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1.
The impact of taphonomic processes on interpreting paleoecologic changes in large lake ecosystems: ostracodes in Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lisa E. Park Andrew S. Cohen Koen Martens Rebecca Bralek 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,30(2):127-138
Nonmarine ostracodes are often used as proxy indicators for the biotic response to climate as well as anthropogenic changes in large lakes. Their large numbers, small size and sensitivities to environmental conditions make them ideal for assessing how organisms respond to environmental perturbations. However, little is known about the various taphonomic processes related to preserving these organisms in the lacustrine fossil record. Without understanding the amount of time averaging associated with these assemblages, any interpretation of their biodiversity and paleoecology may be problematic.To address these issues, we conducted actualistic experiments to determine transport, time-averaging, and the amount of taphonomic bias in ostracode sub-fossil assemblages. Sand transport experiments revealed significant mixing at all sites at shallower depths and significant mixing on rocky substrates but not sandy ones. Comparisons with ostracode material collected along the experimental transects support this model and demonstrate time averaging in both the sandy and rocky substrates. Preservational models were derived from the experimental data and applied to interpreting the paleobiologic record of ostracodes from piston cores in both Lake Tanganyika and Malawi. The core record reveals assemblages that have undergone significant time-averaging, and in the case of Lake Malawi, preservational degradation. In the core examined from Tanganyika, most assemblages resemble the time-averaged experimental model with respect to species richness, percentage of articulated shells and heavy bias towards adult dead individuals. In the Malawi cores, most of the valves were preserved only as internal molds. The taphonomic signature of these samples resemble the time-averaged assemblages of Tanganyika cores, even though carapaces are not often present.Both the experimental and live/dead valve data suggest significant time-averaging and transport, smearing seasonal-yearly data in some environments involved in using ostracodes to assess biotic changes as a result of climate and or anthropogenically-induced environmental change. Ostracode species richness estimates were impacted by time averaging because transport of dead valve material occurs at high percentages in the shallow depths and on the rocky substrates, suggesting that the ostracode death assemblages in these areas will not reflect living populations. In addition, ecologic models based only upon death assemblages will be less resolved than those based upon live assemblages. A time averaging index was derived using the % dead juveniles ratio, as well as sedimentation rate and information on the population dynamics, if known. 相似文献
2.
Could sand mining be a major threat for the declining endemic Labeobarbus species of Lake Tana,Ethiopia? 
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下载免费PDF全文 Sand and gravel materials are often used in Ethiopia's construction sector. However, the impacts of sand mining on the water body's habitat and biodiversity are not yet considered in the country. In this paper, we study how sand mining activities at Lake Tana and its inflowing rivers affect the environment and spawning grounds of the endemic Labeobarbus species. We measured physico‐chemical parameters in‐situ and developed structured questionnaires to collect primary data on the fishery and sand mining. We found significant differences in conductivity, total dissolved solids and temperature among sampling sites (P < 0.05). Majority (>90 per cent) of the respondents confirmed the drastic physical changes in the rivers and a severe decline in fish production. The study revealed that the ecology of the mined rivers was seriously affected by sand mining, which interfered with migratory routes of fishes and resulted in loss of their spawning grounds. The unregulated sand mining also conflicted with the interests of the fisheries management and environment. Thus, urgent policy intervention is needed to protect the ever‐declining Labeobarbus species of Lake Tana and the environment. 相似文献
3.
2010年8月,选择腾格里沙漠东南缘1964年、1981年和1990年建立的人工固沙区为对象,以流动沙丘和邻近的天然植被区为对照,利用根钻取样法研究了不同年代固沙植被区根系的3.0 m剖面的分布特征。结果表明：单位土地面积上<1 mm的活根、全部活根、<1 mm的死根和全部死根的重量密度和长度密度在不同样地间存在着显著差异(p<0.05);流沙、1990年、1981年、1964年固沙区和天然植被区全部活根重量密度分别为2.9±2.2、164.7±46.5、461.3±83.6、440.4±81.8 g·m-2和350.0±132.5 g·m-2,5个样地全部死根重量密度分别为4.9±2.8、58.7±16.8、390.9±57.9、492.5±252.2 g·m-2和214.4±29.9 g·m-2;根长密度也表现为相似的变化趋势。单位土壤体积的根系重量密度和长度密度随着土层加深而递减,植被区0~1.0 m土壤层活根的累积重量密度和长度密度在全部活根中的比例均超过70.0%,其中以天然植被区最大,流沙区则不超过25%;死根也表现为相似的趋势,只是比例有所降低。根鞘占全部根系生物量的比例非常不稳定,流沙区的最大,为94.3%,而1981年植被区的只有0.5%,1964年、1990年固沙区和天然植被区分别为29.9%,70.3%和58.9%。 相似文献
4.
53 pollen traps and surface samples were collected in order to detect the characteristics of pollen assemblages and their
relationships with vegetation and climate in 16 forest communities located in 10 mountains in northern China. The results
show that 72% of the pollen taxa (80 taxa) are the same between the traps and the surface samples. The dominant taxa in the
plant communities are consistent with the main pollen taxa in the pollen assemblages at the same sites. In Pinus plant communities, both Pinus pollen influx and concentration are higher, indicating the high pollen productivity and good pollen preservation ability
of Pinus. In Picea and Abies plant communities, Picea and Abies have lower pollen influxes but higher concentrations, suggesting their low pollen productivities but better pollen preservation
abilities. In Betula and Quercus plant communities, Betula and Quercus have higher pollen influxes but lower concentrations, revealing their high pollen productivities but poor pollen preservation
abilities. The study of relationships between pollen and vegetation with discriminant analysis shows that pollen assemblages
from both trap and surface samples can reflect the characteristics of different communities and distinguish different ecological
areas, but surface samples can reflect the dominant components of communities much better than the traps. The study on correlations
between pollen assemblages and climate with DCCA reveals that significant correlations exist between pollen assemblages and
mean temperature of the coldest month (r = 0.84 for trap samples, r = 0.72 for surface samples), and then annual mean precipitation
(r = 0.73 for trap samples, r = 0.71 for surface samples). 相似文献
5.
中国北方森林群落现代花粉与植被和气候的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
来自中国北方10 座山地16 个森林群落53 个样点的表土和Tauber 捕捉器花粉研究揭示了中国北方森林群落的花粉组合特征及其与植被和气候的关系。捕捉器花粉组合与表土花粉组合具有较好的相似性, 花粉组合中共有类型80 个, 共有类型花粉百分比占总数的90%以上, 植被中的优势种通常也是花粉组合的主要类型。松林中松花粉浓度和通量均较高, 表明花粉产量与保存能力均较高; 云、冷杉林中云、冷杉花粉通量较低, 但花粉浓度较高, 显示虽然花粉产量较低, 但花粉保存能力较好; 栎林、桦林中, 栎属和桦属花粉通量较高, 但花粉浓度较低, 说明虽然花粉产量较高, 但花粉保存能力较差。花粉与植被关系判别分析表明, 表土样品与捕捉器花粉组合均能较好地反映不同区域森林群落特征及其差异, 但表土样品能 更好地反映植被的优势成分。花粉组合与样点气候因子的DCCA 分析表明, 花粉组合与最冷月温度相关最显著(相关系数: 捕捉器0.84, 表土0.72), 其次为年降水量(相关系数: 捕捉 器0.73, 表土0.71)。 相似文献
6.
53 pollen traps and surface samples were collected in order to detect the characteristics of pollen assemblages and their relationships with vegetation and climate in 16 forest communities located in 10 mountains in northern China. The results show that 72% of the pollen taxa (80 taxa) are the same between the traps and the surface samples. The dominant taxa in the plant communities are consistent with the main pollen taxa in the pollen assemblages at the same sites. In Pinus plant communities, both Pinus pollen influx and concentration are higher, indicating the high pollen productivity and good pollen preservation ability of Pinus. In Picea and Abies plant communities, Picea and Abies have lower pollen influxes but higher concentrations, suggesting their low pollen productivities but better pollen preservation abilities. In Betula and Quercus plant communities, Betula and Quercus have higher pollen influxes but lower concentrations, revealing their high pollen productivities but poor pollen preservation abilities. The study of relationships between pollen and vegetation with discriminant analysis shows that pollen assemblages from both trap and surface samples can reflect the characteristics of different communities and distinguish different ecological areas, but surface samples can reflect the dominant components of communities much better than the traps. The study on correlations between pollen assemblages and climate with DCCA reveals that significant correlations exist between pollen assemblages and mean temperature of the coldest month (r = 0.84 for trap samples, r = 0.72 for surface samples), and then annual mean precipitation (r = 0.73 for trap samples, r = 0.71 for surface samples). 相似文献
7.
Camel grazing plays a crucial role in the desert ecosystems of the UAE. In this study, we compare areas grazed by small antelope (Al Maha Resort – the AMR) with areas grazed by both camels and small antelope (Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve – the DDCR). A total of 126 plots were selected during the growing season 2006/07 on three soil substrates: gravel plains, sand flats and sand dunes. In each plot, several vegetation parameters were assessed: density, frequency, percent cover and diversity indices. The replacement of camels with wild antelope has significantly increased the number of species on gravel plains, vegetation density on sand dunes and diversity indices on both sand flats and sand dunes, but significantly decreased plant cover on sand flats and sand dunes. The increase in species diversity in the AMR was attributed to moderate grazing by antelope. Replacement of camels by antelope in the AMR has resulted in change in plant community composition of the three substrate types. Species recovered after protection from camel grazing are palatable, especially for camels, except Heliotropium kotschyi and Aerva javanica. The absence of most of the palatable species from the DDCR was attributed to both selective foraging and overgrazing by camels. 相似文献
8.
沙漠历史地理学的几个理论问题--以我国河西走廊历史上的沙漠化研究为例 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
干旱地区的沙漠化主要发生在内陆河流下游,沙漠化过程的途径主要有就地起沙、风蚀绿洲、流沙入侵、洪积物掩埋绿洲４种,前两者最重要。由于绿洲水资源的移动和重新分布而导致绿洲的转移过程,并不一定意味着绿洲的缩小或消失;只要大的气候环流形势和流域的总水量无大变化,则其绿洲总面积就不致发生大的改观,沙漠化土地在一定条件下是可以逆转的。 相似文献
9.
不同砾石覆盖度戈壁床面风蚀速率定量模拟 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
通过风洞实验,利用称重传感器自动记录风蚀观测样方重量变化过程,对供沙条件下不同砾石覆盖度戈壁床面风蚀速率进行了定量模拟研究。结果表明:砾石覆盖度是影响戈壁风蚀速率的关键因子,戈壁床面风蚀速率随砾石覆盖度增加按指数规律递减。各实验风速下,砾石覆盖度>50%时,戈壁床面风蚀速率随砾石覆盖度增加而减小量有限,甚至无风蚀发生;而盖度从10%到50%时,风蚀速率显著减小。因此,两种实验粒径砾石(3 cm与4 cm)至少在50%盖度时才能达到较好的风蚀防治效果。戈壁风蚀防护机理主要是砾石覆盖度的增加增大了砾石间沙粒的临界起动剪切风速,而且减少了作用在砾石间可蚀地表的剪切压。与沙质对照床面相比,10%~90%砾石盖度戈壁床面沙粒临界起动剪切风速增大了0.8~3.4倍,只有0.5％~28%的剪切压作用在砾石间可蚀地表。 相似文献
10.
Ralf Carlsson 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2003,85(2):205-209
14C age determinations were made on mollusc shells from ten shell gravel deposits on the Åland Islands, SW Finland. The results imply that the deposits were formed continuously or, less likely, in connection with transgressions. This interpretation was reached as the age of the shells is correlated with their elevation in the landscape. The age of some deposits conforms to the age of major transgressions. In one case the mussels, when alive, lived on an esker‐like ridge. When dead they were first re‐deposited by waves to their present location, and later covered by a 5 m thick layer of beach sand and gravel, eroded from the top of the ridge. For one of the deposits, the deposition rate was calculated to about 3–4 (2.29–10) mm/year, which is in agreement with a previous record made by the author. 相似文献
11.
Defining the reference state of some perturbed streams and rivers is challenging since their non-altered state is undocumented.
Despite the near-absence of pristine sites in highly anthropogenic areas, information about aquatic communities that existed
prior to human disturbance can be obtained from historic sources. Sediment coring is commonly used in paleolimnology to estimate
past environmental conditions of lakes, but this technique is often not appropriate for studies of lotic systems. An alternative
is to use diatom assemblages present in the guts of fish that were captured in the streams prior to significant human disturbance.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the biological integrity of several streams in Ontario and Québec during
the early twentieth century based on “paleo” diatom assemblages extracted from the guts of fish stored in museums. The Eastern
Canadian diatom index (IDEC: Indice Diatomées de l’Est du Canada) was used to evaluate the biological status of “paleo” and
“modern” diatom assemblages. The IDEC shows the position of diatom assemblages on a general pollution gradient. The comparison
of IDEC values calculated for the 1925–1948 and the 2003–2007 periods showed that several streams were severely polluted in
the early 1900s. In general, present water quality has declined compared to the early 1900s. The biological integrity of only
three of the 22 sites has increased. IDEC values were not influenced by the species of fish studied. 相似文献
12.
Soil crust lichens can be the dominant vegetation in arid lands, yet their importance as habitat to secondary producers is relatively unknown. This study examines the distribution of arthropod communities in the northern Namib Desert to evaluate whether a lichen-rich area is more or less productive than adjacent habitats in terms of the consumers each supports. Arthropods are diverse and highly endemic in the Namib Desert and lichens dominate this desert's extensive gravel plains. We sampled lichen-rich, dwarf shrub, and unvegetated sites and found distinct arthropod assemblages in the lichen-dominated sites, including species unique to lichen sites. Arthropod assemblages in two of the lichen sites were similar to those found in the dwarf shrub site. In a canonical correspondence analysis, crustose lichens and overall lichen cover were key in driving the variance in arthropod assemblages within the lichen sites. Furthermore, lichen morphotypes, overall lichen cover and species richness, were significantly correlated with the representation of arthropod subgroups and arthropod species richness. These findings provide evidence that lichen-dominated soil crusts in the Namib Desert are important supporters of secondary production, warranting more in-depth studies into the ecology and conservation of this lichen-rich habitat in warm deserts. 相似文献
13.
14.
Dorthe Klitgaard-Kristensen Hans Fetter Sejrup Haflidi Haflidason 《Polar research》2002,21(2):275-282
This paper compiles new and previously published data on recent calcareous benthic foraminifera (dead and living assemblages) in surface sediment samples from the northern North Sea area, focussing on the dead benthic foraminifera and their relation to the environment. Five dead benthic foraminiferal assemblages have been identified. In Scottish coastal areas Cibicides lobatulus and Rosalina sp. dominate in areas with strong current activity and coarse-grained sediments, whereas C. lobatulus and Trifarina angulosa dominate at similar conditions in the Norwegian coastal areas. Cassidulina laevigata assemblages occur in areas influenced by inflow of Atlantic water into the northern North Sea. In the central part of the Norwegian Channel Uvigerina mediterranea prevails in fine-grained sediments with high organic content and possibly low oxygen content. This species' restricted distribution to the Norwegian Channel could possibly be related to the availability of food. Bulimina marginata and Hyalinea balthica dominate on the Fladen Ground where seasonal stratification is pronounced. This presumably leads to a decrease in the oxygen content in the bottom-waters during part of the year. 相似文献
15.
尾矿砂沙害形成机理与工程治理措施的选择 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
尾矿砂沙害的形成过程,包含着尾矿砂强烈风蚀、尾矿砂输送搬运与堆积,以及尾矿砂吹扬在大气中的粉沙悬移等3个过程。上述3个过程对土地、大气、水体、道路、建筑物及农作物造成严重危害,甚至影响人身健康。研究结果表明,尾矿砂的治理,需采用固结沙面、切断沙源,即消除灾害源的方法。固结沙面的材料,宜采用坚固耐久、抗风蚀力强、具有较好蓄水保墒性能,以及保温能力高、且廉价的戈壁沙砾石。沙砾石覆盖之后,不仅固结了沙面,切断了沙源,而且为天然植物种子的散落和幼苗发育创造了稳定条件,加快了天然植物衍生。覆盖后的第一年雨季后,植物盖度到达了15%~30%,局部地段高达50%。 相似文献
16.
南极乔治王岛长城湾活有孔虫和死有孔虫的比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文对中国首次南极考察队在长城湾采集的海底底质样品作了有孔虫分析,初步查明有孔虫属种,并揭示了长城湾有孔虫组合和分布规律。 相似文献
17.
Testate amoebae are informative about palaeoecological conditions, but the methods generally used for their analyses in lake
sediments differ from those used for their analyses in peats, making comparisons difficult. This study examines how filter
mesh size and total number of individuals counted affect species richness, Shannon diversity, equitability, density and assemblage
structure. We analysed the complete testate amoeba contents of six sediment samples from Lake Lautrey, France. The abundance
of testate amoebae was high (1,403–10,870 shells cm−3), and species smaller than 63 μm in both length and width represented up to 89% of total abundance and 43% of species richness.
A simulation showed that using 47- or 63-μm mesh-size filters reduced inter-sample differences and changed the patterns of
abundance, species richness and assemblage structure, causing loss of information and leading to potential erroneous palaeoecological
interpretation. Rarefaction analyses suggest that although 170 shells are sufficient to assess the general structure of assemblages,
such small sample sizes can underestimate species richness by overlooking taxa with relative abundances <4%. Total counts
of 400 shells yield better estimates of assemblage structure and recover at least 50% of total species richness, although
species with absolute frequencies below 2% may still be missed. Higher counts are required to obtain reliable estimates of
species richness and assemblage structure in samples that have high testate amoeba densities but are dominated by a few small
taxa. Further studies should determine the bioindicator value and functional roles of small and/or rare species in lakes and
thus to what extent overlooking them affects palaeoecological interpretations. 相似文献
18.
Steffen Mischke Ulrich Bößneck Bernhard Diekmann Ulrike Herzschuh Huijun Jin Annette Kramer Bernd Wünnemann Chengjun Zhang 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2010,43(3):589-608
A calibration data set of 51 surface sediment samples from Lake Donggi Cona on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau was investigated
to study the relationship between sub-fossil ostracod assemblages and water depth. Samples were collected over a depth range
from 0.6 to 80 m. A total of 16 ostracod species was identified from the lake with about half of the species restricted to
the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent mountain ranges and poorly known in terms of ecological preferences, and the other half
displaying a mainly Holarctic distribution. Living macrophytes and macroalgae were recorded in Lake Donggi Cona down to a
depth of about 30 m, and bivalve (Pisidium cf. zugmayeri) and gastropod (Gyraulus, Radix) shells were found down to depths of 43 and 48 m, respectively. The ostracod-water-depth relationship was assessed by multivariate
statistical analysis and ostracod-based transfer functions for water depth were constructed. Weighted averaging partial least
squares (WA-PLS) regression provided the best model with a coefficient of determination r
2 of 0.91 between measured and ostracod-inferred water depth, a root mean square error of prediction of 8% and a maximum bias
of 10.6% of the gradient length, as assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation. Our results show the potential of ostracods
as palaeo-depth indicators in appropriate settings. However, transfer-function applications using fossil ostracod assemblages
for palaeo-depth estimations require a thorough understanding of the palaeolimnological conditions of lakes and therefore
detailed multi-proxy analysis to avoid misinterpretation of ostracod-based inferences. 相似文献
19.
Jorge García-Girón Camino Fernández-Aláez Alejandro Nistal-García Margarita Fernández-Aláez 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2018,60(4):495-509
Macrofossils are known as a useful tool in reconstructing their original plant communities. However, most studies have been focused on comparing the composition and distribution of living plant communities and their remains in temperate lakes. Mediterranean shallow lakes have been historically far less studied and little is known about the relationships between Mediterranean macrophyte communities and their remains. The aim of our study is to assess how contemporary aquatic macrophyte communities are represented by their sedimentary remains in terms of composition, distribution and concordance between the contemporary and the subfossil assemblages in a procrustean superimposition space, and to determine which surface sediment cores, collected along a depth gradient, may represent best the whole-lake macrofossil assemblage. These analyses were carried out for both species and macrophyte growth forms (submerged hydrophytes, floating-leaved hydrophytes, helophytes and charophytes) in order to check which of the two (species and growth forms) were represented best by their macro-remains. The most abundant present-day species (Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. and Potamogeton trichoides L.) were under-represented while Characeae and some floating-leaved hydrophytes (Polygonum amphibium L. and Ranunculus peltatus Schrank) were over-represented in sedimentary samples. Additionally, macro-remains of submerged hydrophytes and helophytes were generally found in the central areas and in close proximity to contemporary vegetation, whereas floating-leaved hydrophytes distributed close to the near-shore. Notwithstanding some disparities between contemporary vegetation and their macrofossil assemblages, we found a good agreement between present-day and sedimentary datasets for both species and macrophyte growth forms. Furthermore, our study suggests that sediment cores from deep areas are more likely to represent best the whole-lake macrofossil assemblage because of their high diversity, equitability and heterogeneity. We conclude that aquatic macrophyte subfossils from the central areas of the basin can be a very useful tool in tracking the species composition and structure of the original macrophyte communities in shallow Mediterranean lakes. Additionally, when considering the use of macro-remains to reconstruct the composition and structure of macrophyte growth forms, we recommend a multicore approach that uses transects running from the shore to the lake center. 相似文献
20.
Wahizatul Afzan A Che Salmah M R 《湿地科学》2005,3(3):167-175
1INTRODUCTION Manyfactorshavebeenlinkedwithobserved patternsofodonatediversity.Eachhabitatisdifferent andpresentsitsownopportunitiesforexploitationby welladaptedspecies(Krebs,1989).Theyaresensi tiveresponderstonewlycreatedphysicalandtogether withphysiogra… 相似文献