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1.
天山南坡台兰河流域冰川物质平衡变化及其对径流的影响 总被引：51，自引：29，他引：22
应用控制流域的径流及相关降水资料,通过模型重建了台兰河流域平均冰川物质平衡序列.结果显示,1957—2000年流域冰川平均年物质平衡为-287mm,累计冰川物质平衡-12.6m;44a来由于气温升温引起的冰川净消融相当于每年补给河流径流1.24×108m3,占河流年径流量的15%.1982年以后,流域冰川物质平衡一直呈负平衡,1957—1981年平均物质平衡为-168mm·a-1,1982—2000年平均为-445mm·a-1.随着气候由暖干向暖湿转型,降水量增加,但冰川对气温的敏感性更大,冰川消融加快,冰川融水量持续增加.气温和降水量的变化与北大西洋涛动和北极涛动变化一致,其突变年份都在1986—1988年左右. 相似文献
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慕士塔格冰芯降水记录及其对冰川水资源的气候意义 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
2003年在东帕米尔慕士塔格冰川海拔7010 m处钻取了的一支长41.6 m的冰芯,从中恢复了1955年以来的积累量.结果表明:自20世纪70年代以来,冰川积累量持续减少,特别近年来积累量呈加速减小趋势;平均而言,20世纪90年代后期至2003年平均积累量只有20世纪60年代冰川积累量的一半.重建的慕士塔格地区冰川物质平衡近20 a来亏损严重,主要是由近年来慕士塔格高山区降水的减小和温度的升高共同作用引起的.对主要以冰川融水为补给的塔里木河流域上游山区而言,短期冰川融水的增加会调节河流径流,而当冰川得不到足够的降水补充时,冰川的退化必然影响到下游的河流径流. 相似文献
3.
新疆哈密是资源性缺水地区,冰川是该区主要的供给水源。为了对该区冰川和水文水资源的现状和未来变化做出合理评价和预估,以榆树沟6号冰川和庙尔沟冰帽为代表,结合野外实测资料以及近年来在冰川变化领域所取得的相关研究成果,综合分析了在气候变暖背景下新疆哈密地区冰川近年来的变化过程及对水资源的影响。结果表明,1972-2011年,榆树沟6号冰川厚度平均减薄20 m,减薄速率约为0.51 m/a,冰川末端退缩254 m,年均退缩约6.5 m。由于强烈消融,冰川表面径流发育明显,且在末端有冰碛湖形成。相比之下,庙尔沟冰帽消融速率相对较小,对气候变暖的敏感度较低,这与冰帽类型和所处海拔较高有直接关系。综合分析发现,流域有无冰川覆盖及覆盖的比率大小,直接造成哈密地区不同流域近期河川径流变化的差异。 相似文献
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5.
新疆的冰川水资源居全国第一,在新疆水资源构成和河川径流调节方面占有重要地位。最近30多年来,随着气温升高,冰川出现了剧烈的消融退缩,冰川融水径流量普遍增加,并对气温的依赖性增强。文章基于最新冰川观测研究资料,阐述新疆冰川的近期变化,分析对水资源的影响。研究表明,所研究的1800条冰川,在过去26～44年间,总面积缩小了11.7％,平均每条冰川缩小0.243km2,末端退缩速率5.8m/a。冰川在不同区域的缩小比率为8.8％～34.2％,单条冰川的平均缩小量为0.092～0.415km2,末端平均后退量为 3.5～10.5m/a。由于新疆各流域中冰川的分布、变化特征,以及融水所占河川径流的比例不同,因此,未来气候变化对新疆各个区域水资源的影响程度和表现形式是不同的。分析表明,在塔里木河流域,冰川水资源具有举足轻重的作用,但是,一旦冰川消融殆尽,对该地区将产生灾难性影响,现今该区冰川消融正盛,估计在今后30～50年,只要保持升温,冰川融水量仍会维持。未来20～40年,天山北麓水系中,1km2左右的小冰川趋于消失,大于5km2冰川消融强烈,因此,以小冰川居多的河流受冰川变化的影响较大。东疆盆地水系中的冰川数量少,并处在加速消融状态,河川径流对冰川的依赖性强,冰川的变化已经对水资源量及年内分配产生影响,水资源已经处在不断恶化之中。对于伊犁河与额尔齐斯河流域,未来冰川变化对水资源的影响在数量上可能有限,但会大大削弱冰川融水径流的调节功能。而气候变化对积雪水资源的影响和可能造成的后果应该予以特别关注。 相似文献
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天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川物质平衡高度变化特征及其对径流的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1980-2010年的物质平衡、水文气象实测资料, 分析了1号冰川1980-2010年的各高度带物质平衡特征, 进而分析了1984-2010年纯积累和纯消融的变化特点及其与气象要素、冰川融水径流变化的关系. 结果表明: 1号冰川物质平衡处于持续的负平衡, 纯积累量与年降水的相关系数为-0.16, 纯消融量与年均温的相关系数为0.61, 与夏季(6-8月)气温的相关系数为0.78. 2010年1号冰川为有观测记录以来的最强消融年(bn=-1 327 mm), 整个冰川处于消融区(平衡线高度大于海拔4 484 m, 积累区面积为0), 同时东、西支冰川各高度区间的物质平衡变化也与往年度显著不同, 说明2010年是1号冰川物质平衡变化的特殊年份, 也有可能1号冰川的物质平衡变化进入了一个新的亏损变化阶段. 对其径流数据的分析还表明, 温度对径流的影响大于降水对径流的影响. 相似文献
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水文模型在估算冰川径流研究中的应用现状 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰川径流估算是气候变化风险评估和水资源可持续管理的重要内容.冰川径流估算方法主要包括:直接观测法、冰川物质平衡法、水量平衡方程法、水化学示踪法和水文模型法.本文首先对五种方法的应用情况进行简要总结,进而重点阐述水文模型法在估算冰川径流研究中的应用现状.水文模型法是冰川径流估算研究中使用最频繁的方法,使用方式主要包括耦合冰川模块和开发新的冰川水文模型.冰川水文模型中的消融算法主要包括温度指数模型(度日因子法)、修正的温度指数模型、能量平衡模型.受当前观测条件限制,修正的温度指数模型兼顾能量平衡模型和温度指数模型的优势而成为冰川水文模型中最流行的方法.随着学科的发展进步,能量平衡模型与水文模型的耦合将会成为未来的研究重点,发展大尺度分布式冰川水文模型是冰川水文学的未来发展方向之一. 相似文献
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PROXY RECORD OF A FIRN-CORE FROM AN ALPINE GLACIER AND ITS IMPLICATION TO RECENT GLACIO-CLIMATIC VARIATIONS ON MT. YULONG, SOUTHEASTERN PART OF TIBETAN PLATEAU 相似文献
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大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡对比研究——以天山和阿尔卑斯山典型冰川为例 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
物质平衡是冰川对气候变化最直接的响应,是冰川变化的重要参数.大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川发育在不同的水热环境下,它们对气候变化的响应程度、过程和机理存在很大差异,因此在全球变暖背景下对这两类不同性质冰川物质平衡变化特征及其机理做一全面的对比研究意义重大.以东、西天山的乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和图尤克苏冰川以及阿尔卑斯山东、中、西部的欣特雷斯冰川、Caresèr冰川和Sarennes冰川为参照冰川,在对比分析这五条参照冰川近60 a来物质平衡变化幅度差异和阶段性差异基础上,对大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡变化特征及其机理进行了对比研究.结果表明:在物质平衡阶段性变化上,阿尔卑斯山参照冰川物质平衡变化具有相似的阶段性,而天山和阿尔卑斯山参照冰川之间以及天山内部两条参照冰川之间物质平衡阶段性变化存在很大的差异,可见,无论不同性质冰川还是同一性质的不同冰川,其物质平衡的阶段性变化都可能存在差异,这与不同冰川所处环境水热变化的时间差异有关,而与冰川性质无关;在物质平衡变化幅度上,海洋型冰川变化幅度明显大于大陆型冰川,原因是不同性质冰川发育的水热环境及其对气候变化敏感性差异;在前人对冰川加速消融机理的研究基础上,本文也讨论了大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡变化的机理及其异同. 相似文献
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基于天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川东支海拔4 025 m处自动气象站的观测数据和同期物质平衡花杆观测数据,采用COSIMA模型,对该冰川东支2018年消融期单点能量-物质平衡进行了模拟。结果显示：物质平衡模拟值为（-0.67±0.03）m w.e.,与实测值有非常好的一致性,相关系数达0.96。造成冰川消融的能量来源于净短波辐射（84%）、感热通量（16%）;冰川能量支出为净长波辐射（55%）、冰川消融耗热（32%）、潜热交换（7%）及地热通量（6%）。受能量收支影响,模拟物质平衡主要取决于表面消融和固态降水。与我国其他区域大陆型冰川研究结果比较发现,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川物质损失较为显著,能量通量主要取决于海拔以及气候条件,再冻结和固态降水显著小于羌塘1号冰川和扎当冰川,推测与单条冰川所处的大气环流有关。 相似文献
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气候变暖背景下,冰雪、冻土剧烈消融引起的寒区径流成分改变对流域径流演变规律及水循环机制产生了深刻影响。对长江源区各水体水化学特征及其生态水文学研究进行归纳总结,主要进展包括：长江源区的大气降水的水汽来源主要受西风环流和季风环流的控制。冰雪融水的水化学特征受到消融强度、消融持续时间和新雪融水的影响,同时在冰雪融水、积雪以及冰川融水之间可能存在化学离子的交换。冻土层上水受到降水、冰雪融水、地下冰融水等的混合补给,造成水化学特征变化的随机波动。海拔在4 500 m的地区是冻土层上水水化学特征对研究区离子控制源较为敏感的区域。随着海拔高度的增加,降雨直接补给对河水中化学离子的稀释作用逐渐减弱,同时,海拔从4 500 m到5 000 m的降水对河水中离子浓度的稀释效果最大,而在海拔5 000 m以上河水主要受冰雪融水的补给,降水和消融期的变化对河水水化学的影响很小。研究结果为更系统地认知寒区下垫面变化所引起的水文效应提供科学依据,为流域水资源的合理开发利用提供决策依据。 相似文献
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冰川冰内及冰下水系研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰内及冰下水系的形成与演化具有时空变化性,对冰川汇水储水及径流过程产生影响,与之紧密联系的冰下水文过程(水力状况)与冰川运动、冰川侵蚀及冰川洪水形成等过程息息相关。冰内及冰下水系空间结构和形态复杂,且不同于一般喀斯特水文系统,具有明显的季节变化性,其空间分布和水力状况会因外界水体输入(降水和冰雪融水)的变化而改变。冰内及冰下水系的变化通过影响汇流对冰川融水的径流过程产生影响,冰川区一些溃决洪水事件的发生与冰内及冰下蓄水的突然释放有很大关系。冰川蓄排水还通过改变冰下水力条件来影响冰川运动,反之冰川运动不仅影响蓄排水过程的转换效率,且通过改变冰川消融强度(冰体向下游消融区输送速率的变化)影响冰川排水系统的空间分布范围。在气候变暖及冰川变化的背景下,研究冰内冰下水系演化的时空特征及其影响具有重要科学意义。综述了目前国内外针对冰川冰内及冰下水系相关研究的进展及主要成果,并对该领域的研究前景进行了展望。 相似文献
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雪冰反照率能够改变冰川表面能量收支平衡,是影响冰川消融的重要因素之一。利用祁连山地区冰川面积矢量数据、MODIS逐日积雪反照率、气温和降水以及冰川物质平衡等数据,探讨了祁连山典型冰川区雪冰反照率特征及其对冰川物质平衡的影响。结果表明：祁连山地区冰川多年平均反照率为0.532,冰川区面积大小与其多年平均反照率之间呈显著正相关（R2=0.16,P<0.05,N=91）,即冰川面积缩减1 km2,对应的平均反照率下降0.0025。祁连山老虎沟12号冰川反照率在夏季有明显的海拔效应,且强于其他时段,达到0.047?（100m）-1。典型冰川年均物质平衡量与冰川表面夏季（6—8月）平均反照率之间存在显著的正相关关系,老虎沟12号冰川和七一冰川决定系数R2分别达到了0.48（P<0.05）和0.66（P <0.05）。冰川表面夏季平均反照率这一指标能够较好地衡量青藏高原北部祁连山地区冰川物质平衡的变化。 相似文献
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Geomorphological mapping in the West Drumochter Hills provides evidence of a readvance of locally nourished glaciers during the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stade, in the form of an icefield 67.7 km2 in area drained by outlet glaciers. The icefield limits accord broadly with those proposed by Sissons (1980) but all geomorphic, stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence conflicts with a recent proposal that the landforms in the area reflect southwestwards retreat of the last ice sheet. Up‐valley continuity of recessional moraines indicates that the ice remained active and close to climatic equilibrium during the earlier stages of glacier retreat, consistent with slow warming following the coldest part of the stade. The pattern of equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) across the icefield is consistent with transfer of snow by westerly and southerly winds. The ELA of the reconstructed icefield as a whole is 622–629 m, although this figure is likely to be lower than the regional (climatic) ELA because the icefield probably received additional snow blown from adjacent plateau surfaces and slopes. Inclusion of potential snow‐blow areas in the ELA calculation yields a value of 648–656 m; the climatic ELA is therefore likely to have lain between 622 and 656 m. Mean June to August temperature at the ELA, based on chironomid assemblages at two sites, falls within the range 4.0 ± 0.7°C. Empirical relationships between temperature and precipitation at modern glacier ELAs indicate that mean annual precipitation (MAP) at the ELA was 1977 ± 464 mm, statistically indistinguishable from modern values. Comparison with precipitation values calculated for the Isle of Mull on the west coast suggest that the precipitation gradient across the Central Highlands of Scotland was steeper during the Loch Lomond Stade than at present, probably as the result of efficient scavenging of precipitation from westerly airflows by the West Highland Icefield. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
祁连山七一冰川消融期间的能量平衡特征 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
冰川表面的能量平衡可以描述冰雪消融与气候响应之间的物理机制,利用2006年6月9日至9月28日在祁连山七一冰川消融区中部自动气象站(AWS)的观测资料,对七一冰川表面的能量平衡进行了估算.结果显示:在冰川消融期,净辐射、湍流热通量和冰川消融耗热是能量平衡的主要组成部分,能量收入方面主要是净辐射和感热通量,分别约占总能量收入的82.4%和17.6%;而支出方面主要是冰雪消融耗热和潜热释放,分别约占总能量支出的87.2%和12.8%.2006年7月31日至8月6日进行了为期近7 d的冰面径流场观测,基于能量平衡原理,对冰川表面的消融进行了模拟,模拟的消融速率和实测的冰面消融数据吻合的较好. 相似文献
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度日模型在冰川与积雪研究中的应用进展 总被引：19，自引：6，他引：13
度日模型是基于冰川与积雪消融和气温,尤其是冰雪表面的正积温之间的线性关系建立的.度日模型已广泛应用于北欧、阿尔卑斯山、格陵兰冰盖、青藏高原等地区的冰雪消融、冰川物质平衡及对气候敏感性响应、冰川动力模型以及冰雪融水径流模拟等的研究中.度日模型尽管是对冰雪表面消融能量平衡这一复杂过程的简化描述,但在流域尺度上,通常可以获取类似于能量平衡模型的输出结果.度日模型也有其不足之处,仍需进一步的改进与完善. 相似文献
17.
《Earth》2008,90(3-4):79-96
Observations on glacier extent from Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia give a detailed and unequivocal account of rapid shrinkage of tropical Andean glaciers since the Little Ice Age (LIA). This retreat however, was not continuous but interrupted by several periods of stagnant or even advancing glaciers, most recently around the end of the 20th century. New data from mass balance networks established on over a dozen glaciers allows comparison of the glacier behavior in the inner and outer tropics. It appears that glacier variations are quite coherent throughout the region, despite different sensitivities to climatic forcing such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, etc. In parallel with the glacier retreat, climate in the tropical Andes has changed significantly over the past 50–60 years. Temperature in the Andes has increased by approximately 0.1 °C/decade, with only two of the last 20 years being below the 1961–90 average. Precipitation has slightly increased in the second half of the 20th century in the inner tropics and decreased in the outer tropics. The general pattern of moistening in the inner tropics and drying in the subtropical Andes is dynamically consistent with observed changes in the large-scale circulation, suggesting a strengthening of the tropical atmospheric circulation. Model projections of future climate change in the tropical Andes indicate a continued warming of the tropical troposphere throughout the 21st century, with a temperature increase that is enhanced at higher elevations. By the end of the 21st century, following the SRES A2 emission scenario, the tropical Andes may experience a massive warming on the order of 4.5–5 °C. Predicted changes in precipitation include an increase in precipitation during the wet season and a decrease during the dry season, which would effectively enhance the seasonal hydrological cycle in the tropical Andes.These observed and predicted changes in climate affect the tropical glacier energy balance through its sensitivity to changes in atmospheric humidity (which governs sublimation), precipitation (whose variability induces a positive feedback on albedo) and cloudiness (which controls the incoming long-wave radiation). In the inner tropics air temperature also significantly influences the energy balance, albeit not through the sensible heat flux, but indirectly through fluctuations in the rain–snow line and hence changes in albedo and net radiation receipts.Given the projected changes in climate, based on different IPCC scenarios for 2050 and 2080, simulations with a tropical glacier–climate model indicate that glaciers will continue to retreat. Many smaller, low-lying glaciers are already completely out of equilibrium with current climate and will disappear within a few decades. But even in catchments where glaciers do not completely disappear, the change in streamflow seasonality, due to the reduction of the glacial buffer during the dry season, will significantly affect the water availability downstream. In the short-term, as glaciers retreat and lose mass, they add to a temporary increase in runoff to which downstream users will quickly adapt, thereby raising serious sustainability concerns. 相似文献
18.
新疆阿尔泰山区克兰河上游水文过程对气候变暖的响应 总被引：17，自引：7，他引：10
额尔齐斯河支流克兰河上游发源于西风带水汽影响的阿尔泰山南坡,主要由融雪径流补给,年内积雪融水可占年径流量的45%.年最大月径流一般出现在6月份,融雪季节4~6月径流量占65%.流域自20世纪60年代开始明显升温,年平均温度从50年代的1.4℃上升到90年代的5.2℃;年降水总量也呈增加趋势,尤其是冬季和初春增加最多.随着气候变暖,河流年内水文过程发生了很大的变化,主要表现在最大月径流由6月提前到5月,月径流总量增加约15%,4~6月融雪径流量也由占年流量的60%增加到近70%.在多年变化趋势上,气温上升主要发生在冬季,降水也以冬季增加明显,而夏季降水呈下降趋势;水文过程主要表现在5月径流呈增加趋势,而6月径流为下降趋势;夏季径流减少而春季径流增加明显.冬春季积雪增加和气温上升,导致融雪洪水增多且洪峰流量增大,使洪水灾害破坏性加大.近些年来气候变暖引起的年内水文过程变化,已经对河流下游的城市供水和农牧业生产产生了影响. 相似文献
19.
Shuhai Guo Rensheng Chen Chuntan Han Guohua Liu Yaoxuan Song Yong Yang Zhangwen Liu Junfeng Liu 《地球科学进展》2017,32(11):1204-1217
As an important exchange process of water and heat between the cryosphere and the atmosphere, snow and glacier sublimation is a principal pathway of moisture content loss of cryosphere. The observations and simulations of snow and glacier sublimation for the process and influencing factors were conducted earlier in the Antarctic and the Arctic Pole, North America and northern Europe, and had made great progress. Based on the analysis of the sublimation of ice and snow and the latent heat of sublimation in different regions and climatic conditions, the influencing factors to sublimation of ice and snow were analyzed. Although sublimation of ice and snow is an important part of regional hydrological process and energy budget balance, under humid climate conditions, sublimation of ice and snow is inhibited. it is greatly affected by local topography(elevation, slope and aspect), vegetation and meteorological elements, resulting in large differences in reported sublimation of ice and snow. However, there are many factors that affect the sublimation, resulting in the obvious spatial and temporal differences of research results. The researches lack of long-term, systematic observation and research, and which has contributed to the lack of understanding in the water-heat process of snow and glacier. There are still great uncertainties and difficulties in this study that need to be overcome. 相似文献
20.
Benedict T. I. Reinardy Iain Leighton Peter J. Marx 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2013,42(4):896-911
Glacier thermal regime is shown to have a significant influence on the formation of ice‐marginal moraines. Annual moraines at the margin of Midtdalsbreen are asymmetrical and contain sorted fine sediment and diamicton layers dipping gently up‐glacier. The sorted fine sediments include sands and gravels that were initially deposited fluvially directly in front of the glacier. Clast‐form data indicate that the diamictons have a mixed subglacial and fluvial origin. Winter cold is able to penetrate through the thin (<10 m) ice margin and freeze these sediments to the glacier sole. During winter, sediment becomes elevated along the wedge‐shaped advancing glacier snout before melting out and being deposited as asymmetrical ridges. These annual moraines have a limited preservation potential of ～40 years, and this is reflected in the evolution of landforms across the glacier foreland. Despite changing climatic conditions since the Little Ice Age and particularly within the last 10 years when frontal retreat has significantly speeded up, glacier dynamics have remained relatively constant with moraines deposited via basal freeze‐on, which requires stable glacier geometry. While the annual moraines on the eastern side of Midtdalsbreen indicate a slow steady retreat, the western foreland contains contrasting ice‐stagnation topography, highlighting the importance of local forcing factors such as shielding, aspect and debris cover in addition to changing climate. This study indicates that, even in temperate glacial environments, restricted or localised areas of cold‐based ice can have a significant impact on the geomorphic imprint of the glacier system and may actually be more widespread within both modern and ancient glacial environments than previously thought. 相似文献