberate attack on the food supply with agents not usually involved with foodborne illness. At least in the US, a major concern is for the rapid detection and containment of a massive contamination of the food supply. 相似文献
4.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(10-12):569-578
Surveillance systems for foodborne disease vary in capacity by country, especially for marine-related illnesses. Generally, the more developed the country is, the more funding that is put into its surveillance programs, but no country has an outstanding system that could serve as a model for all others. An additional problem is lack of consistency. Approaches to surveillance and available resources change over time, so that apparent trends may reflect more of an administrative function. Most countries have some passive system that allows data on foodborne illnesses to be sent to centralized authorities where summaries are generated. However, these depend on the uneven quality of the source data that vary according to the resources allocated at the local level. Active surveillance systems collect data targeted to answer specific epidemiological questions more efficiently, but at such a high cost that most countries do not have the resources, except on a occasional basis. There is also the issue of what to do with the collected data. There has to be a conscious effort to translate the problems identified from the surveillance programs to consider strategies for prevention and control of foodborne disease. Otherwise, there is little value in having these kinds of monitoring programs. Another problem is lack of coordination in surveillance systems between most countries, so that information can be rapidly and efficiently shared. That being said, surveillance over the years had generated much interesting information on how disease agents are transmitted through the food supply, and where contamination and growth by pathogens in the food production and preparation chain typically occur. In addition, attempts are being made to create regional networks in different parts of the world usually initiated by organizations like WHO and PAHO. The kinds of information collected and programs being introduced are discussed in examples taken from both the developed and less developed world, followed by a series of recommendations for improving surveillance on a global basis. A recent burden in the surveillance system is the potential for a deliberate attack on the food supply with agents not usually involved with foodborne illness. At least in the US, a major concern is for the rapid detection and containment of a massive contamination of the food supply. 相似文献
5.
A. Buccianti V. Pawlowsky-Glahn 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2006,21(1):25-33
The geochemical analysis of fumarolic gases collected at quiescent and active volcanic systems over time is one of the main tools to understand changes in the state of activity for surveillance and risk assessment. The continuous output of chemical species through fumarolic activity, which characterizes the inter-eruptive intervals, has also a major and general influence on the environment. The mobilization of chemical species due to weathering of volcanic rocks, or the input of gaseous components from fumarolic activity, results in some kind of modification of the environment affecting, in particular, water, soils, and the consequent growth of the plants present in these areas. In this paper, an investigation on the chemical composition of fumarolic gases collected at Vulcano island (Sicily, southern Italy) is performed, with the aim to discover how data changes during the monitored period of time, and to design a strategy for the environmental surveillance of volcanic systems taking into account the nature of the analyzed data. In order to summarize the contribution of all the components that can affect the chemical composition of volcanic gases, a multivariate statistical approach appears to be suitable. Since many of those methods assume independent observations, the possible presence of time-dependent structures should be carefully verified. In this framework, given the compositional nature of geochemical data, we have applied recent theoretical and practical developments in the field of compositional data analysis to work in the correct sample space and to isolate groups of parts responsible for significant changes in the gas chemistry. The proposed approach can be generalized to the investigation of complex environmental systems. 相似文献
6.
Ing-Jia Chiou Ching-Ho Chen Wei-Lin Liu Shiao-Mei Huang Yu-Min Chang 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(3):775-792
“Disaster risk assessment” is important in the planning of risk management strategies that reduce societal losses. However, governmental agencies in Taiwan generally assess risks that emerge from debris flows without adequately considering risk management and taking a systems approach. This work proposes an approach to thoroughly consider the interactive influence mechanism of debris flow disaster risk. Additionally, a systematic method for assessing disaster risks is developed. This proposed method can be used in the current risk assessment and as a basis for management strategy planning. Based on systems thinking, the components and attributes of a conceptual system of disaster risk management associated with debris flows in a river basin are identified. Subsequently, a conceptual mitigation–hazard–exposure–resistance framework and an indicator system for assessing the debris flow disaster risks in a river basin are identified. The disaster risks for each exposed community in each drainage zone can be systematically calculated based on the current status or plans of prevention and evacuation measures using the proposed indicator system. A case study of implementing the proposed methodology that involves the Chishan River Basin is presented, in which disaster risk according to the current status of prevention and evacuation measures is assessed. Drainage zones and communities with a significant debris flow disaster risk are located; this risk is associated with a lack of adequate prevention and evacuation measures that have been planned of government agencies. Analytical results indicate that the proposed methodology can systematically and effectively assess the disaster risks of a river basin. The proposed methodology provides a valuable reference for governmental agencies that must manage disaster risk associated with debris flows. 相似文献
7.
Darija Vukić Lušić Dražen Lušić Denis Pešut Vladimir Mićović Marin Glad Lovorka Bilajac Vesna Peršić 《Marine pollution bulletin》2013
The quality of bathing water is of considerable public importance due to the possibility of fecal contamination. In 2009, Croatia implemented the new European Bathing Water Directive (BWD, 2006/7/EC) establishing stricter microbiological standards for new parameters with new reference methods. This study aims to evaluate the equivalence of different methods according to the old and revised BWD and to provide the possibility of data comparison. Furthermore, the directive requires the establishment of the bathing water profile (BWP) for pollution risk assessment. The estimation of consistency of pollution risk assessment with obtained microbiological results was also performed. 相似文献
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The equivalent linearization method approximates the maximum displacement response of nonlinear structures through the corresponding equivalent linear system.By using the particle swarm optimization technique,a new statistical approach is developed to determine the key parameters of such an equivalent linear system over a 2D space of period and damping ratio.The new optimization criterion realizes the consideration of the structural safety margin in the equivalent linearization method when applied to the performance-based seismic design/evaluation of engineering structures.As an application,equations for equivalent system parameters of both bilinear hysteretic and stiffness degrading single-degree-offreedom systems are deduced with the assumption of a constant ductility ratio.Error analyses are also performed to validate the proposed approach. 相似文献
10.
Thanh Duc Dang Thomas A. Cochrane Mauricio E. Arias Pham Dang Tri Van Tonny T. de Vries 《水文研究》2016,30(21):3824-3838
The Mekong floodplains, which encompasses the region from Kratie Township in Central Cambodia to the Vietnamese East Sea, is a region of globally renown agricultural productivity and biodiversity. The construction of 135 dams across the Mekong basin and the development of delta‐based flood prevention systems have caused public concern given possible threats on the stability of agricultural and ecological systems in the floodplains. Mekong dams store water upstream and regulate flow seasonality, while in situ flood prevention systems re‐distribute water retention capacity in the floodplains. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate possible impacts of the recent development of both hydropower dams and flood prevention systems on hydrological regimes in the Mekong floodplains. An analysis of measured daily and hourly water level data for key stations in the Mekong floodplains from Kratie to the river mouth in Vietnam was conducted. Hydropower dam information was obtained from the hydropower database managed by the Mekong River Commission, and the MODIS satellite imagery was used to detect changes in flooding extent related to the operation of flood prevention systems in the Vietnam Mekong Delta. Results indicate that the upper part of the floodplains, the Cambodian floodplains, may buffer upstream dam impacts to the Vietnam Mekong Delta. Flood prevention up to date has had the greatest effect on the natural hydrological regime of the Mekong floodplains, evidenced by a significant increase of water level rise and fall rates in the upper delta and causing water levels in the middle delta to increase. The development of flood prevention systems has also effected spatial distribution of flooding as indicated via a time series analysis of satellite imagery. While this development leads to increase localized agricultural productivity, our historical data analysis indicates that development of one region detrimentally affects other regions within the delta, which could increase the risk of future conflicts among regions, economic sectors and the ecological value of these important floodplains. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
Rainfall-induced landslides have occurred frequently in Southwestern China since the Wenchuan earthquake,resulting in massive loss of people''s life and property. Fortunately,landslide early-warning is one of the most important tools for landslide hazard prevention and mitigation. However, the accumulation of historical data of the landslides induced by rainfall is limited in many remote mountain areas and the stability of the slope is easily affected by human engineering activities and environmental changes, leading to difficulties to accurately realize early warning of landslide hazards by statistical methods. The proposed warning method is divided into rainfall warning component and deformation warning component because the deformation induced by rainfall has the characteristic of hysteretic nature. Rainfall, tilted angle and crack width are chosen as monitoring indexes. Rainfall grade level that contains rainfall intensity and duration information is graded according to the variation of the safety factor calculated by 3-D finite difference numerical simulation method, and then is applied using the strength reduction method and unascertained information theory to obtain the deformation grade level of several monitored points. Finally, based on the system reliability theory, we establish a comprehensive landslide warning level method that provides four early warning levels to reflect the safety factor reductions during and post rainfall events. The application of this method at a landslide site yield generally satisfactory results and provide a new method for performing multi-index and multi-level landslide early warnings. 相似文献
12.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the major water exchange processes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. ET is a combined process of evaporation from open water bodies, bare soil and plant surfaces, and transpiration from vegetation. Remote sensing-based ET models have been developed to estimate spatially distributed ET over large regions, however, many of them reportedly underestimate ET over semi-arid regions (Jamshidi et al., Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019, 20, 947–964). In this work, we show that underestimation of ET can occur due to the open water evaporation from flooded rice paddies ignored in the existing ET models. To address the gap in ET estimation, we have developed a novel approach that accounts for the missing ET component over flooded rice paddies. Our method improved ET estimates by a modified Penman-Monteith algorithm that considered the fraction of open water evaporation from flooded rice paddies. Daily ET was calculated using ground based meteorological data and the MODIS satellite data over the Krishna River Basin. Seasonal and annual ET values over the Krishna Basin were compared with two different ET algorithms. ET estimates from these two models were also compared for different crop combinations. Results were validated with flux tower-based measurements from other studies. We have identified a 17 mm/year difference in average annual ET over the Krishna River Basin with this new ET algorithm. This is very critical in basin scale water balance analysis and water productivity studies. 相似文献
13.
Rigorous landslide hazard zonation using Newmark's method and stochastic ground motion simulation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Researchers and practitioners in earthquake engineering have recognized geographic information systems (GIS) to be a significant tool in modeling spatial phenomenon related to hazard and risk. GIS, as an engineering tool, has been primarily used for its spatial data storing and presentation features. Models are often simplified to be more compatible with the light computational capabilities of many GIS. If not simplified, heavy computations are generally performed external to the GIS. A prototype vector-based GIS was developed that employs a rigorous approach to Newmark's displacement method for assessing earthquake triggered landslide hazards. The rigorous Newmark's analysis provides desirable flexibility by allowing input of actual ground motions. The prototype hazard GIS incorporates a popular shot filtered noise technique for generating artificial ground motions. The rigorous approach was compared to a popular simplified approach for computing Newmark displacements. Distribution of regional displacements was found to be similar with the simplified approach giving more and larger extreme displacements. The rigorous approach is suitable for large scales to model various seismic scenarios and their effect on seismically induced landslide potential. 相似文献
14.
In model-based sensitivity studies, the growth of model error over long-term integrations may lead to serious deviations between the simulated and actual states. To reduce these errors, we have developed a new modeling approach with application of the Newtonian relaxation technique, or nudging. In this approach, an identical artificial Newtonian relaxation term that reflects the difference between the model reference state and its analysis (available in many sensitivity studies) is added to the prognostic equations of the two simulated states, the reference state and the perturbed state (for which observations are nonexistent). We have conducted idealized sensitivity experiments with a shallow-water model to evaluate the benefits and viability of this approach and to test its sensitivity to changes in the nudging period and error in the analysis data. The experimental results confirm that this approach lead to more credible atmospheric responses to modified external forcing if the data error is within a reasonable range. The results also indicate that a 12-hour period is more favorable for nudging than a 24-hour period. 相似文献
15.
Linda J. Young Carol A. Gotway 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2007,21(5):589-600
A nationwide Environmental Public Health Tracking program is being created to monitor environmental impacts on human health.
This, and many other efforts to relate environmental and health outcomes, depend largely on the synthesis of existing data
sets; little new data are being generated for this purpose. More often than not, the data available for such synthesis have
been collected for different geographic or spatial units, and any set of these units may be different from the one of interest.
In this paper, we compare and contrast two approaches that can be used within a Geographic Information System to link spatial
data from different sources. The first approach works with centroids of areal units and is commonly used in environmental
health analyses. The second approach honors the spatial support (size, shape and orientation) of the data. Using traditional
regression models and a spatially-varying coefficient regression model, we show that different linkage methods can lead to
different inference. We describe key ideas pertaining to the support of spatial data that are often ignored in many analyses
of environmental health data and present a general analytical approach to change-of-support problems. 相似文献
16.
《Water Policy》2001,3(4):273-281
Private water supplies are defined as any water supply which is not provided by a statutory water undertaker and in which the responsibility for its maintenance lies with the owner or person who uses the supply. In Scotland around 60,000 people rely on such supplies from which they will be receiving water subject to either limited or no statutory requirement for quality sampling. Further, while 60,000 is the resident population, a large number of people attending campsites, hotels, guesthouses or using food outlets will be exposed to private supplies for transitory periods of time. Of greatest concern is the threat of microbial contamination resulting in an increased threat to public health. In an effort to improve the microbiological quality of the drinking water from private supplies a microbiological risk assessment protocol was developed to enhance the source protection of such supplies. This paper details the development of this protocol. 相似文献
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G. Musacchio S. Falsaperla A. E. Bernhardsdóttir M. A. Ferreira M. L. Sousa A. Carvalho G. Zonno 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2016,14(7):2069-2086
To comply with the need to spread the culture of earthquake disaster reduction, we rely on strategies that involve education. Risk education is a long-term process that passes from knowledge, through understanding, to choices and actions thrusting preparedness and prevention, over recovery. We set up strategies for prevention that encompass child and adult education, as a bottom-up approach, from raising awareness to reducing potential effects of disruption of society. Analysis of compulsory school education in three European countries at high seismic risk, namely Portugal, Iceland and Italy, reveals that generally there are a few State-backed plans. The crucial aspects of risk education concerning natural hazards are starting age, incompleteness of textbooks, and lack of in-depth studies of the pupils upon completion of their compulsory education cycle. Hands-on tools, immersive environments, and learn-by-playing approaches are the most effective ways to raise interest in children, to provide memory imprint as a message towards a culture of safety. A video game, Treme–treme, was prepared to motivate, educate, train and communicate earthquake risk to players/pupils. The game focuses on do’s and don’ts for earthquake shaking, and allows children to think about what might be useful in the case of evacuation. Education of the general public was addressed using audio-visual products strongly linked to the social, historical and cultural background of each country. Five videos tackled rising of awareness of seismic hazards in Lisbon, the area surrounding Reykjavik, Naples, and Catania, four urban areas prone to earthquake disasters. 相似文献