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1.
The interpretation of electrical sounding data for a subsurface with monotonic continuous variation of the resistivity with depth is becoming increasingly necessary. The contribution of this article is the derivation of the solution for the Wenner and the Schlumberger apparent resistivity functions for a resistivity varying as a real power of a linear positive function of the depth. The interpretation of sounding data in these cases can be used to estimate the variation of the porosity or the salt content of the pore water with depth. 相似文献
2.
A model has been set up for the interpretation of geoelectrical sounding data for certain kinds of clay deposits containing gradually varying amounts of sand. The model assumes that in the so-called gradient layer, resistivity varies linearly with depth. Model calculations show how such a layer can be replaced by two homogeneous layers. An inversion procedure using the Marquardt algorithm has been developed for the interpretation of sounding data obtained with the Schlumberger array; it assumes a gradient layer beneath several covering layers. The procedure is demonstrated on two clay deposits. A comparison is made between the newly developed interpretation, the traditional approach using model curves, and computerized inversion for a homogeneous layer model. 相似文献
3.
时频电磁技术及其在中国西部地区的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The time-frequency electromagnetic （TFEM） method combines frequency-domain sounding with time-domain sounding to form a comprehensive system so that it is possible to select different frequencies and induce waves according to the objective depth to be explored. During processing not only resistivity but also polarization information can be provided so we can study resistivity as well as predict oil-bearing characteristics simultaneously. Timedomain resistivity information is obtained by pseudo-2D resistivity inversion and frequencydomain IP information is obtained using the Cole-Cole model. Some successful applications in western China show that it provides unique results in an overthrust zone, deep igneous rock investigation, and hydrocarbon prediction. 相似文献
4.
结合我国实际,本文提出四类地电阻率季节变化的干扰模型.经模型理论计算及同有季节变化的四十多台站的实测资料对比得出:(1)地电阻率季节变化是探测深度偏浅时,地表层电性变化,特别是表层地下水水位年动态变化所引起的一种与地震无关的干扰变化.其变化形态与量级取决于干扰模型、地电断面类型以及探测深度.(2)通常地电阻率季节变化与浅层电阻率变化的符号一致,呈现出正常季节变化;但对 K,Q 型地电断面,当干扰层位于地表第一层时,将从某一供电极距开始,出现反常的季节干扰变化.(3)当探测深度大于300m 时,不论正常的还是反常的季节变化,其幅度都将小于2%.因此,只要适当选择台址或加大供电极距使探测深度足够大,便可排除或压低这种干扰. 相似文献
5.
Four types of disturbances in the seasonal variation in georesistivity are presented in the light of specific circumstances
in China. As the results of theoretic calculation for the models and in comparison of the calculated results with the seasonal
variations observed at 40 georesistivity stations, the following points are found: (1) The seasonal variation in georesistivity
is caused by the change in resistivity of the surface layer, especially by the annual variation of phreatic level when the
sounding depth is too shallow. This is one of the disturbances and thus has no relation to the origin of earthquake. The feature
and amplitude of the seasonal variation depend on the types of disturbance models, geoelectric cross sections and sounding
depth. (2) The seasonal variation in georesistivity usually has the same sign as that of the change in resistivity of shallow
layer and thus the normal seasonal change appears. However, as far as the K or Q types of geoelectric cross sections are concerned,
the abnormal seasonal variation in georesistivity starts to appear with a certain electrode spacing, when the interference
layer is located in the first layer. (3) Both abnormal and normal seasonal variations in georesistivity will be smaller than
2% when the sounding depth is greater than 300 m. Therefore, the seasonal variations can be removed or restrained when the
location of observation has been properly chosen or the electrode spacing is enlarged enough to obtain a sufficient sounding
depth. 相似文献
6.
The technique of linear digital filtering developed for the computation of standard curves for conventional resistivity and electromagnetic depth soundings is applied to the determination of filter coefficients for the computation of dipole curves from the resistivity transform function by convolution. In designing the filter function from which the coefficients are derived, a sampling interval shorter than the one used in the earlier work on resistivity sounding is found to be necessary. The performance of the filter sets is tested and found to be highly accurate. The method is also simple and very fast in application. 相似文献
7.
George V. Keller 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1975,10(3):201-208
The use of Schlumberger and dipole arrays for crustal-scale resistivity soundings is considered. Advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are described. The depth to which resistivity may be determined from field measurements is discussed as well as the determination from the sounding curves of various parameters associated with layered structure. The interpretation of experimental data using reference curves as well as two approaches used in computer assisted interpretation are discussed. 相似文献
8.
电阻率测深数据可利用抗道的四个面和四个角得到。但由于受到坑道本身和体积效应影响,坑道内电阻率测深资料解释的困难很大。本文用有限单元法对坑道内的直流电阻率测深进行数值模拟计算。首先给出坑道中正常电位的取值,并利用有限单元异常电位计算法对坑道内电阻率测深进行正演计算。结果表明,在异常体断面尺寸、埋深及所用电极距与坑道截面尺寸相差不大时,坑道面上的测深断面反映的基本是本坑道面外侧地质体的信息,对其他位置的地质体没有明显反映,坑道角断面则反映的是相邻两个坑道面外侧地质体的综合信息。 相似文献
9.
10.
It is proposed that the Straightforward Inversion Scheme (SIS) developed by the authors for 1D inversion of resistivity sounding and magneto-telluric sounding data can also be used in similar fashion for time-domain induced polarization sounding data. The necessary formulations based on dynamic dipole theory are presented. It is shown that by using induced polarization potential, measured at the instant when steady state current is switched off, an equation can be developed for apparent ‘chargeability–resistivity’ which is similar to the one for apparent resistivity. The two data sets of apparent resistivity and apparent chargeability–resistivity can be inverted in a combined manner, using SIS for a common uniform thickness layer earth model to estimate the respective subsurface distributions of resistivity and chargeability–resistivity. The quotient of the two profiles will give the sought after chargeability profile. A brief outline of SIS is provided for completeness. Three theoretical models are included to confirm the efficacy of SIS software by inverting only the synthetic resistivity sounding data. Then one synthetic data set based on a geological model and three field data sets (combination of resistivity and IP soundings) from diverse geological and geographical regions are included as validation of the proposal. It is hoped that the proposed scheme would complement the resistivity interpretation with special reference to shaly sand formations. 相似文献
11.
M. Poddar 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1996,147(3):551-566
There is growing interest in the use of transient electromagnetic (TEM) sounding for shallow geotechnical, environmental and groundwater investigations. Two commonly used transmitterreceiver configurations for TEM sounding are 1) loop-loop or its variation, in-loop configuration and 2) wire-loop configuration. The less common configuration of a horizontal electric dipole (HED) transmitter and receiver is treated in this study and called wire-wire configuration.Two important problems of shallow investigation in hard and soft rocks respectively are, defining 1) a fractured/fissured zone of medium resistivity, sandwiched between an overlying surface weathered rock of low resistivity and an underlying fresh compact rock of high resistivity and 2) a body of resistive sand buried in conductive clay. Lateral change in the middle layer resistivity is modeled by including a 3-D body of anomalous resistivity. The effect of perturbing the resistivity of the 3-D inclusion and the host middle layer for the wire-wire configuration is compared with that of the commonly used loop-loop configuration. The wire-wire configuration is found more sensitive to the model perturbations than the loop-loop configuration.1-D inversion of synthetic 1-D data sets for the wire-wire configuration finds resolution and estimation errors to be less than 10 percent for all the model parameters. For 3-D models, 1-D inversion results give a resolution error of 10 percent or less for the depth to, resistivity and thickness of, the 3-D inclusion. The estimate is within 10 percent of the true value for the first parameter but 40 percent for the other two. Resolution as well as estimation of the basement resistivity is always very poor.Using the wire-wire configuration, it is theoretically possible to define a buried resistive layer and any lateral change in its resistivity, subject to the above limitations of 1-D inversion. However, the basement resistivity cannot be estimated with reasonable accuracy in the presence of a lateral inhomogeneity in the overlying layer. 相似文献
12.
C. H. STOYER 《Geophysical Prospecting》1990,38(1):87-99
Calculations of emf induced in a vertical axis coil by a current step in a straight wire segment of finite length were carried out using an equivalent dipole placed along the source wire. An approximation is valid for homogeneous and layered earth models. The location of the equivalent dipole is calculated by forcing the early- and late-time asymptotes of the transient sounding curve of the equivalent dipole to match those of the finite wire. This approximation works because the early-time asymptote of the emf depends on the component of the receiver position which is parallel to the wire while the late-time asymptote does not. Analytical integration of the early-time asymptote yields an expression for the equivalent dipole location in closed form. The coil can be placed anywhere in the vicinity of the finite wire. Square or rectangular loop sources can be simulated by one or more finite wire segments depending on the source-receiver geometry. The equivalent radius calculated for central loop soundings agrees well with the value derived using a circular loop with the same area as the square loop. Results show that acceptable sounding curves can be generated by the equivalent dipole for coils placed as close as 0.5 source lengths from the finite wire segment. Higher accuracy can be obtained by splitting the finite wire into two or more subsegments. Results for layered models are slightly better than homogeneous earth models when the resistivity increases with depth and slightly worse for models with resistivity decreasing with depth. Approximate calculations are about 10 times less expensive than exact calculations depending on the method used for the numerical integration. 相似文献
13.
David Beamish 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》1994,32(4)
Very low frequency electromagnetic (EM) methods using VLF transmitters have found many applications in subsurface geophysical investigations. Surface measurements involving both the vertical component of the magnetic field (VLF-EM or VLF-Z) and of the apparent resistivity (VLF-R) are increasingly common. Although extensive VLF data sets have been successfully used for mapping purposes, modelling and interpretation techniques which asess the third (i.e. depth) dimension appear limited.Given a profile of VLF-R measurements the main purpose of the present study is to demonstrate an automatic method for the construction of a resistivity cross-section. The technique used is one of a new generation of regularised inversion methods. These techniques attempt to overcome the problem of equivalence/non-uniqueness in EM sounding data by constructing the resistivity distribution with the minimum amount of structure that fits the data.VLF data represent a special case of plane-wave EM sounding in that they conform, in practice, to a single-frequency technique. This fact imposes a limitation in the amount of vertical resolution that we can expect using such data. In the case of two-dimensional modelling and inversion, resolution through the cross-section is a resultant attribute from both vertical and lateral resistivity gradients within the subsurface. In order to provide insight into the practical application of regularised inversion techniques to VLF data, both synthetic and field examples are considered. Both sets of examples are primarily concerned with VLF data applied to near-surface fault mapping where the main aim is to assess the location, dip and depth extent of conductive subsurface features. 相似文献
14.
PETER FURNESS 《Geophysical Prospecting》1993,41(1):113-130
Furness , P. 1993. Gradient Array Profiles over thin resistive veins. Geophysical Prospecting 41 , 113–130. Gradient array geoelectric surveys are commonly used to explore for buried sheet-like targets. It is demonstrated that under certain circumstances the responses of such features can become practically equivalent for a range of models differing considerably in resistivity and thickness. This is the dual of the familiar equivalence phenomenon associated with thin beds in geoelectric sounding operations. Hence the geoelectric response profiles over thin dipping resistive veins are conveniently studied by considering equivalent forms with vanishing thickness and infinite resistivity but with the same resistivity-thickness product. The effects of varying the dip, depth of burial, depth extent and resistivity–thickness product of such features on the gradient array response profiles are investigated by means of a series of numerical experiments. These demonstrate several effects of significance to survey design and data interpretation. In particular it is found that while the resistivity–thickness product influences the amplitude of the response profiles it has little effect on their form. A similar behaviour is found to be exhibited by veins with extended depth extent when the dip is varied. A complete quantitative interpretation of gradient array profiles over thin dipping resistive veins is thus only possible for veins of limited depth extent. For veins with an extended depth dimension, the data is ambiguous (in a practical sense) in terms of the dip and the resistivity–thickness product. Here, the interpretation can only be expected to deduce the horizontal and vertical locations of the vein apex. 相似文献
15.
Master curves are presented for three-layer earth-sections, the electrical resistivity in the intermediate layer of which has a linear variation with depth. A new approach is proposed to interpret the sounding data with the help of RMS difference in apparent resistivity values. 相似文献
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17.
利用有限单元法对水下激发极化测深进行数值模拟以研究其异常特征和适用条件.水下的电阻率测深和激电测深均可对水底地质体进行近距离探测,提高探测分辨率.而水底地形对视电阻率测深的影响很大.水底极化体有限元正演模拟的结果表明,水底地形对激发极化测深结果没有影响.采用水下激发极化法进行地质体探测是可行、有效的.通过计算不同水体和水底岩石电阻率对视极化率幅值的影响发现,水体电阻率是影响水下极化率测深的主要因素.由于海水的电阻率过低,观测视极化率异常微弱而不适合开展水下激电工作. 相似文献
18.
A horizontal transmitter loop (vertical magnetic dipole) is used for frequency electromagnetic (FEM) soundings. The frequency ranges from approximately 6 Hz to about 4000 Hz. The vertical and radial magnetic field components are measured for 20 frequencies per decade several hundred meters from the transmitter loop. A very small bandwidth is selected for amplification using a reference signal. An Apple computer is used for data acquisition. A computer program for Marquardt inversion optimizes the parameters for the n-layer case: the resistivities and thicknesses of individual beds and a correction factor for the primary magnetic field. Interpretation of each component individually yields practically the same parameters. Examples from the field are given with interpretation; comparison with dc resistivity measurements is provided. The ratio of vertical/radial magnetic field components vs. frequency can be transformed simply into apparent resistivity vs. apparent depth. This can be done in the field to obtain an estimation of the depth of the layer boundaries. FEM results are compared with Schlumberger d.c. sounding obtained at the same site. 相似文献
19.
SUDHIR JAIN 《Geophysical Prospecting》1966,14(2):143-148
A simple method of magnetotelluric interpretation is derived using the property that the earth currents flow in horizontal sheets. It is shown that when the depth is taken as two-thirds of the Cagniard's depth of penetration (Cagniard, 1953), the mean resistivity-over the depth is the same as the apparent resistivity of the medium. From a mean resistivity versus depth of penetration plot, resistivity can be easily computed at all depths of the sounding. This method gives satisfactory results in a short time and makes it possible to interpret the soundings over media of several layers. However, the results are inaccurate near maximum and minimum points of the plot as well as in the zone of thin layers. 相似文献
20.
An iterative refinement method for determining a layered resistivity model from a Schlumberger or Wenner sounding curve is adapted to determine a layered resistivity model by using apparent resistivity and phase derived from the magnetotelluric impedance. Magnetotelluric observations presented as a function of period are first converted to an approximate resistivity–depth profile using Schmucker's transformation and this is used to construct an initial guess (starting) model. A two-stage procedure is then invoked. Keeping resistivities constant, layer boundaries are first adjusted to give a minimum misfit between measured data and responses and this is followed by resistivity adjustments with fixed layer boundaries to reduce the misfit further. The method is illustrated by application to some synthetic data both exact and with added noise, to a real field data set and to some magnetotelluric profile data obtained in a survey over the Carnmenellis granites in south Cornwall. The method is validated by recovering conductivity models from the exact and noisy 1D synthetic data. For complicated three-dimensional data at a single site and along a profile of stations, the method is shown to produce acceptable solutions which may be used as starting models in further two- or three-dimensional studies. 相似文献