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1.
Quantifying the protective function of a forest against rockfall for past,present and future scenarios using two modelling approaches 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Following a major rockfall event in 1987, two types of protection measures were taken in the village Saint Martin le Vinoux
(French Alps). Firstly, technical measures using civil engineering were installed, and secondly, a forest management intervention
to increase its protection was carried out. This study aims to assess whether this intervention was successful in the sense
that it improved the protective function of the forest. We evaluated the rockfall risk for the situation of 1987 (before the
intervention), today and the future, using model simulations with past, present and future vegetation cover scenarios. To
increase the meaningfulness of our results, we used two different models, called Rockfor.NET, which is a rapid one-dimensional rockfall forest evaluation tool, using simple slope and forest characteristics and RockyFor,
a process based on three-dimensional rockfall simulation model that takes the barrier effect of individual trees explicitly
into account. Both models correctly predicted that the forest was not capable of stopping rocks from the 1987 rockfall event.
Further, both models indicate an increase of the number of rocks reaching the base of the slope from 1987 onwards. RockyFor
shows an increase from 11% in 1987 to 19% in 2086. Rockfor.NET shows an increase from 26% in 1987 to 56% in 2086. We conclude that a second attempt to increase the protective function
of the forest should aim at restoring a dense coppice stand. 相似文献
2.
The Ajanta caves are situated in Deccan Trap basalt and declared as one of the World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The present study aims to investigate and understand the damage of caves and to protect the life of the visitors from the rockfall phenomenon at and around the caves. Information related to the detached rock mass/block was acquired by using Barton–Bandis model in Universal Distinct Element Code. Parameters for rockfall simulation were determined by rigorous field study and laboratory experiment and then calibrated some of the parameters by back analysis. RocFall 4.0 program has been used to calculate maximum bounce heights, total kinetic energies, and translational velocities of the falling blocks of different weights. The maximum bounce height varies from 14.0 to 19.0 m for the weight of the block size ranging from 500 to 2,000 kg, whereas the maximum velocity and maximum kinetic energy are 30.0 m/s and 917.66 kJ, respectively. Finally, the results of simulation have been used to find out the position of the barrier and its capacity to design the protection barrier. The barrier capacity was found to be 325 kJ for 2,000 kg of falling blocks at a height of 50.0 m. 相似文献
3.
Xueliang Wang Luqing Zhang Jixin Ding Qingfeng Meng Javed Iqbal Lihui Li Zhifa Yang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(11):4639-4652
This study shows a rockfall susceptibility assessment at local scale in north Beijing of China, including the identification of rockfall sources onsite by terrain and rock discontinuities analysis and run-out distance prediction by Rocfall? simulation. Two types of rockfall were defined including one type on the cliffs with long inclined slopes and another type on the road slopes with low height. Two historical rockfall events were used to back-calibrating the parameters used for run-out distance simulation. Based on the work, rockfall susceptibility map at local scale was created in GIS, which was compared with the map obtained at regional scale (entire Huairou district scale). Due to the difference of approaches applied, procedure of assessment and types of source data acquired, the two resulting rockfall susceptibility maps are proved to be different. Still, both of them are useful and could be used at different level’s decision for rockfall prevention and mitigation. Different types of uncertainties exist in the study of rockfall susceptibility assessment. To reduce the uncertainties, studies on both approaches and techniques are suggested. 相似文献
4.
David Toe Franck Bourrier Ignacio Olmedo Jean-Matthieu Monnet Frédéric Berger 《Landslides》2017,14(5):1603-1614
The objective of this research was to use numerical models based on mechanical approaches to improve the integration of the protective role of forests against rockfall into block propagation models. A model based on the discrete element method (DEM) was developed to take into account the complex mechanical processes involved during the impact of a block on a tree. This modelling approach requires the definition of many input parameters and cannot be directly integrated into block propagation models. A global sensitivity analysis identified the leading parameters of the block kinematics after impact (i.e. block energy reduction, trajectory changes, and rotational velocity): the impact velocity, the tree diameter, and the impact point horizontal location (i.e. eccentricity). Comparisons with the previous experimental and numerical studies of block impacts on trees demonstrated the applicability of the DEM model and showed some of the limitations of earlier approaches. Our sensitivity analysis highlights the significant influence of the impact velocity on the reduction of the block’s kinetic energy. Previous approaches usually also focus on parameters such as impact height, impact vertical incidence, and tree species, whose importance is only minor according to the present results. This suggests that the integration of forest effects into block propagation models could be both improved and simplified. The DEM model can also be used as an alternative to classical approaches for the integration of forest effects by directly coupling it with block propagation models. This direct coupling only requires the additional definition of the location and the diameter of each tree. Indeed, the input parameters related to the mechanical properties of the stem and the block/stem interaction in the DEM model can be set to average values because they are not leading parameters. The other input parameters are already defined or calculated in the block propagation model. 相似文献
5.
Rockfalls into forests: Analysis and simulation of rockfall trajectories — considerations with respect to mountainous forests in Switzerland 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Rockfalls are a major threat to settlements and transportation routes in many places. Although the general protective effect of forests against rockfalls is currently not questioned, little is known about the ideal properties of a forest stand that provides good protection. Therefore, in this study the question was assessed of how mountainous forests may influence rockfalls of single boulders. An actual rockfall trajectory was measured, recorded, analysed and simulated with a rockfall model. Rockfalls into different forest scenarios were also modelled for the site. Results showed that the actual rockfall event can be well simulated. Furthermore, a completely forested slope reduces velocity and energy of the falling blocks much better than a sparsely forested slope. For the profile discussed in this paper, the largest effect upon falling 3 m3 blocks was obtained with a high forest containing 350 trees per ha. The results confirmed common assumptions on ideal properties of a protective forest stand against rockfalls. 相似文献
6.
The imperative need to protect structures in mountainous areas against rockfall has led to the development of various protection methods. This study introduces a new type of rockfall protection fence made of posts, wire ropes, wire netting and energy absorbers. The performance of this rock fence was verified in both experiments and dynamic finite element analysis. In collision tests, a reinforced-concrete block rolled down a natural slope and struck the rock fence at the end of the slope. A specialized system of measuring instruments was employed to accurately measure the acceleration of the block without cable connection. In particular, the performance of two energy absorbers, which contribute also to preventing wire ropes from breaking, was investigated to determine the best energy absorber. In numerical simulation, a commercial finite element code having explicit dynamic capabilities was employed to create models of the two full-scale tests. To facilitate simulation, certain simplifying assumptions for mechanical data of each individual component of the rock fence and geometrical data of the model were adopted. Good agreement between numerical simulation and experimental data validated the numerical simulation. Furthermore, the results of numerical simulation helped highlight limitations of the testing method. The results of numerical simulation thus provide a deeper understanding of the structural behavior of individual components of the rock fence during rockfall impact. More importantly, numerical simulations can be used not only as supplements to or substitutes for full-scale tests but also in parametric study and design. 相似文献
7.
柱状岩体崩塌具有分布范围广、破坏能力强、影响范围大的特点。2004年8月12号,重庆甑子岩W12危岩体发生崩塌,崩塌体运动距离约600 m,形成显著超前空气冲击效应,激起浮尘高度约150 m。文章基于MatDEM离散元软件对甑子岩崩塌动力特征与破碎规律进行了研究,建立了按照实际节理分布的崩塌模型,实现了崩塌全过程的模拟,并结合影像资料验证了模型的有效性,在此基础上对MatDEM进行二次开发,统计分析了崩塌过程中岩块粒径演化规律,确定了崩塌过程中的四个显著颗粒破碎时刻,分别为崩塌源区底部岩体受压破碎、中上部岩体撞击低速三角区、中部岩体撞击斜坡地面与上部岩体撞击斜坡地面。引入分形维数与双参数Weibull分布模型分析了崩塌前后颗粒破碎规律,结果显示崩塌后颗粒破碎明显,细粒颗粒占比显著增加。文章为岩体崩塌的动力特征与破碎规律的研究提供了依据。 相似文献
8.
山区输变电工程崩塌随着国家“一带一路”和“全球能源互联网”战略的构建和实施,山区复杂地质环境条件下的输变电工程建设越来越多。然而,现阶段对于输变电工程崩塌（滚石）灾害识别、预测和评价方法等方面的研究相对较少,难以有效解决山区崩塌（滚石）灾害频发与输变电工程安全建设、运营之间不断增长的矛盾。鉴于此,作者借助航空遥感、无人机航测、岩体结构分析工具、崩塌（滚石）运动数值模拟软件等新技术方法等,对山区输变电工程中崩塌（滚石）灾害识别与预测方法等开展了相关研究。提出:（1）基于区域工程地质分区-区段遥感分析-山体无人机航拍-岩体结构特征分析的思路,实现对长距离、大区域山区输变电工程的崩塌（滚石）危岩体快速识别和分析;（2）利用三维崩塌（运动）模拟方法快速识别崩塌（滚石）在杆塔（变电站）范围的到达情况,然后再利用多种方法对比确定能到达杆塔（变电站）范围内崩塌（滚石）的冲击特征;（3）山区输变电工程崩塌（滚石）灾害风险计算方法。 相似文献
9.
西藏拉萨—羊八井段建有青藏铁路、京拉公路(G109)、京藏高速(G6)三大重要交通工程和大量输电线路。然而,该区段山高坡陡,崩塌灾害频发,给交通和输电的安全运营带来极大的威胁。现阶段对崩塌灾害的分析与预测多是基于地形剖面的二维方法,限制了崩塌块石的运动方向,难以对崩塌的影响范围进行有效的评估。鉴于此,作者借助现场调查、基于无人机航摄的高精度三维地表形貌建模、崩塌运动的三维数值模拟等方法,以青藏铁路设兴村段崩塌为例,分析了历史崩塌块石分布、岩体结构面产状和危岩区特征,并进行了崩塌块石的运动学模拟。通过模拟获得了崩塌的影响范围和到达概率、优势运动路径以及优势运动路径下危岩区块石距坡面的高度和动能,结果表明危岩区的崩塌块石主要威胁输电线路和京拉公路,对青藏铁路和京藏高速无影响。相关模拟结果还对于崩塌防护范围、高度和强度的确定具有指导意义。 相似文献
10.
Full-scale Modelling of Falling Rock Protection Barriers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Full-scale impact tests, carried out to evaluate the behaviour of flexible falling rock protection barriers, are described
and relevant results presented and discussed. Falling rock protection barriers, which may be numbered among passive measures
against rockfall, are designed to intercept and stop falling rocks by dissipation of impact energies through the elasto-plastic
deformation of a system made up of metallic nets and supporting and connecting components. The testing programme involved
models of barriers subjected to the impact of free-falling blocks of kinetic energy ranging from 500 to 5,000 kJ. The experimental
test site, set-up in Fonzaso (Italy), and the experimental procedure were developed according to the new European testing
standards (ETAG 027) on falling rock protection kits. The paper is aimed at presenting an extensive and high quality database,
which can be extremely useful for a better understanding of the actual response of such structures and for any subsequent
analytical and numerical modelling. 相似文献
11.
G. Matas N. Lantada J. Corominas J. A. Gili R. Ruiz-Carulla A. Prades 《Landslides》2017,14(5):1565-1578
A rockfall is a mass instability event frequently observed in road cuts, open pit mines and quarries, steep slopes and cliffs. After its detachment, the rock mass may disaggregate and break due to the impact with the ground surface, thus producing new rock fragments. The consideration of the fragmentation of the rockfall mass is critical for the calculation of the trajectories of the blocks and the impact energies and for the assessment of the potential damage and the design of protective structures. In this paper, we present RockGIS, a GIS-based tool that simulates stochastically the fragmentation of the rockfall, based on a lumped mass approach. In RockGIS, the fragmentation is triggered by the disaggregation of the detached rock mass through the pre-existing discontinuities just before the impact with the ground. An energy threshold is defined in order to determine whether the impacting blocks break or not. The distribution of the initial mass between a set of newly generated rock fragments is carried out stochastically following a power law. The trajectories of the new rock fragments are distributed within a cone. The fragmentation model has been calibrated and tested with a 10,000 m3 rockfall that took place in 2011 near Vilanova de Banat, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. 相似文献
12.
落石冲击棚洞结构作用过程复杂,缺乏统一的落石冲击力表达式。首先,将落石简化为刚性球体,基于Hertz接触理论,推导得到落石冲击力半正弦算法的理论表达式,考虑落石冲击下棚洞的非弹性特征,根据落石与材料碰撞过程中落石加速度曲线特征,采用函数拟合法推导得到落石法向冲击下其冲击力的理论计算方法;然后,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立落石冲击棚洞数值计算模型,研究不同冲击速度下落石冲击棚洞动力特征;最后,与现存常见的多种方法进行对比,得出以下结论：Hertz半正弦法得到的落石冲击力远大于函数拟合法和数值法,而函数拟合法和数值法得到的落石冲击力时程曲线相接近,表明函数拟合法更能反映落石与棚洞接触碰撞动力关系;对比其他计算方法可以得到,Hertz算法适用于分析无能量损失下的弹性碰撞问题,而Logistic算法适用于材料大塑性变形的情况,弹塑性接触理论结果和动力有限元结果存在差异,而采用函数拟合推导的计算方法得到的落石最大冲击力和落石冲击作用时间与动力有限元法更接近,更能反映落石冲击棚洞动力响应特征,推导的落石冲击力计算方法可为工程实践中棚洞防护设计提供理论参考。 相似文献
13.
Christopher J. Patrick Donald E. Weller Xuyong Li Micah Ryder 《Estuaries and Coasts》2014,37(6):1516-1531
Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) provides many important ecosystem functions, but SAV has been significantly reduced in many estuaries. We used spatial–statistical models to identify estuarine shoreline characteristics that explain variations in SAV abundance among subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay and mid-Atlantic Coastal Bays. We summarized digital spatial data on shoreline construction, shoreline land use, physical characteristics, watershed land cover, and salinity for each subestuary. We related SAV abundance to shoreline characteristics and other stressors using univariate regression and multivariate models. The strongest univariate predictors of SAV abundance were percent shoreline forest, percent shoreline marsh, the percentage of shoreline that is 5–10 m tall, percent riprap, the percentage of subestuary area <2 m deep, percent herbaceous wetland, and percent shrubland. Shoreline marsh, bulkhead, and shoreline forest had different effects on SAV in different salinity zones. Percent riprap shoreline was the most important variable in a regression tree analysis of all the subestuaries, and percent deciduous forest in the watershed was the most important variable in a separate regression tree analysis on the mesohaline subestuaries. Subestuaries with <5.4 % riprap followed a significantly different temporal trajectory than those with >5.4 % riprap. SAV abundance has increased steadily since 1984 in subestuaries with <5.4 % riprap, but has not increased since 1996–1997 in subestuaries with >5.4 % riprap. Some shoreline characteristics interact with larger-scale factors like land cover and salinity zone to affect the distribution of SAV, while the effects of other shoreline characteristics are consistent among subestuaries with different salinities or local watershed land covers. Many shoreline characteristics can be controlled by management decisions, and our results help identify factors that managers should consider in efforts to increase SAV abundance. 相似文献
14.
因暴雨、地震和岩羊踩踏等不确定因素,贺兰口沟口至“水关”处发育的34处孤石极易失稳滚落形成落石对岩画和游人安全构成严重威胁。通过对34处孤石数量、成因、分布、岩性和几何特征全面调查与分析的基础上,运用Rocfall软件分析其失稳后的运动过程和能量变化进行分析,得出如下结论:(1)薄层状变质砂岩风化内凹的临空面、岩层层面与两组节理组合切割巨厚层砂岩失稳后堆积于坡面;(2)将落石划分为基岩裸露型、孤石带型和坡面泥石流型3种不同类型;(3)数值模拟结果显示,失稳后弹跳落点有52%~95%的概率在岩画赋存区,所具有能量为301~8412 kJ;最终落点有51%~95%的概率在游客栈道,所具有能量为299~7698 kJ;(4)监测结果表明,水剂比为0.32、平行布孔、间排距20 cm和抵抗线20 cm布置方案为最优,静态破碎结合人工搬运为岩画保护区落石源头治理的最佳方案。为贺兰口岩画保护区落石灾害的源头治理提供了新的途径与参考。 相似文献
15.
危岩是山区常见的地质灾害之一。以往研究缺少对危岩整体破坏导致危岩解体方面的关注,而危岩在失稳崩落过程中的解体行为却是预测危岩影响范围和防治成效的关键所在。为此,文章以郑万（郑州—万州）高铁宜万段沿线隧道洞口边坡危岩为研究对象,从结构面角度出发,对危岩崩落破坏特征进行研究。通过对15个隧道洞口边坡的调查,首先从边坡坡度、岩性组合、相对高差三个方面总结了研究区危岩发育分布规律;然后根据边坡岩体结构特征,分析了危岩失稳模式,并基于边坡上部危岩和下部落石的体积和形状对应关系,进一步探讨了边坡危岩崩落破坏演化过程;在此基础上,利用Rockfall模拟软件对落石运动特征进行预测分析。结果表明:（1）研究区边坡呈上陡下缓地形,上部基岩裸露,坡度基本上≥70°;危岩主要发育于弱风化的灰岩和白云岩中;边坡高差在150~300 m之间。（2）边坡上部危岩将呈阶梯状方式逐渐沿基底结构面滑移或者沿后缘结构面拉裂坠落。（3）研究区危岩崩落破坏模式主要为边坡上部岩体沿结构面解体破坏。（4）大部分隧道洞口边坡落石危险性较大,严重威胁隧道洞口的安全,需要采取相应的防治措施。研究成果可为在建的郑万高铁宜万段隧道边坡危岩的有效防治提供参考。 相似文献
16.
对影响滚石的岩性、地形坡高和地质结构等因素进行现场地质调查和分析,初步确定存在潜在滚石的坡体。借助BJSD-2B型激光断面仪,选取上述坡体的4个典型剖面进行坡形测量。结合数值分析结果,确定块石A~F发生滚石的可能性较大。现场测量确定A~F块石的体积。在此基础上,利用Rocfall模拟软件对6块块石滚落的运动特征（运动距离、弹跳高度、动能和运动速度）进行预测和分析。结果表明：块石D的失稳对游客的生命安全威胁相对较小,但会直接导致7号洞洞室发生严重破坏;其余5块块石的失稳均会对游人的生命安全造成重大威胁,但不会严重影响到相应洞室的稳定。建议对上述6块块石所在坡体的关键部位及时采取工程措施进行加固。 相似文献
17.
A Review of Studies Dealing with Tree Rings and Rockfall Activity: The Role of Dendrogeomorphology in Natural Hazard Research 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Stoffel 《Natural Hazards》2006,39(1):51-70
Over the last few years, rockfall research has increasingly focused on hazard assessment and risk analysis. Input data on
past rockfall activity were gathered from historical archives and lichenometric studies or were obtained through frequency–volume
statistics. However, historical records are generally scarce, and lichenometry may only yield data with relatively low resolutions.
On forested slopes, in contrast, tree-ring analyses may help, generally providing annual data on past rockfall activity over
long periods. It is the purpose of the present literature review to survey the current state of investigations dealing with
tree-ring sequences and rockfall activity, with emphasis on the extent to which dendrogeomorphology may contribute to rockfall
research. Firstly, a brief introduction describes how dendrogeomorphological methods can contribute to natural hazard research.
Secondly, an account is provided of the output of dendrogeomorphological studies investigating frequencies, volumes or spatial
distributions of past rockfall activity. The current and potential strengths of dendrogeomorphology are then presented before,
finally, the weaknesses of tree rings as natural archives of past rockfall activity are discussed and promising directions
for further studies outlined. 相似文献
18.
M. Spadari A. Giacomini O. Buzzi J. P. Hambleton 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(2):131-144
The so-called “bullet effect” refers to the perforation of a rockfall protection mesh by impact of a small block, which has
a kinetic energy lower than the design value, where the design value is determined through tests with relatively large blocks.
Despite playing a key role in the overall performance of a flexible rockfall barrier, this phenomenon is still poorly understood
at present. An innovative approach for quantitatively characterizing this effect based on dimensional analysis is proposed
in this paper. The analysis rests on a hypothesis that the relevant variables in the impact problem can be combined into three
strongly correlated dimensionless parameters. The relationship between these dimensionless parameters (i.e., the scaling relationship)
is subsequently investigated and validated by means of data generated with a finite element model. The validation process
shows that the dimensionless parameters are apt and that the proposed scaling relationship characterizes the bullet effect
with a reasonable level of accuracy. An example from the literature involving numerical simulation of a full rock barrier
is considered, and satisfactory agreement between the calculated performance of the barrier and that predicted by the established
scaling relationship is observed. 相似文献
19.
The occurrence of rockfall incidents on the transportation network may cause injuries, and even casualties, as well as severe damage to infrastructure such as dwellings, railways, road corridors, etc. Passive protective measures (i.e., rockfall barriers, wire nets, etc.) are mainly deployed by operators of ground transport networks to minimize the impact of detrimental effects on these networks. In conjunction with these passive measures, active rockfall monitoring should ideally include the magnitude of each rockfall, its initial and final position, and the triggering mechanism that might have caused its detachment from the slope. In this work, the operational principle of a low-cost rockfall monitoring and alerting system is being presented. The system integrates measurements from a multi-channel seismograph and commercial cameras as the primary equipment for event detection. A series of algorithms analyze these measurements independently in order to reduce alarms originated by surrounding noise and sources other than rockfall events. The detection methodology employs two different sets of algorithms: Time–frequency analyses of the rockfall event’s seismic signature are performed using moving window pattern recognition algorithms, whereas image processing techniques are utilized to deliver object detection and localization. Training and validation of the proposed approach was performed through field tests that involved manually induced rockfall events and recording of sources (i.e., passing car, walking people) that may cause a false alarm. These validation tests revealed that the seismic monitoring algorithms produce a 4.17 % false alarm rate with an accuracy of 93 %. Finally, the results of a 34-day operational monitoring period are presented and the ability of the imaging system to identify and exclude false alarms is discussed. The entire processing cycle is 10–15 s. Thus, it can be considered as a near real-time system for early warning of rockfall events. 相似文献
20.
Claudia Mignelli Daniele Peila Stefano Lo Russo Sara Maria Ratto Massimo Broccolato 《Natural Hazards》2014,73(1):23-35
Many kilometres of roads are close to rock slopes that are prone to rockfalls. The fulfilment of safety requirements in such situations is a multidimensional design process involving public and private technicians in the assessment and management of the problem. In this paper, a rockfall risk management approach has been applied to the road infrastructure network of the Regione Autonoma Valle D’Aosta, in order to calculate the level of risk and of its reduction using rockfall protection devices. In order to better understand the methodology, a comparative analysis of road accidents in Aosta Valley has been discussed. The road risk assessment was developed taking into account the absence of rockfall protection devices, and when they are present, different levels of efficacy have been considered. 相似文献