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1.
《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1986,6(3):59-63
In 1984, the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources was required to assess the regulations and practices of the Illinois Underground Injection Control (UIC) program as it relates to Class I hazardous waste disposal wells. Nine injection wells, including two standbys (one inactive), are currently in operation at seven sites in the state. These wells range in depth from 1540 to 5524 feet (470 to 1683m; most inject wastes into porous carbonate formations (two wells inject into a thick sandstone). In 1984, approximately 300 million gallons (1.1 billion liters) of industrial wastes were disposed of in these wells. Acids were the most common waste disposed of, although water made up 70 to 95 percent of the wastes by volume. Illinois has been granted primacy in operating this program.
The geologic environment, consisting of the unit accepting the waste and confining units lying above and below, has the capacity to accept the waste, to retain it, and to protect all underground sources of drinking water (USDW) from contamination by its injection. The geology of Illinois is relatively simple and includes disposal zones and associated confining units suitable for deep-well injection across the central two-thirds of the state.
The regulatory structure for Class I injection wells is generally adequate in concept and scope to ensure containment of injected wastes and to safeguard underground sources of drinking water in Illinois. There is a need to update and strengthen selected portions of the regulatory practices in the areas of waste sampling protocol, chemical analysis of collected waste samples, and evaluation of injection well testing and monitoring data.
A number of technologies exist that can treat and dispose of most hazardous and non-hazardous waste streams. Each of these technologies has associated with it economic, environmental and societal impacts. 相似文献
The geologic environment, consisting of the unit accepting the waste and confining units lying above and below, has the capacity to accept the waste, to retain it, and to protect all underground sources of drinking water (USDW) from contamination by its injection. The geology of Illinois is relatively simple and includes disposal zones and associated confining units suitable for deep-well injection across the central two-thirds of the state.
The regulatory structure for Class I injection wells is generally adequate in concept and scope to ensure containment of injected wastes and to safeguard underground sources of drinking water in Illinois. There is a need to update and strengthen selected portions of the regulatory practices in the areas of waste sampling protocol, chemical analysis of collected waste samples, and evaluation of injection well testing and monitoring data.
A number of technologies exist that can treat and dispose of most hazardous and non-hazardous waste streams. Each of these technologies has associated with it economic, environmental and societal impacts. 相似文献
2.
《Advances in water resources》1998,22(2):159-168
Contaminant transport in a strongly heterogeneous stratified formation whose log hydraulic conductivity distribution has a variance greater than unity is investigated. Four kinds of waste leakage scenario are studied. They are: (1) continuous waste leakage from landfills; (2) temporal waste leakage from landfills; (3) continuous deep-well injection wastes; and (4) temporal deep-well injection wastes. Ensemble average concentrations and variances of concentration distributions are calculated for the four scenarios. The results in this paper show that when heterogeneity of a formation increases, transport in this formation differs significantly from the linear solutions which assume that the variances of log hydraulic conductivity are less than unity. 相似文献
3.
Grant Ferguson 《Ground water》2015,53(2):187-194
Injection of wastes into the deep subsurface has become a contentious issue, particularly in emerging regions of oil and gas production. Experience in other regions suggests that injection is an effective waste management practice and that widespread environmental damage is unlikely. Over the past several decades, 23 km3 of water has been injected into the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). The oil and gas industry has injected most of this water but large amounts of injection are associated with mining activities. The amount of water injected into this basin during the past century is 2 to 3 orders magnitude greater than natural recharge to deep formations in the WCSB. Despite this large‐scale disturbance to the hydrogeological system, there have been few documented cases of environmental problems related to injection wells. Deep injection of waste appears to be a low risk activity based on this experience but monitoring efforts are insufficient to make definitive statements. Serious uncharacterized legacy issues could be present. Initiating more comprehensive monitoring and research programs on the effects of injection in the WCSB could provide insight into the risks associated with injection in less developed sedimentary basins. 相似文献
4.
工业开采注水能导致现存断层活化,从而诱发大量的破坏型地震。因此,研究注水作用下断层的动力学响应对探索诱发地震的力学机理具有重要的意义。本文基于孔弹性弹簧-滑块模型,采用多孔介质弹性耦合数值模拟,计算分析了三类典型注水方式（上升型、迅速上升/下降型和间歇型）对断层稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:随着流体的不断注入,断层内部流体压力会经过缓慢上升、迅速上升和稳定上升三个阶段。针对于不同的注水方式,这三个阶段并不完全相同,体现形式存在差异;在注水方式相同的条件下,储层的渗透率越小,井口附近流体压力越大,断层处流体压力越小,两者间的流体压力差值越大;注水过程中断层临界刚度的变化与是否发生滑移并引发地震密切相关,数值越大越易诱发地震,其数值与注入储层流体的流体压力呈负相关,与流体压力变化率呈正相关;临界刚度由于流体压力变化率的增加在前期呈现快速增长趋势,后期则是由于流体压力的影响开始减小。迅速上升/下降型注水方式极大增加了注水前期诱发地震的可能性,间歇性注水方式在注水后期引起的临界刚度变化值较大,增大了诱发地震的可能性。该研究可以为注水诱发地震的危险性评价提供定量的科学依据。 相似文献
5.
如何提高煤层气渗透率是目前煤层气开采研究中的重要课题。基于煤层瓦斯渗流规律数学模型,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,对流-固-热耦合条件下的非等温煤层气解吸、渗流变化规律进行了数值模拟。结果表明,在注热条件下,煤层气渗流压力随着温度的增加而下降,且下降速度加剧,压力差越大,气体从高压区域流向低压区域的渗流速度越快。气体在煤层中径向流向井口,井口附近压力的梯度增大,气体渗流速度较快;在未受到加热影响的区域,煤层气不受外加热量影响,煤层气解吸速率保持不变;注热后煤层温度升高,可以加快煤层气渗流速度、提高渗透率、增加煤层气产量。研究成果可为煤层中注热开采煤层气的工程实践提供相应的理论依据。 相似文献
6.
Pressure pulsing technology is an innovative method that has been developed with the aim of overcoming preferred flow paths associated with remediation techniques that rely on the injection of reagents. Numerical and field experiments were conducted to assess how pressure pulsing affects groundwater flow and solute transport during reagent injection. A series of field experiments were performed at two field sites where a monitoring network designed to capture the breakthrough of solutes delivered from an injection well was installed. Pressure pulsing and conventional injection methods were used at each site. One site was comprised of fine sand with low heterogeneity, while the other was moderately heterogeneous with discrete layers varying from fine sand to silt. The data suggest that breakthrough was more uniform for the pressure pulsing injections; however, this difference was minor and complicated by sorption of some of the tracers employed. The groundwater flow and solute transport modeling exercise simulated the rapid boundary pressure modulation that occurs in association with pressure pulsing. Two‐dimensional (2D) simulations revealed that repeated sudden onset of injection cessation produces brief periods of gradient reversal and the development of a mixing zone near the injection well. The spatial extents of this mixing zone were found to be highly dependent upon the hydraulic diffusivity of the medium, with medium heterogeneity and pulsing frequency playing secondary roles. Three‐dimensional (3D) numerical simulations were used to benchmark the observations from one of the field sites. The results from the modeling effort showed that solute breakthrough from a pressure pulsing injection is more dispersed relative to a conventional injection as a result of the mixing zone phenomenon; however, we were unable to directly observe this mixing zone using the instrumentation deployed at the two field sites. 相似文献
7.
Nicholas A. Azzolina Mitchell J. Small David V. Nakles Grant S. Bromhal 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2014,28(4):895-909
This work evaluates the detection sensitivity of deep subsurface pressure monitoring within an uncertain carbon dioxide sequestration system by linking the output of an analytical reduced-order model and first-order uncertainty analysis. A baseline (non-leaky) modeling run was compared against 10 different leakage scenarios, where the cap rock permeability was increased by factors of 2–100 (cap rock permeability from 10?3 to 10?1 millidarcy). The uncertainty variance outputs were used to develop percentile estimates and detection sensitivity for pressure throughout the deep subsurface as a function of space (lateral distance from the injection wells and vertical orientation within the reservoir) and time (years since injection), or P(x, z, t). Conditional probabilities were computed for combinations of x, z, and t, which were then used to generate power curves for detecting leakage scenarios. The results suggest that measurements of the absolute change in pressure within the target injection aquifer would not be able to distinguish small leakage rates (i.e., less than 50 × baseline) from baseline conditions, and that only large leakage rates (i.e., >100 × baseline) would be discriminated with sufficient statistical power (>99 %). Combining measurements, for example by taking the ratio of formation pressure in Aquifer 2/Aquifer 1, provides better statistical power for distinguishing smaller leakage rates at earlier times in the injection program. Detection sensitivity for pressure is a function of space and time. Therefore, design of an adequate monitoring network for subsurface pressure should account for this space–time variability to ensure that the monitoring system performs to the necessary design criteria, e.g., specific false-negative and false-positive rates. 相似文献
8.
Flow and Containment of Injected Wastes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1986,6(3):37-48
Proper design, construction, testing and maintenance of Class 1 (hazardous waste) injection wells can guarantee that all waste is delivered to the injection zone. To assess the effects of waste injection, analytical models were developed which predict waste movement and pressure increases within the injection zone, and describe upward permeation through confining layers.
A basic plume model was used to track waste from several injection wells with varied injection history at DuPont's Victoria Texas site. To determine the maxi-mum distance that any portion of the waste might travel, special purpose models were employed to account for (1) density differences between the waste and the native formation brine, and (2) layered permeability variation within the injection zone. The results were generalized to a "multiplying factor concept," which facilitates development of a worst-case scenario.
A pressure distribution model based on the Theis (1935) equation for radial flow was applied to the Victoria site, with modifications to account for multiple wells, injection history and geological complexities.
Permeation into an intact confining layer was investigated by a new technique based on the Hantush and Jacob (1955) "leaky aquifer" theory. The model defines the maximum permeation distance, taking into account post-injection pressure decay.
Defects within confining layers, such as faults, fractures and abandoned wells, have been considered. Studies to evaluate their detailed characteristics are continuing. Initial results indicate that faults and fractures are not likely to provide conductive pathways in Gulf Coast settings, and site-specific evaluations are required to assess the impact of abandoned wells. 相似文献
A basic plume model was used to track waste from several injection wells with varied injection history at DuPont's Victoria Texas site. To determine the maxi-mum distance that any portion of the waste might travel, special purpose models were employed to account for (1) density differences between the waste and the native formation brine, and (2) layered permeability variation within the injection zone. The results were generalized to a "multiplying factor concept," which facilitates development of a worst-case scenario.
A pressure distribution model based on the Theis (1935) equation for radial flow was applied to the Victoria site, with modifications to account for multiple wells, injection history and geological complexities.
Permeation into an intact confining layer was investigated by a new technique based on the Hantush and Jacob (1955) "leaky aquifer" theory. The model defines the maximum permeation distance, taking into account post-injection pressure decay.
Defects within confining layers, such as faults, fractures and abandoned wells, have been considered. Studies to evaluate their detailed characteristics are continuing. Initial results indicate that faults and fractures are not likely to provide conductive pathways in Gulf Coast settings, and site-specific evaluations are required to assess the impact of abandoned wells. 相似文献
9.
研究注水诱发地震的特征、发生机理和最大可能震级等对开展诱发地震的预防、危险性评价、减灾策略制定等方面的工作具有重要意义。文章系统地梳理了国内外关于注水诱发地震研究的主要认识和分歧。结果表明：(1)诱发地震的最大可能震级由断层大小和应力状态等地质条件决定,受注水压力和累积注水量等参数的影响;(2)识别诱发地震的可靠方法取决于地震和注水之间的时空相关性,统计模型的参数以及断层活化分析等一系列证据链条;(3)当断层与流体储层之间存在水力连接时,孔隙压力扰动是诱发地震的主要发生机制,反之岩石基质体积变形引起的孔隙弹性应力变化主导了诱发地震的过程。此外,注水诱发的稳定滑动传播到断层的孕震部分、流体的化学作用和小地震级联触发效应也可能在注水诱发地震中发挥重要的作用。研究结果将为注水诱发地震机理研究和减轻破坏性诱发地震灾害提供一定的科学参考。 相似文献
10.
Deep saline aquifers are commonly used for disposal and storage of various surface fluids. The target injection zone must be hydraulically isolated from overlying zones in order to ensure containment of the injected fluids. Improperly plugged nonoperational abandoned wells that penetrate the injection zone are the main potential leakage pathways. Leakage through such wells may cause an observable pressure signal in a zone overlying the injection zone; such a signal can be used to detect the leakage. In this paper we develop an analytical model to evaluate the pressure change induced by leakage through a well in a multilayer system. Unlike previous analytical models on the topic, our model uses a closed system, which may significantly affect the strength and behavior of the pressure signal induced by leakage. The analytical model is first presented for a two-layer system centered at the leaky well location. We evaluate the leakage-induced pressure change using the Laplace transform of Duhamel’s superposition integral, yielding the solution in the Laplace domain. We then derive a late-time asymptotic solution using the final value theorem, which suggests that the leakage rate becomes constant after sufficient time. We then obtain the multilayer solution by extending the two-layer solution and presenting it in matrix form in the Laplace domain. We apply the solution to three examples. In the first example, we apply the analytical model to a two-layer system, investigating its behavior and comparing the results with a numerical solution. In order to demonstrate behavior and potential applications of the multilayer analytical model, we present two multilayer examples: one with identical layers and another, replicating a CO2 storage site, with dissimilar layers. The leakage-induced pressure change does not necessarily decrease as the distance increases from the injection zone toward the surface. 相似文献
11.
Colin M. Sayers 《Geophysical Prospecting》2007,55(5):699-705
Large changes in seismic reflection amplitude have been observed around injectors, and result from the decrease in elastic‐wave velocity due to the increase in pore pressure in the reservoir. In contrast, the velocity change resulting from the decrease in pore pressure in depleting reservoirs is observed to be smaller in magnitude. Elastic‐wave velocities in sandstones vary with stress due to the presence of stress‐sensitive grain boundaries within the rock. Grain‐boundary stiffness increases non‐linearly with increasing compressive stress, due to increased contact between opposing faces of the boundary. This results in a change in velocity due to a decrease in pore pressure that is smaller than the change in velocity caused by an increase in pore pressure, in agreement with time‐lapse seismic observations. The decrease in porosity resulting from depletion is not fully recovered upon re‐pressurization, and this leads to an additional steepening of the velocity vs. effective stress curve for injection relative to depletion. This difference is enhanced by any breakage of cement or weakening of grain contacts that may occur during depletion and by the reopening or formation of fractures or joints and dilation of grain boundaries that may occur during injection. 相似文献
12.
呼图壁地下储气库部分区域地表垂直形变机理研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用在呼图壁地下储气库开展的2013~2015年7期二等水准测量获得的高差数据,对由于地表气井压力变化影响而发生的地下储气库地表垂直变形进行了分析。研究表明,呼图壁地下储气库区的地表变形除了构造成因引起的盆地下沉以外,其他主要形变成因来源有2个方面：一个是呼图壁地区的地下水超采影响着该地区的地表垂直变化;另一个是储气库集采气期间井口压力变化影响下的地表沉降,根据计算,储气库每MPa气井压力变化影响到的地表变化约为0.625~1.125mm。 相似文献
13.
In this paper, we develop a methodology for early detection of potential CO2 leakage from geological storage formations using pressure and surface-deformation anomalies. The basic idea is based on the fact that leakage-induced pressure signals travel much faster than the migrating CO2; thus such anomalies may be detected early enough for risk management measures taking effect in avoiding substantial CO2 leaks. The early detection methodology involves automatic inversion of anomalous brine leakage signals with efficient forward pressure and surface-deformation modeling tools to estimate the location and permeability of leaky features in the caprock. We conduct a global sensitivity analysis to better understand under which conditions pressure anomalies can be clearly identified as leakage signals, and evaluate signal detectability for a broad parameter range considering different detection limits and levels of data noise. The inverse methodology is then applied to two synthetic examples of idealized two-aquifer-and-one aquitard storage systems, with an injection well and a leaky well, for different monitoring scenarios. In Example 1, only pressure data at the monitoring and injection wells are used for leakage detection. Our results show that the accuracy of leakage detection greatly depends on the level of pressure data noise. In Example 2, joint inversion of pressure and surface-deformation measurements significantly improves the speed of convergence toward the true solution of the leakage parameters and enables early leakage detection. In both examples, successful detection is achieved when two monitoring wells are appropriately placed within up to 4 km from the leaky well. 相似文献
14.
In the United States fish wastes can be ocean dumped without an Ocean Dumping Permit if the wastes contain no additives (flocculating or preserving agents, etc.). Fish wastes are currently ocean dumped off American Samoa, Louisiana and Puerto Rico. Fish wastes are characteristically high in proteins, fats, dissolved and suspended organic materials. Water quality parameters affected by these wastes are biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, pH, and turbidity. Other key factors include organic and nutrient enrichment, the attractant of undesirable predator species (i.e. sharks) and the natural oxygen regeneration processes. 相似文献
15.
Recycling the large amounts of organic wastes produced by agriculture, forestry, urban and industrial activities as soil, organic amendments are the most popular and efficient option for avoiding their dispersion in the environment and restoring, maintaining, and/or improving the content of soil organic matter. Chemical stability and biological maturity are two important factors for the successful use of organic wastes in agriculture with limited risk for the surrounding environment. Stabilization and maturation of raw organic wastes inherently imply the achievement of an extensive humification, that is, a wide conversion of easily degradable organic matter to refractory organic compounds that resemble native soil humic substances (HS). Soil HS are the most important components of soil organic matter responsible of several soil functions and processes. As a consequence, the amount and quality of HS‐like fractions in any organic amendment are believed to be of primary importance for its agronomic efficacy, environmental safety and economic value. The first part of this review focuses on the chemical and physico‐chemical changes occurring in the humic substances (HS) ‐like fractions of organic wastes of various nature and sources subjected to common treatment processes aimed at producing environmentally‐safe soil amendments with beneficial agronomic properties. The second part discusses the composition, structure, and chemical reactivity of the HS‐like components in organic amendments of various origins and nature, and their effects on native soil HS. The review concludes by highlighting the need for innovative research targeted mainly to achieve a better fundamental understanding of the molecular structure and reactivity of soil HS and HS‐like fractions in organic amendments, the mechanisms of HS formation and transformations in the natural environment and during the treatment processes of raw organic wastes, the interactions with metals and organic xenobiotics, and the direct physiological effects that HS may exert on plants. 相似文献
16.
《Journal of Geodynamics》2010,49(3-5):115-119
Tides and barometric pressure variations cause pore pressure changes in the solid earth. In boreholes which are hydraulically connected to confined aquifers these pore pressure changes can be observed as water level variations. In case of confined aquifers boreholes can be regarded as volumetric strainmeters. From June 2004 until May 2005 a large scale injection experiment was realised in the pilot borehole (4000 m) at the German Continental Deep Drilling (KTB) site in Bavaria. During this test the injection induced deformation was observed by a tiltmeter array around KTB consisting of five tiltmeter stations at horizontal distances from 1.6 to 3 km from the injection borehole. At each station the local groundwater level was observed in depths between 30 and 50 m. The pore pressure was recorded in the boreholes. The time series were checked for tidal signals and injection influence. The injection was not verified presumably due to the fact that the penetration of the injected water was controlled by local geology and tectonic faults zones. Although the boreholes extending only to shallow depth tidal signals are clearly observable in at least two of five stations. On December the 26th 2004 the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake occurred which is clearly detectable in the pore pressure variations at all five stations. 相似文献
17.
基于2007年1月-2010年8月四川自贡地方数字测震台网和流动台站记录的地震观测资料,并结合注水井(家33井)的加压注水数据,研究了自贡-隆昌地区三个丛集区域(A、B、C)地震活动与家33井注水压力及注水量的相关性,同时从注水区域及邻区局部应力状态呈现的差异研究其发震机理.结果表明:家33井加压注水对其所在的B区地震活动具有明显的调控作用,负压注水阶段,注水量对地震活动的影响不大,地震活动处于较弱状态;加压注水阶段,在压力持续升高的背景下,地震活动明显增强,其频次、强度与注水量呈现较好的相关性.研究区三次4级地震震源较浅、且均为逆冲型,震源机制节面与其震中附近断层走向一致.基于大量小震震源机制解,统计获得B区震源机制节面走向和P轴方位较A区相对离散;与川东南地区已有应力场结果相比,反演获得的B区主压应力方位较A区扰动偏大,可见在统一应力场的作用下,A、B区域小震震源机制解节面走向、P轴方位及反演得到的局部区域应力场呈现出的差异,与家33井加压注水有一定的关系. 相似文献
18.
Delivery of dissolved chemicals to bioremediate oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill was investigated at Beach EL056C of Eleanor Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska. The delivery technique was high pressure injection (HPI) of an inert tracer, lithium, at the approximate depth of 1.0 m into the beach near the mid‐tide line. The results revealed that the maximum injection flow rate was 3.0 L/min and the associated pressure was around 196 kPa. Therefore, exceeding any of these values would probably cause failure of the injection system. The injected tracer was monitored at multiple depths of four surrounding observation wells, and the results showed that the tracer plume occupied an area of 12 m2 within 24 h. The tracer plume traveled at the average speeds of 10 m/d in the seaward direction and 1.7 m/d in other directions. The rapid movement under HPI and the large diameter of influence (3.0 m) indicated that bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez oil on this beach via injection of chemicals is logistically feasible. 相似文献
19.
岩石物理测量是油藏水驱开采时移地震监测的基础.在实验室对来自胜利油田的5块岩石样品模拟储层条件进行了水驱和气驱动态岩石物理弹性测量,重点分析了流体替换、温度、孔隙压力对岩石纵、横波速度的影响.实验表明,在水驱情形下,由于流体替换和温度、孔隙压力变化所引起的岩石纵横波速度的变化均很小,实施时移地震监测具有较大的风险性.相比之下,气驱可能引起较为明显的纵波速度变化,有利于时移地震监测的实施.进一步完善实验方法、丰富实验内容、是今后时移地震岩石物理实验研究的主要任务. 相似文献
20.
Carbon dioxide injection into deep saline formations may induce large‐scale pressure increases and migration of native fluid. Local high‐conductivity features, such as improperly abandoned wells or conductive faults, could act as conduits for focused leakage of brine into shallow groundwater resources. Pressurized brine can also be pushed into overlying/underlying formations because of diffuse leakage through low‐permeability aquitards, which occur over large areas and may allow for effective pressure bleed‐off in the storage reservoirs. This study presents the application of a recently developed analytical solution for pressure buildup and leakage rates in a multilayered aquifer‐aquitard system with focused and diffuse brine leakage. The accuracy of this single‐phase analytical solution for estimating far‐field flow processes is verified by comparison with a numerical simulation study that considers the details of two‐phase flow. We then present several example applications for a hypothetical CO2 injection scenario (without consideration of two‐phase flow) to demonstrate that the new solution is an efficient tool for analyzing regional pressure buildup in a multilayered system, as well as for gaining insights into the leakage processes of flow through aquitards, leaky wells, and/or leaky faults. This solution may be particularly useful when a large number of calculations needs to be performed, that is, for uncertainty quantification, for parameter estimation, or for the optimization of pressure‐management schemes. 相似文献