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1.
The recent and rapid warming of the Arctic leads to thawing of permafrost, which influences and changes subsurface water-flow systems in such landscapes. This study explores the utility of catchments as “sentinels of change” by considering long-term discharge data from 17 stations on unregulated rivers in northern Sweden and analyzing trends in annual minimum discharge and recession flow characteristics. For the catchments considered, the annual minimum discharge has increased significantly (based on the Mann Kendall test at a 95 % confidence level) in nine of the catchments and decreased significantly in one catchment. Considering changes in recession-flow characteristics, seven catchments showed significant trends consistent with permafrost thawing while two catchments showed significant trends in the opposite direction. These results are mechanistically consistent with generic physically based modeling studies and the geological setting, as the catchments considered span the spatial limit of permafrost extent. This study illuminates the potential for using hydrologic observations to monitor changes in catchment-scale permafrost. Further, this opens the door for research to isolate the mechanisms behind the different trends observed and to gauge their ability to reflect actual permafrost conditions at the catchment scale. 相似文献
2.
In high-latitude catchments where permafrost is present, runoff dynamics are complicated by seasonal active-layer thaw, which may cause a change in the dominant flowpaths as water increasingly contacts mineral soils of low hydraulic conductivity. A 2-year study, conducted in an upland catchment in Alaska (USA) underlain by frozen, well-sorted eolian silt, examined changes in infiltration and runoff with thaw. It was hypothesized that rapid runoff would be maintained by flow through shallow soils during the early summer and deeper preferential flow later in the summer. Seasonal changes in soil moisture, infiltration, and runoff magnitude, location, and chemistry suggest that transport is rapid, even when soils are thawed to their maximum extent. Between June and September, a shift occurred in the location of runoff, consistent with subsurface preferential flow in steep and wet areas. Uranium isotopes suggest that late summer runoff erodes permafrost, indicating that substantial rapid flow may occur along the frozen boundary. Together, throughflow and deep preferential flow may limit upland boreal catchment water and solute storage, and subsequently biogeochemical cycling on seasonal to annual timescales. Deep preferential flow may be important for stream incision, network drainage development, and the release of ancient carbon to ecosystems. 相似文献
3.
Shojae Ghias Masoumeh Therrien René Molson John Lemieux Jean-Michel 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(3):657-673
Numerical simulations of groundwater flow and heat transport are used to provide insight into the interaction between shallow groundwater flow and thermal dynamics related to permafrost thaw and thaw settlement at the Iqaluit Airport taxiway, Nunavut, Canada. A conceptual model is first developed for the site and a corresponding two-dimensional numerical model is calibrated to the observed ground temperatures. Future climate-warming impacts on the thermal regime and flow system are then simulated based on climate scenarios proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Under climate warming, surface snow cover is identified as the leading factor affecting permafrost degradation, including its role in increasing the sensitivity of permafrost degradation to changes in various hydrogeological factors. In this case, advective heat transport plays a relatively minor, but non-negligible, role compared to conductive heat transport, due to the significant extent of low-permeability soil close to surface. Conductive heat transport, which is strongly affected by the surface snow layer, controls the release of unfrozen water and the depth of the active layer as well as the magnitude of thaw settlement and frost heave. Under the warmest climate-warming scenario with an average annual temperature increase of 3.23 °C for the period of 2011–2100, the simulations suggest that the maximum depth of the active layer will increase from 2 m in 2012 to 8.8 m in 2100 and, over the same time period, thaw settlement along the airport taxiway will increase from 0.11 m to at least 0.17 m.
相似文献4.
天山玛纳斯河冬季径流对暖冬和冻土退化的响应 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6
天山高山地区大范围为冻土区,冻土的存在对水文过程有极大的影响.20世纪90年代以来,玛纳斯河流域气温10 a升高了0.54℃,以冬季升温为主,降水量没有增加趋势.应用1957—2004年近48 a的气候和水文月资料,研究了具有多年冻土的高海拔河流的冻土和水文响应.检测到12月至翌年2月气温升高0.8~0.9℃时冬季径流量响应显著,冬季径流在12至翌年2月份增加了14%~26%,其中1月份增加26%.遥相关分析表明,10~11月的水量增大也可导致冬季河流水量增多,1.5~3.0 m的活动层的深度和温度变化导致了这些响应.冻土区的冬季径流水文响应比气温更快、更显著.但冻土和积雪观测的不足使冬季水文变化具有不确定性. 相似文献
5.
多年冻土区斜坡稳定性研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
全球变暖、极端天气频发,引发的地质灾害对自然生态环境和人类生产生活造成了很大的影响。尤其对气候变化较为敏感的高温（年平均地温>-1 °C）和高含冰量多年冻土区,气候变暖以及人类活动导致的冻融地质灾害日益频繁。冻土退化条件下,土体结构和物理力学性质发生改变,黏聚力和抗剪强度降低,造成多年冻土区斜坡发生滑坡、崩塌、泥流等灾害。斜坡失稳加剧了多年冻土区脆弱生态环境的恶化,同时对建（构）筑物安全运营产生威胁。与非冻土区相比,多年冻土区斜坡稳定性研究主要针对高含冰量斜坡段,斜坡失稳模式主要以热融滑塌和活动层滑脱为主。热融滑塌由斜坡段地下冰暴露融化引起,而活动层滑脱产生的原因是冻土融化导致土体孔隙水压力过大,形成的超孔隙水压力降低了土体强度,造成斜坡失稳。此外,多年冻土区斜坡失稳模式还包括融冻泥流、崩塌以及蠕变滑坡等。通过综述近期多年冻土区斜坡稳定性研究进展,概括了多年冻土区斜坡失稳的模式、特征、影响因素、失稳机理、分析方法及防治措施等,并对未来多年冻土区斜坡失稳的研究重点提出建议。 相似文献
6.
青藏铁路冻土区路桥过渡段沉降原因分析 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
青藏铁路开通近10 a以来,各类冻土工程稳定,保证了列车平稳安全的运行。然而,青藏铁路工程也不可避免出现了一些病害问题。现场调查资料表明,冻土区路桥过渡段下沉现象较为严重。通过冻土区路桥过渡段的沉降特点和工程地质条件综合分析,结果表明：地表水或冻结层上水水热侵蚀,引起人为多年冻土上限下降、高含冰量冻土层融化,致使路基发生强烈的融化下沉。建议这类工程病害应采取主动降温措施增强地基土的冻结能力,并加强防排水设施和改善地表水条件,消除水热侵蚀所产生的融化下沉。研究结果为青藏铁路路桥过渡段的稳定性和养护提供了科学依据。 相似文献
7.
Retrogression characteristics of landslides in fine-grained permafrost soils, Mackenzie Valley, Canada 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Thirteen landslides (retrogressive thaw flows) were investigated to study the behavior of thaw retrogression in permafrost
in the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada. Those landslides are all in fine-grained ice-rich permafrost
soils. Such landslides usually start from small-scale slope failures followed by retrogressive thaw flows when ice-rich permafrost
soils are exposed to the atmosphere. The landslides were marked with survey stakes to measure their retreat rates for the
thawing season of 2007. Two correlations are presented: one is between scarp wall height and retreat rate; another is between
overall slope angle and retreat rate. It was found that thaw flow retrogression rate increases with increase in scarp wall
height and slope angle up to a certain limit. It was also confirmed that thaw flow retrogression is not influenced by slope
orientation. 相似文献
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9.
青藏高原开发中的冻土问题 总被引：46，自引：0，他引：46
在国家决策西部大开发战略之际, 正确评价青藏高原开发中所面临的冻土问题, 为生态环境建设和国民经济持续稳定发展提供依据, 显得更为重要。多年冻土占据着青藏高原一半以上的疆土面积, 受全球气候变化和人为活动的共同影响, 在过去的几十年中已发生了不同程度的变化, 且随着人类活动增强, 变化必将加剧, 冻土问题也将显得日益突出。多年冻土的变化主要表现为多年冻土的地温升高、上限下降和面积缩减等, 进而影响到各类工程的地基稳定性, 使工程建筑受到不同程度的破坏;同时, 由于气候变化、过度放牧和工程活动的影响, 地面水热状况改变, 尤其是地表土壤层中水分含量的降低, 导致了草场退化, 生态环境恶化。在分析这些冻土问题原因的基础上, 作者预测了在未来开发中可能出现的冻土问题, 并提出了建议。 相似文献
10.
The active-layer hydrology of a peat plateau with thawing permafrost (Scotty Creek, Canada) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The southern margin of permafrost is experiencing unprecedented rates of thaw, yet the effect of this thaw on northern water resources is poorly understood. The hydrology of the active layer on a thawing peat plateau in the wetland-dominated zone of discontinuous permafrost was studied at Scotty Creek, Northwest Territories (Canada), from 2001 to 2010. Two distinct and seasonally characteristic levels of unfrozen moisture were evident in the 0.7-m active layer. Over-winter moisture migration produced a zone of high ice content near the ground surface. The runoff response of a plateau depends on which of the three distinct zones of hydraulic conductivity the water table is displaced into. The moisture and temperature of the active layer steadily rose with each year, with the largest increases close to the ground surface. Permafrost thaw reduced subsurface runoff by (1) lowering the hydraulic gradient, (2) thickening the active layer and, most importantly, (3) reducing the surface area of the plateau. By 2010, the cumulative permafrost thaw had reduced plateau runoff to 47 % of what it would have been had there been no change in hydraulic gradient, active layer thickness and plateau surface area over the decade. 相似文献
11.
Permafrost thaw in a nested groundwater-flow system 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Groundwater flow in cold regions containing permafrost accelerates climate-warming-driven thaw and changes thaw patterns. Simulation analyses of groundwater flow and heat transport with freeze/thaw in typical cold-regions terrain with nested flow indicate that early thaw rate is particularly enhanced by flow, the time when adverse environmental impacts of climate-warming-induced permafrost loss may be severest. For the slowest climate-warming rate predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), once significant groundwater flow begins, thick permafrost layers can vanish in several hundred years, but survive over 1,000 years where flow is minimal. Large-scale thaw depends mostly on the balance of heat advection and conduction in the supra-permafrost zone. Surface-water bodies underlain by open taliks allow slow sub-permafrost flow, with lesser influence on regional thaw. Advection dominance over conduction depends on permeability and topography. Groundwater flow around permafrost and flow through permafrost impact thaw differently; the latter enhances early thaw rate. Air-temperature seasonality also increases early thaw. Hydrogeologic heterogeneity and topography strongly affect thaw rates/patterns. Permafrost controls the groundwater/surface-water-geomorphology system; hence, prediction and mitigation of impacts of thaw on ecology, chemical exports and infrastructure require improved hydrogeology/permafrost characterization and understanding. 相似文献
12.
Evolution of the freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River under the influence of climate change and its hydrological effects 
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下载免费PDF全文 As an important water source and ecological barrier in the Yellow River Basin, the source region of the Yellow River (above the Huangheyan Hydrologic Station) presents a remarkable permafrost degradation trend due to climate change. Therefore, scientific understanding the effects of permafrost degradation on runoff variations is of great significance for the water resource and ecological protection in the Yellow River Basin. In this paper, we studied the mechanism and extent of the effect of degrading permafrost on surface flow in the source region of the Yellow River based on the monitoring data of temperature and moisture content of permafrost in 2013–2019 and the runoff data in 1960–2019. The following results have been found. From 2013 to 2019, the geotemperature of the monitoring sections at depths of 0–2.4 m increased by 0.16°C/a on average. With an increase in the thawing depth of the permafrost, the underground water storage space also increased, and the depth of water level above the frozen layer at the monitoring points decreased from above 1.2 m to 1.2–2 m. 64.7% of the average multiyear groundwater was recharged by runoff, in which meltwater from the permafrost accounted for 10.3%. Compared to 1960-1965, the runoff depth in the surface thawing period (from May to October) and the freezing period (from November to April) decreased by 1.5 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively during 1992–1997, accounting for 4.2% and 3.4% of the average annual runoff depth, respectively. Most specifically, the decrease in the runoff depth was primarily reflected in the decreased runoff from August to December. The permafrost degradation affects the runoff within a year by changing the runoff generation, concentration characteristics and the melt water quantity from permafrost, decreasing the runoff at the later stage of the permafrost thawing. However, the permafrost degradation has limited impacts on annual runoff and does not dominate the runoff changes in the source region of the Yellow River in the longterm. 相似文献
13.
路基施工对青藏高原多年冻土的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
青藏高原上施工会扰动其下多年冻土的存在状态. 近些年来, 高原上相继修建的大量的线性工程, 这些大型工程的建设必将进行多年冻土区的开挖和夯填, 从而会引起下伏多年冻土的结构发生很大变化. 研究了路基施工对青藏高原多年冻土的影响, 并以青藏铁路、青藏公路沿线典型实例进行分析. 结果表明: 开挖施工扰动最大, 可引起斜坡失稳滑塌、地表积水和热融湖塘等;填土路堤会引起其下伏多年冻土升温, 路基两侧形成的小气候往往起着提高地面温度的作用;挡水、排水设施施工也会导致多年冻土上限下降, 地表沉陷. 可见, 填土路基、开挖、地表工程扰动都会导致多年冻土发生变化, 这些冻土变化对路基稳定必将构成威胁. 相似文献
14.
热融滑塌是山地多年冻土退化最直接的表现形式之一,通过解译祁连山俄博岭地区遥感影像,结合实地考察,对俄博岭热融滑塌的空间分布和时间变化进行了研究,明确了热融滑塌的发育特征。结果表明,俄博岭热融滑塌发育活跃,1997~2015年热融滑塌数量增加(11~13个),面积增大(7765~20605m^2),其中1997~2009年面积增加速率为679.9m^2/a,2009~2015年面积增加速率为780.2m^2/a。通过分析热融滑塌景观分布与地形因子的关系,发现俄博岭热融滑塌在海拔3570~3700m,坡度3°~10°的富冰多年冻土区北向斜坡发育;通过对典型热融滑塌溯源后退速率分析发现,1997~2009年其平均后退速率为2m/a,2009~2015年平均后退速率为5m/a,呈明显增大趋势,且其后退速率主要与坡度、地下冰含量和地表径流相关。 相似文献
15.
气候变化条件下青藏铁路沿线多年冻土概率预报(Ⅱ):活动层厚度与沉降变形 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
利用土壤表层温度计算Stefan公式中融化指数,并结合铁路沿线地下冰和土体干密度分布特征,由Stefan公式集合预报未来100 a逐年最大季节融化深度;利用铁路沿线地下冰和干密度分布特征计算冻土融化时最大沉降量空间分布,与Stefan公式计算得到的活动层厚度变化数据叠加分析,得到未来100 a逐年的沉降量空间分布及其置... 相似文献
16.
天山南坡黄水沟与清水河寒区流域极端水文事件对气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰川、积雪和冻土变化产生的水文效应对下游水资源供给具有重要影响,近几十年来新疆区域洪水呈显著加重趋势,尤其是南疆区域洪水明显加剧. 以天山南坡黄水沟与清水河寒区流域为研究区域,通过分析水文站极端水文事件,结合流域上游山区巴伦台气象站资料,研究了高寒山地流域在气候变化背景下极端水文过程出现时间、年最大和最小径流的响应特征. 结果表明：1986年是水文过程的突变点,从1986年开始随着降水、气温的增加,河流径流量呈增加趋势;最大年径流出现时间从6月中下旬推迟到7月下旬;最大径流和最小径流与年径流量呈正相关关系,最大径流与夏季降水关系密切,而最小年径流与冬春季的气温关系密切. 随着1986年以来的气温升高,冻土退化产生的水文效应使冬季径流增加明显,也使年最小径流明显增大;1986年以来降水变化决定着年径流量增加,使年最大径流集中出现在夏季且量级增大. 总体来讲,20世纪80年代中期以后山区河流年极端洪峰量增大,洪水量增多,年际间变化幅度明显增大,从而对下游造成更严重的灾害. 因此,加强气候变化对寒区流域水资源和洪水灾害的影响评估,使科学技术在减灾方面发挥主导作用. 相似文献
17.
Ahmad Jan Ethan T. Coon Scott L. Painter Rao Garimella J. David Moulton 《Computational Geosciences》2018,22(1):163-177
Integrated surface/subsurface models for simulating the thermal hydrology of permafrost-affected regions in a warming climate have recently become available, but computational demands of those new process-rich simu- lation tools have thus far limited their applications to one-dimensional or small two-dimensional simulations. We present a mixed-dimensional model structure for efficiently simulating surface/subsurface thermal hydrology in low-relief permafrost regions at watershed scales. The approach replaces a full three-dimensional system with a two-dimensional overland thermal hydrology system and a family of one-dimensional vertical columns, where each column represents a fully coupled surface/subsurface thermal hydrology system without lateral flow. The system is then operator split, sequentially updating the overland flow system without sources and the one-dimensional columns without lateral flows. We show that the app- roach is highly scalable, supports subcycling of different processes, and compares well with the corresponding fully three-dimensional representation at significantly less computational cost. Those advances enable recently developed representations of freezing soil physics to be coupled with thermal overland flow and surface energy balance at scales of 100s of meters. Although developed and demonstrated for permafrost thermal hydrology, the mixed-dimensional model structure is applicable to integrated surface/subsurface thermal hydrology in general. 相似文献
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A. Y. Sidorchuk A. V. Panin O. K. Borisova S. A. Elias J. P. Syvistki 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2000,89(3):541-549
The relicts of large meandering palaeochannels are found throughout the territory of the periglacial zone of the Last (Valdai=Weichselian) Glaciation on the Russian Plain. Channel widths of macromeanders can be 15 times larger than the recent meanders of the same rivers. Palaeolandscape and palaeohydrological reconstructions show that these periglacial river channels were formed under conditions of high spring water flow, up to eight times greater than the modern discharges, when the flow coefficient was close to 0.9-1.0 due to presence of permafrost, summers were dry and streams lacked ground water supply. Permafrost degradation increased soil permeability in spring and increased ground water flow in summer, causing a decrease of annual flow (due mainly to the flood flow decrease in spring). As a result, large periglacial channels were abandoned and transformed into lakes and bogs. Late Holocene channels have much smaller channel widths and meander lengths. These were formed under conditions of lower annual flows and much steadier flow regime. 相似文献
20.
冻土区甲烷排放研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
冻土区土牡表面和活动层土的ＣＨ４排放和吸收表现出强烈的时空变化性。根据多年冻土中ＣＨ４含量的模拟结果表明，全球尺度上，平均每米厚度多年冻土含有ＣＨ４６５Ｔｇ。在未来的２００年间，多年冻土融化所导致的大气ＣＨ４附加年源强变化于２～２５Ｔｇ。 相似文献