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1.
由于干湿循环、剪切或其它作用,自然界土壤表面发育着大量裂隙。裂隙相互连接形成网络,裂隙网络是一个随机无序的系统,常规统计方法描述裂隙的分布特征存在很大的难度。网状土体裂隙一般具有分形特征,可以用分维数来进行描述。用数码相机拍摄土体表面的裂隙,将其转换成灰度图像,并结合分形理论,建立了摄影法测定土体裂隙分维数的方法,得到了土体裂隙的分维数。根据表征单元体的物理意义,建立了基于分维数估算表征单元体的方法,并对实例进行了分析。研究表明：分维数随裂隙密度,裂隙宽度和次一级裂隙发育程度的增大而增大;表征单元体与裂隙的密度均匀性和隙宽均匀性相关,基于分维数估算表征单元体的方法简便可行。 相似文献
2.
Cracks are common in clayey or expansive soils and provide preferential pathways for water infiltration into soils. A field study was conducted to investigate the mechanisms of initiation and development of desiccation cracks on two soils. Based on results of the field study and measurements of soil-water retention curves and soil shrinkage properties in the laboratory, the conditions of crack initiation and the development of crack geometric parameters (i.e., crack porosity, crack aperture, and crack density) with water content or drying time were quantified. The results show that desiccation cracks developed in three stages: initial stage, primary stage, and steady state stage. In the initial stage, few cracks developed with gradually decreasing water content. When the water content reached a critical value for crack initiation, cracks developed quickly and this was the start of the primary stage. The critical suction at crack initiation was calculated using a stress criterion, which is in the range of 5.3–21.3 times the preconsolidation pressure of the soil. As the water content approached the shrinkage limit of the soil, cracks developed slowly and approached a steady state. The cracks were found to be repeatable during three drying–wetting cycles. 相似文献
3.
The problem of desiccation cracks in soils has received increasing attention in the last few years, in both experimental investigations and modeling. Experimental research has been mainly focused on the behavior of slurries subjected to drying in plates of different shapes, sizes and thickness. The main objectives of these studies were to learn about the process of crack formation under controlled environmental conditions, and also to understand better the impact of different factors (e.g. soil type, boundary conditions, soil thickness) on the morphology of the crack network. As for the numerical modeling, different approaches have been proposed to describe the behavior of drying cracks in soils. One aspect that it is still difficult to simulate properly is the 3-D crack pattern typically observed in desiccated soils. In this work we present a numerical technique to model the behavior of drying soils. The proposed approach inserts high aspect ratio elements in-between standard elements of a finite element mesh. This mesh fragmentation technique can be easily adapted to standard finite element programs. We used this technique to analyze multiple case studies related to soil desiccation cracks developed under laboratory and field conditions. We focused our attention in some key factors that control the 3-D morphology of the drying cracks network in soils. We show that the proposed technique is able to simulate very satisfactorily the main patterns typically observed in cracked soils. 相似文献
4.
在干燥环境中,由于蒸发失水,膨胀土发生收缩,表面容易产生纵横交错的裂隙网络(龟裂)。龟裂的产生会极大弱化土体的工程性质,并导致各种工程问题。随着极端干旱气候的频发,膨胀土龟裂问题将会越来越多,越来越显著。开展龟裂研究对揭示龟裂现象的本质规律和指导膨胀土地区的工程实践有重要意义。龟裂的形成和发展是一个动态的过程,与土中水分的蒸发速率、应力状态、收缩特性等直接相关:龟裂形成时水分蒸发处于常速率阶段; 吸力和抗拉强度是制约龟裂形成的两个关键力学参数,当土体中的吸力引起的张拉应力超过土体的抗拉强度时,龟裂便会产生; 龟裂是孔隙发生收缩的直观表现。总体上,力的作用和收缩空间是土体龟裂形成的两个必要条件。此外,膨胀土龟裂具有非常复杂的发生发展过程,受土质学、土力学、土结构、试验条件和方法等许多因素的影响。龟裂定量分析是龟裂研究的重要内容之一,能为龟裂机理研究及相关理论模型的建立提供必要参数。计算机图形处理技术具有效率高、操作性强、精度高等优点,为龟裂定量分析提供了强有力的工具。目前关于土体龟裂研究还存在许多不足之处,在今后的工作中,应该重视龟裂形成和发展过程的动态特征,围绕与土体龟裂相关的水-土作用关系、力学机制、收缩变形机制、大尺度现场试验和三维观测分析技术等方面开展更多的针对性研究,综合考虑龟裂形成过程中的土质学、土力学和土结构因素,结合宏观现象与微观分析,建立土体龟裂的理论体系。 相似文献
5.
Cracks on a natural soil surface provide preferential pathways for water infiltration and contaminant solute transport. Before the mechanical property and permeability of cracked soil can be studied, a crack network model must first be established. Based on statistical analysis of crack geometry from field observations, a new method of representing a 3D crack network was developed. A horizontal plane of a crack network was derived using the Voronoi diagram. Each vertical crack was idealized as an inverted triangular prism. The 3D permeability tensor was determined by modeling the water flow through the crack network. A computer program was developed to generate a 3D crack network automatically and compute the permeability tensor of cracked soil at different depths. The model was verified by comparing the measured permeability and computed permeability of cracked soil. The results showed that the computed permeability was consistent with the measured permeability. 相似文献
6.
边界约束对膨胀土干缩开裂的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
膨胀土是岩土工程中常见的一类特殊土,具有失水收缩和吸水膨胀的变形特征,如何量化收缩变形及其与干缩裂缝之间的关系是土工建筑物稳定性和安全性评估的基本问题。本文利用Bishop有效应力原理和广义胡克定律证明了采用含水率或基质吸力为基本变量的两种分析方法的等价性。把岩土工程中常用的原状土收缩实验中测量的收缩系数与收缩应变关联,得到了土体两端存在和没有位移约束时的总水平应力及其与含水率分布之间的关系。结果表明,无边界位移约束时,收缩变形的不均匀性小,应力水平低,且含水率对应力分布的影响小;存在约束时,收缩变形将受到限制,易诱发干缩裂缝,其深度受土体弹性模量和收缩系数的影响。 相似文献
7.
干湿循环条件下重塑膨胀土的裂隙发育特征及量化研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
裂隙性是膨胀土的典型工程地质特性之一,对其工程性质有重要影响,直接或间接地导致各种工程问题。通过对重塑膨胀土开展室内干湿循环试验,对获得的裂隙数字图像采用图像处理技术进行一系列预处理操作,提出了表面裂隙率、裂隙条数、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度和绝对收缩率等量化指标,定量描述裂隙的形态特征,分析干湿循环过程中压实膨胀土的裂隙发育规律。结果表明:含水率和干湿循环次数是影响膨胀土裂隙发育的重要因素。随着含水率的减小,重塑膨胀土的裂隙发育程度总体上有增加的趋势。表面裂隙率、裂隙条数和总长度随含水率的减小逐渐增加,绝对收缩率随含水率减小而增大,而裂隙宽度与含水率之间没有明显的规律;随干湿循环次数的增加,裂隙进一步发育,裂隙条数、裂隙总长度、表面裂隙率增加,绝对收缩率总体增大,但裂隙平均宽度存在减小的现象,这与后期发育的大量微裂隙有关。 相似文献
8.
Soils, as well as most of deformable multiphase porous materials, are likely to suffer from desiccation cracking, leading to the formation of regular crack patterns affecting their permeability. The ensuing crack spacing has often been related to a concept sometimes called “sequential infilling”: it is assumed that desiccation cracks are formed by successive generations. However, such a concept does not consider the pattern of a simultaneous crack formation at a given moment. Using our desiccation cracking test results and their numerical simulation, we propose a consistent explanation for the formation of desiccation crack patterns in soils. We show that the “sequential infilling” concept is suitable only when the position of the crack(s) clearly stems from the stress field. To derive an estimate of the desiccation crack spacing, the overall energy of the system needs to be considered. Statistical variability should be superimposed on the mean deterministic conditions discussed here. 相似文献
9.
为了探究土体干缩开裂问题,文章采用ERT技术,对黏性土开展了一维干缩开裂动态监测试验。配制初始状态饱和
的泥浆试样,在自然条件下干燥,采用ERT技术获得试样干燥过程中的电阻值变化。结合试样的电阻值图像和裂隙图像,
对土体干缩开裂规律进行了分析。研究结果表明：在干燥蒸发初期,土体电阻值随时间增加缓慢减小,其原因在于土体干
燥收缩导致土颗粒间接触面积增大,颗粒水化膜变薄,进而使得土颗粒表面双电层导电性增强。随着干燥继续进行,气体
进入土体内部,土体由初始饱和状态转变为非饱和状态,电阻值转为缓慢增加。当土体产生裂隙时,裂隙周围土体电阻值
急剧增大,而未发育裂隙的土体电阻依然保持缓慢增加的趋势。通过对比试样电阻值变化曲线和裂隙图像,发现两者所呈
现的裂隙发育位置和状态存在良好的一致性。因此,ERT技术能对干燥过程中土体裂隙发育进行有效的动态监测,准确掌
握裂隙发育的时空动态信息,并且能提前预测裂隙发育的可能位置,为研究极端干旱气候作用下土体的工程性质响应提供
了理想手段。 相似文献
10.
Marcelo Sanchez Alvis Atique Sewon Kim Enrique Romero Marcin Zielinski 《Acta Geotechnica》2013,8(6):583-596
The study of desiccation cracks in soils has been a subject of increasing attention in recent research. This paper presents the use of a 2D profile laser that is coupled with a motion controller (that allows scanning the overall surface of a drying soil) and electronic balance (to measure the water loss). The aim is to accurately track the three most relevant variables associated with the behavior of soils during desiccation: volume change, water loss and evolving crack network’s morphology. The paper presents the methodology to obtain a digital model of the soil using the experimental setup described above. The main results of a natural soil subjected to drying are presented and discussed, including evolution of cracks aperture; evolution of cracks depth, surface contour levels (at different times); and evolution of volume change. It is shown that the proposed methodology provides very useful information for studying the behavior of soils subjected to desiccation. 相似文献
11.
12.
膨胀土易发育大量裂隙,对其工程性质影响显著。引入一种膨胀土试样预制裂隙方法,对特定裂隙形态下膨胀土试样开展无侧限抗压试验,研究了膨胀土强度特征受裂隙形态的影响,并揭示了裂隙的作用机制。研究结果表明：（1）裂隙形态显著影响试样破坏模式,垂直于受力方向裂隙越宽,破坏模式由剪切-拉伸破坏向张拉破坏转变;平行于受力方向裂隙条数... 相似文献
13.
采用自制的压–拉转换装置,配合RMT 150C岩石力学试验系统及数字散斑相关方法,对双边非对称裂纹类岩石平板试样进行直接拉伸试验,得到类岩石试样的拉应力–应变曲线、试样表面应变场演化过程和裂纹扩展模式。研究发现,类岩石试样直接拉伸的拉应力–应变曲线大致可以分为4个阶段：（1）近似线性阶段,预制裂纹基本不起作用,应力随应变增加较快,试样表面应变场的分布主要受试样内部的孔隙及颗粒的影响;（2）整体缓慢增加阶段,两预制裂纹和试样内部的孔隙及颗粒共同影响试样表面应变场的分布,整体上应力随应变呈增加趋势;（3）短暂峰值过渡阶段,试样中某个预制裂纹对试样表面应变场的分布起决定性作用;（4）破坏阶段,裂纹起裂位置在应变场相对集中区域,并扩展导致试样破坏。对于直接拉伸条件下的双边非对称裂纹平板试样,其中某条预制裂纹会率先扩展,先向远离前方裂纹的方向扩展,再向靠近前方裂纹的方向扩展,对采用数值模拟方法研究张拉应力状态下裂纹相互作用扩展规律具有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
针对土遗址干缩裂缝病害,以三星堆月亮湾城墙剖面为依托,探讨干缩裂缝的开裂条件、扩展特征以及失稳扩展条件。研究结果有助于揭示土遗址开裂规律,对遗址保护的工程实践具有指导意义。针对月亮湾城墙土体进行室内干燥试验,通过电子天平记录试样失水过程,采用图像分析技术得到裂缝的开裂与扩展过程,利用数字图像相关技术得到开裂过程的位移场与应变场。结果表明:试样表面缺陷降低了开裂所需的拉应力,缺陷与边界的距离越小,引发开裂的缺陷临界尺寸就越小,因此裂缝更易在试样边界附近缺陷处产生;根据断裂力学理论,考虑含水率对土体性质的影响,裂缝失稳扩展需满足应力强度因子对含水率的增加率大于断裂韧性;理论推导出裂缝失稳扩展临界长度的计算方法,该方法初步得到了实测数据验证;随着含水率从45.6%降低到29.1%,失稳扩展临界长度与试样宽度比值从0.109减小到0.024,含水率越低裂缝越易进入失稳扩展阶段,开裂处一个微小的缺陷就可能引发裂缝的快速扩展;对土遗址表面进行保护时,应着重修补分布在土层边界区域的大尺寸缺陷;定期监测土遗址临空面,一旦发现开裂,应及时对裂缝及其附近缺陷进行修复,以防止裂缝失稳扩展。 相似文献
15.
R. K. Dubey J. A. Dar Gyan Prakash Satyam 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(6):704-710
Slope stability has been identified as a major obstacle to construction in the rapidly developing countries of Indonesia and Malaysia. In these countries, slope failure has been identified as one of the most commonly occurring natural disasters, leading to financial losses and deaths. Slope failure is often related to prolonged rainfall events where rainfall infiltration increases pore water pressure, reducing soil strength. This failure mechanism will accelerate with the existence of cracks, which are usually caused by differential settling, drying and shrinking of soil, and associated construction activities, among other causes. The existence of cracks on slopes usually provides an easy pathway for rainfall infiltration into soil, allowing rain to infiltrate to deeper layers than in the absence of cracks. The moisture content in deep layers is therefore higher in cracked slopes than in slopes without cracks. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of cracks on slope stability when subjected to rainfall. The influence of crack location, depth, size, and direction on pore water pressure distribution and slope stability was studied by imposing different rainfall intensities. Analysis of seepage and stability were conducted using the GEO STUDIO 2007 softwares SEEP/W and SLOPE/W. Results suggested that pore water pressure and slope stability were influenced by the existence of cracks. Analysis showed that slope factors of safety decreased sharply when cracks were located adjacent to the slope crest, as compared to when cracks were located in the middle of the slope. Furthermore, slope factors of safety decreased with increasing crack depth. Pore water pressure and slope factors of safety decreased further when slopes were subjected to small rainfall intensities for long periods, as compared to when slopes were subjected to high rainfall intensities for short periods. The present study shows that study of cracks should be an integral part of the slope stability analysis. 相似文献
16.
Numerical modelling of a field soil desiccation test using a cohesive fracture model with Voronoi tessellations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Numerical modelling of a field soil desiccation test is performed using a hybrid continuum-discrete element method with a mix-mode cohesive fracture model and Voronoi tessellation grain assemblages. The fracture model considers material strength and contact stiffness degradation in both normal and tangential directions of an interface. It is found that the model can reasonably reproduce the special features of the field soil desiccation, such as curling and sub-horizontal crack. In addition, three significant factors controlling field desiccation cracking, fracture energy, grain heterogeneity and grain size are identified. 相似文献
17.
DAVID L. KIDDER 《Sedimentology》1990,37(5):943-951
Shrinkage-crack morphotypes in the Libby Formation (upper Belt Supergroup) are confined to distinct environmental facies. The lower facies is characterized by flat rip-up clasts, stromatolites, oolites, small-scale symmetrical ripples, and fenestral fabric. These rocks were deposited above fair-weather wave base on a periodically exposed mudflat. Shrinkage cracks in this facies are predominantly branching, incompletely connected features in plan view, except for local examples of completely connected polygonal cracks on purple argillite bed tops and rare, long spindle-shaped cracks on bed tops of dark grey argillite. The upper facies was deposited below fair-weather wave base and contains mainly unconnected, short spindle-shaped shrinkage cracks, and rare slightly branching cracks. Restriction of some crack types to certain facies better constrains interpretation of the origin of these shrinkage cracks. The cracks in the upper facies were strongly influenced by sediment loading, and may have formed by compaction-induced expulsion of water from pore space, resulting in synaeresis cracks. In the underlying shallower facies, polygonal cracks formed by desiccation. Elsewhere in this facies, incomplete, partially connected cracks and long spindle-shaped cracks on the same bedding plane are interpreted as having formed by desiccation. Shrinkage cracks are an under-used source of environmental information, but confusion as to their origin sometimes restricts their potential. More intensive analysis of properties of host sediment and crack fills may further our understanding of depositional and diagenetic influence on crack morphology. Crack cross-sections, which are often more commonly exposed than bedding plane cracks, may provide critical additional information on crack genesis. Better understanding of crack genesis will strengthen our ability to interpret unfossiliferous muddy sequences common in Precambrian and lacustrine settings. 相似文献
18.
Moisture Movement Through Cracked Clay Soil Profiles 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Delwyn G. Fredlund Sandra L. Houston Quan Nguyen Murray D. Fredlund 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2010,28(6):865-888
A continuum mechanics approach is used for the formulation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions and the water storage
functions for fractured or cracked clay soils in this parametric study. Suggested procedures are based on available research
literature related to the behavior of cracked unsaturated porous media. The soil–water characteristic curve, hydraulic conductivity
and water storage functions take on the character of bi-modal unsaturated soil property functions. The bimodal character arises
out of the independent behavior of the cracks and the intact clay soil. Matric suction changes beneath a slab-on-grade foundation
placed on a cracked clay soil profile are modeled for varied surface flux conditions using the proposed unsaturated hydraulic
conductivity and water storage functions. The impact of various levels of surface cracking on soil suction distributions is
discussed. Suction distribution patterns are dependent on the initial soil surface suction. In particular, the results are
dependent upon whether the initial matric suction is less than or greater than the air entry of the cracked clay. There is
an extremely wide range of possible conditions that could be modeled but the parametric study results presented in this paper
are limited to a series of selected crack widths and densities for an exfiltration case and an infiltration case. 相似文献
19.
This paper presents some experimental results on desiccation cracking tests conducted on thin layers of clay soils. Observation
of the evolution of cracking patterns was examined to clarify the transient mechanisms of the crack formation of clay soils.
Laboratory experimentation on desiccation cracking was carried out to examine experimentally the quantitative relationships
between the characteristics of soil cracks and the prevailing controlling conditions. Five desiccation cracking tests for
slurried clay soils were carried out using shrinkage moulds in a humidity chamber, which was capable of controlling relative
humidity and temperature. The soil used in the experimental studies was residual basaltic clay and was classified as a highly
reactive soil. In order to provide simple conditions for theoretical modelling, the tests were conducted in perspex and metal
moulds with rectangular cross-sections. The lengths of the moulds were considerably larger than their widths so that parallel
cracking were generated in thin layers. In each cracking test, several rectangular moulds of different thicknesses and widths
were used. Some of these tests were used for observation, crack initiation and evolution, and others for moisture content
measurement during desiccation. The test results include evolution of the cracking pattern, influences of speed of desiccation
and typical crack spacing to depth ratios for soil layers. 相似文献
20.
The ability to model and predict the formation of desiccation cracks is potentially beneficial in many applications such as clay liner design, earth dam construction, and crop science, etc. However, most studies have focused on statistical analysis of crack patterns and qualitative study of contributing factors to crack development rather than prediction. Because it is exceedingly difficult to capture the nonlinear processes during desiccation in analytical modelling, most such models handle crack formation without considering variation of material properties with time, and are unattractive to use in realistic modelling. The data obtained from laboratory experiments on clay soil desiccating in moulds were used as a basis to develop a more refined model of desiccation cracking. In this study, the properties, such as matric suction, stiffness and tensile strength of soil, and base adhesion, could be expressed approximately as functions of moisture content. The initial conditions and the development of suction due to desiccation and the varying material properties were inputted to UDEC, a distinct element code, using its internal programming language FISH. The model was able to capture some essential physical aspects of crack evolution in soil contained in moulds with varying lengths, heights, and materials of construction. Extension of this methodology is potentially beneficial not only for modelling desiccation cracking in clay, but also in other systems with evolving material properties such as concrete structures and road pavements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献