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1.
The Hidaka Collision Zone (HCZ), central Hokkaido, Japan, is a good target for studies of crustal evolution and deformation processes associated with an arc–arc collision. The collision of the Kuril Arc (KA) with the Northeast Japan Arc (NJA), which started in the middle Miocene, is considered to be a controlling factor for the formation of the Hidaka Mountains, the westward obduction of middle/lower crustal rocks of the KA (the Hidaka Metamorphic Belt (HMB)) and the development of the foreland fold-and-thrust belt on the NJA side. The “Hokkaido Transect” project undertaken from 1998 to 2000 was a multidisciplinary effort intended to reveal structural heterogeneity across this collision zone by integrated geophysical/geological research including seismic refraction/reflection surveys and earthquake observations. An E–W trending 227 km-long refraction/wide-angle reflection profile found a complicated structural variation from the KA to the NJA across the HCZ. In the east of the HCZ, the hinterland region is covered with 4–4.5 km thick highly undulated Neogene sedimentary layers, beneath which two eastward dipping reflectors were imaged in a depth range of 10–25 km, probably representing the layer boundaries of the obducting middle/lower crust of the KA. The HMB crops out on the westward extension of these reflectors with relatively high Vp (>6.0 km/s) and Vp/Vs (>1.80) consistent with middle/lower crustal rocks. Beneath these reflectors, more flat and westward dipping reflector sequences are situated at the 25–27 km depth, forming a wedge-like geometry. This distribution pattern indicates that the KA crust has been delaminated into more than two segments under our profile. In the western part of the transect, the structure of the fold-and-thrust belt is characterized by a very thick (5–8 km) sedimentary package with a velocity of 2.5–4.8 km/s. This package exhibits one or two velocity reversals in Paleogene sedimentary layers, probably formed by imbrication associated with the collision process. From the horizontal distribution of these velocity reversals and other geophysical/geological data, the rate of crustal shortening in this area is estimated to be greater than 3–4 mm/year, which corresponds to 40–50% of the total convergence rate between the NJA and the Eurasian Plate. This means that the fold-and-thrust belt west of the HCZ is absorbing a large amount of crustal deformation associated with plate interaction across Hokkaido Island.  相似文献   

2.
The West Spitsbergen Fold Belt, together with the Eurekan structures of northern Greenland and Ellesmere Island, are suggested to be the result of Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene intracontinental compressional tectonics. The Late Palaeozoic –Mesozoic rocks of western Spitsbergen are characterized by near-foreland deformation with ramp-flat, top-to-the east thrust trajectories, whereas structurally higher nappes involving Caledonian complexes are typified by more listric thrusts and mylonite zones. A minimum of 40 km of shortening is estimated for the northern part of the West Spitsbergen Fold Belt. The axial trends in the West Spitsbergen and the North Greenland Eurekan fold belts parallel the principal fault zones which accommodated the separation of Greenland and Svalbard after Chron 25/24. In northern Greenland, north directed Eurekan thrusts associated with mylonites and cleavage formation represent at least 10 km of shortening. Between 50 and 100 km of shortening is estimated for the markedly arcuate Eurekan Fold Belt of Ellesmere Island, but the principal tectonic transport is eastwards. Kinematic reconstructions suggest that Svalbard was linked to North America before the opening of the Eurasian Basin and Norwegian — Greenland Sea. In the Late Cretaceous — Palaeocene interval, the relative motion between Greenland and North America was convergent across the Greenland — Svalbard margin, giving rise to the West Spitsbergen Fold Belt and the Eurekan structures of North Greenland.  相似文献   

3.
Thermochronological data from the Songpan-Ganze˛Fold Belt and Longmen Mountains Thrust-Nappe Belt, on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in central China, reveal several phases of differential cooling across major listric thrust faults since Early Cretaceous times. Differential cooling, indicated by distinct breaks in age data across discrete compressional structures, was superimposed upon a regional cooling pattern following the Late Triassic Indosinian Orogeny. 40Ar/39Ar data from muscovite from the central and southern Longmen Mountains Thrust-Nappe Belt suggest a phase of differential cooling across the Wenchuan-Maouwen Shear Zone during the Early Cretaceous. The zircon fission track data also indicate differential cooling across a zone of brittle re-activation on the eastern margin of the Wenchuan-Maouwen Shear Zone during the mid-Tertiary, between 38 and 10 Ma. Apatite fission track data from the central and southern Longmen Mountains Thrust-Nappe Belt reveal differential cooling across the Yingxiu-Beichuan and Erwangmiao faults during the Miocene. Forward modelling of apatite fission track data from the northern Longmen Mountains Thrust-Nappe Belt suggests relatively slow regional cooling through the Mesozoic and early Tertiary, followed by accelerated cooling during the Miocene, beginning at ca. 20 Ma, to present day.

Regional cooling is attributed to erosion during exhumation of the evolving Longmen Mountains Thrust-Nappe Belt (LMTNB) following the Indosinian Orogeny. Differential cooling across the Wenchuan-Maouwen Shear Zone and the Yingxiu-Beichuan and Erwangmiao faults is attributed to exhumation of the hanging walls of active listric thrust faults. Thermochronological data from the Longmen Mountains Thrust-Nappe Belt reveal a greater amount of differential exhumation across thrust faults from north to south. This observation is in accord with the prevalence of Proterozoic and Sinian basement in the hanging walls of thrust faults in the central and southern Longmen Mountains. The two most recent phases of reactivation occurred following the initial collision of India with Eurasia, suggesting that lateral extrusion of crustal material in response to this collision was focused along discrete structures in the LMTNB.  相似文献   


4.
南天山位于中亚造山带的南缘,是一条增生—碰撞型造山带。其碰撞造山的时间,是中亚造山带研究的一个关键构造问题,引起广泛的关注。以往关于碰撞造山的时间证据,基本上都来自造山带自身,即南天山前新生界露头区。前陆区广泛覆盖着巨厚的新生界,无法直接考察,很少从前陆区碰撞相关构造的角度研究南天山碰撞造山的时间。塔里木盆地北部是南天山碰撞造山带的前陆区。经认真系统地解释这里的地震资料,发现了南天山碰撞造山带的同碰撞构造和碰撞后构造。同碰撞造构造由二叠纪末—三叠纪冲断层及其相关褶皱组成。三叠系/二叠系和侏罗系/三叠系两个不整合给出了二叠纪末—三叠纪初和三叠纪末—侏罗纪初两期挤压冲断的时间。造山后构造为侏罗纪—白垩纪正断层组成。正断层活动起始于三叠纪末—侏罗纪初,持续至白垩纪中期。根据同碰撞构造和碰撞后构造的形成时间推论,南天山碰撞造山作用起始于二叠纪末,结束于三叠纪末;侏罗纪—白垩纪中期为造山后应力松弛构造演化阶段。  相似文献   

5.
A new 140‐km‐long seismic reflection profile provides a high‐resolution crustal‐scale image of the southern Dabieshan high‐pressure (HP) metamorphic belt and the Yangtze foreland fold‐and‐thrust belt. The seismic image of the stacked section shows that the southern Dabieshan metamorphic terrane and Yangtze foreland belt are separated by a large north‐dipping fault. In the foreland the upper crust is dominated by a series of folds and thrusts formed during the collisional stage in the mid‐Triassic; it was reworked by crustal extension resulting in the formation of a late Jurassic and Cretaceous red‐bed basin. The southern Dabieshan profile shows stacked crustal slabs developed along the margin of the collisional orogenic belt. The Moho reflectors at 10–11 s (～30–33 km) are seismically prominent and segmented by a number of south‐verging thrusts that were probably developed by foreland‐directed thrusting of the deeply subducted continental crust during exhumation. The seismic reflection profile suggests that structures related to the Triassic–Jurassic subduction and exhumation of the Yangtze plate are preserved despite the severe crustal extension superimposed during the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic.  相似文献   

6.
The P-wave velocity structure of the upper crust beneath a profile ranging from Niikappu to Samani in the southwestern foot of the Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido, Japan was obtained through analysis of refraction and wide-angle reflection data. The mountains are characterized by high seismicity and a large gravity anomaly. The present profile crosses the source region of the 1982 Urakawa-oki earthquake (Ms 6.8). The length of the profile is 66 km striking northwest and southeast. Along the profile, 64 vertical geophones were set up and 5 shot points were chosen. For each shot, a 400–600 kg charge of dynamite was detonated. The studied area is composed of four major geological belts: Neogene sedimentary rocks, the Kamuikotan belt, the Yezo Group, and the Hidaka belt. The measurement line crosses these geological trend at an oblique angle. The structure obtained is characterized by remarkable velocity variations in the lateral direction and reflects the surface geological characteristics. A thin, high-velocity layer (HVL) was found between low-velocity materials in the central part of the profile, beneath the Kamuikotan Metamorphic Belt, at a depth ranging from 0.5 to 6 km, overthrusting toward the west on the low-velocity materials consisting of Neogene sedimentary rocks, and forming gentle folds. Outlines of the velocity structure of the Hidaka Mountains yielded by other studies have shown a large-scale overthrust structure associated with the collision of the Outer Kurile and the Outer Northern Honshu Arcs. The shallow velocity structure inferred by the present study showed a similar (although small scale) overthrust structure. The obtained structure shows that the composite tectonic force, comprising westward movement of the Outer Kurile Arc and northward movement of the Outer Northern Honshu Arc, plays an important role in the evolution of the tectonic features of the crust and upper mantle in a wide depth range beneath the Hidaka Mountains.  相似文献   

7.
大陆碰撞成矿论   总被引：54，自引：2，他引：52  
侯增谦 《地质学报》2010,84(1):30-58
基于经典的板块构造而建立的成矿理论已日臻完善,完好地解释了增生造山成矿作用及汇聚边缘成矿系统发育机制,但却无法解释碰撞造山成矿作用及大陆碰撞带成矿系统。通过对青藏高原碰撞造山与成矿作用的详细研究,并与中国秦岭和其它碰撞造山带综合对比,本文系统提出了一套全新的大陆碰撞成矿理论,简称"大陆碰撞成矿论",初步阐明了大陆碰撞带成矿系统和大型矿床的成矿动力背景、深部作用过程和形成机制。该理论认为,伴随大陆三段式碰撞过程而发育的主碰撞陆陆汇聚环境、晚碰撞构造转换环境和后碰撞地壳伸展环境,是大陆碰撞带成矿系统和大型矿床的主要成矿构造背景。对应于三段式碰撞而在深部出现的俯冲板片断离、软流圈上涌和岩石圈拆沉过程,是导致大规模成矿作用的异常热能驱动力。伴随三段式碰撞而分别出现的压-张交替或压扭/张扭转换的应力场演变,是驱动成矿系统形成发育的构造应力机制。大陆碰撞产生的不同尺度的高热流、不同起源的富金属流体流、不同级次的走滑-剪切-拆离-推覆构造系统和张性裂隙系统,是形成成矿系统和大型矿床的主导因素。成矿金属在碰撞形成的壳/幔混源高fO2岩浆-热液系统、地壳深熔低fO2岩浆-热液系统、剪切变质-富CO2流体系统以及逆冲推覆构造驱动的区域卤水系统和浅位岩浆房诱发的对流循环流体系统中,伴随成矿金属的积聚与淀积是形成大型矿床的关键机制。"大陆碰撞成矿论"还强调,完整的大陆碰撞过程可以引发三次大规模成矿作用,形成一系列标示性的大型矿床:在主碰撞陆陆汇聚成矿期,大陆碰撞引发地壳加厚与深熔,产生富W-Sn壳源花岗岩,形成花岗岩型Sn-W矿床;大陆俯冲板片断离诱发软流圈上涌,产生富金属的壳/幔混源花岗闪长岩,形成岩浆-热液型或叠合型Pb-Zn-Mo-Fe矿床;大陆碰撞从变质地体排挤出富CO2流体,在剪切带形成造山型Au矿,从造山带排泄出建造流体,在前陆盆地形成MVT型Zn-Pb矿。在晚碰撞构造转换成矿期,大规模走滑断裂系统诱发壳幔过渡带和富集地幔减压熔融,其岩浆在浅部地壳岩浆房出溶成矿流体,分别形成斑岩型Cu(-Mo-Au)矿床和碳酸岩型REE矿床;深切岩石圈的剪切作用与下地壳变质产生含Au富CO2流体,形成造山型Au矿;逆冲推覆构造驱动地壳流体长距离迁移汇聚、走滑拉分导致流体大量排泄和充填,形成Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag矿。在后碰撞地壳伸展成矿期,新生下地壳部分熔融产生富金属、富水、高fO2埃达克质岩浆浅成侵位和流体出溶,产生斑岩型Cu矿;中上地壳部分熔融层(岩浆房)驱动地热流体系统,在地热区发育热泉型Cs-Au矿,在构造拆离带形成热液脉型Pb-Zn-Sb和Sb-Au矿。  相似文献   

8.
The Madurai Block in southern India is considered to represent the eroded roots of an arc-accretionary complex that developed during the subduction–collision tectonics associated with the closure of the Mozambique Ocean and final suturing of the crustal fragments within the Gondwana supercontinent in the Late Neoproterozoic–Cambrian. Here we present a magnetotelluric (MT) model covering the main collisional suture (Palghat–Cauvery Suture Zone) in the north into the central part of the Madurai Block in the south comprising data from 11 stations. Together with a synthesis of the available seismic reflection data along a N–S transect further south within the Madurai Block, we evaluate the crustal architecture and its implications on the tectonic development of this region. According to our model, the predominantly south dipping seismic reflectors beneath the Madurai Block define a prominent south-dipping lithological layering with northward vergence resembling a thrust sequence. We interpret these stacked layers as imbricate structures or mega duplexes developed during subduction–accretion tectonics. The layered nature and stacking of contrasting velocity domains as imaged from the seismic profile, and the presence of thick (>20 km) low resistivity layers ‘floating’ within high resistivity domains as seen from MT model, suggest the subduction of a moderately thick oceanic crust. We identify several low resistivity domains beneath the Madurai Block from the MT model which probably represent eclogitised remnants of oceanic lithosphere. Their metamorphosed and exhumed equivalents in association with ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic orogens have been identified from surface geological studies. Both seismic reflections and MT model confirm a southward subduction polarity with a progressive accretion history during the northward migration of the trench prior to the final collisional assembly of the crustal blocks along the Palghat–Cauvery Suture Zone, the trace of the Gondwana suture in southern India.  相似文献   

9.
《Gondwana Research》2003,6(3):501-511
Gravity modeling of an E-W profile across Dharwar Craton, India and Madagascar, integrated with the results of Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) across the Dharwar Craton suggest a thick crust of 40-42 km under the eastern part of Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC), the Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) and the central part of the Madagascar. Towards east of these blocks, the crustal thickness is reduced to 36-38 km along the Eastern Ghat Fold Belt (EGFB), shear zone between the EDC and the WDC and the east coast of Madagascar, respectively. These zones of thin crust are also characterized by high density lower crustal rocks associated with thrusts. The seismic section across Dharwar Craton shows domal- shaped reflectors in the lower crust and upper mantle under the WDC which may be related to asthenopheric upwelling during an extension phase. The occurrences of large schist belts with volcano-sedimentary sequences of marine origin of late Archean period (3.0-2.7 Ga) as rift basins in the WDC and Madagascar also suggest an extensional phase in this region during that period. It is followed by a convergence between the WDC and the EDC giving rise to collision-related shear and thrust zones between the WDC and the EDC associated with high density lower crustal rocks. The seismic section shows upwarped reflectors in the upper crust which may be related to this convergence. Eastward dipping reflectors under WDC and EDC and west verging thrusts suggest convergence from the west to the east which resulted in easterly subduction giving rise to subduction-related K-granite plutons of the EDC of 2.6-2.5 Ga. In this regard, the Closepet granite in the EDC which extends almost parallel to the shear zone between the WDC and EDC and shows an I-type calk-alkaline composition may represent relict of an island arc and the linear schist belts with bimodal volcanics of the EDC east of it might have developed as back arc rift basins. Subsequent collision between India and Antarctica along the EGFB during Middle Proterozoic, indicated by eastward dipping reflectors in the crust and the upper mantle and west verging thrust gave rise to contemporary high-grade rocks of the EGFB (1.6-1.0 Ga) and associated mafic and felsic intrusives of this belt. The part of adjoining Cuddapah basin contemporary to the EGFB towards the west consisting of marine shelf type of sediments which are highly disturbed and thickest at its contact with the EGFB may represent a peripheral foreland basin. Gravity modeling provides thickest crust of 42 km in the southern part of the WDC and does not support sharp increase in crustal thickness of 50-60 km with high velocity upper mantle as suggested from receiver function analysis. It may represent some foreign material of high density trapped in this section such as part of oceanic crust during convergence and subduction that is referred to above. It is supported from eastward dipping reflectors in lower crust and upper mantle in adjoining region.  相似文献   

10.
雪峰山陆内造山带的构造特征与演化   总被引：49，自引：2，他引：47  
在对雪峰山的地质构造及其演化作了研究,并和阿尔卑斯式、阿巴拉契亚式的造山带和远程推覆体作了对比研究以后,作者认为：雪峰山地区的地质构造以具有多期,多层次的层滑构造为主要特色。其主要特征表现为在垂向剖面上有着多个区域性滑脱层,发育株罗山式褐挣矣逆冲叠瓦推覆构造,但它不是阿巴拉契式远程异地推覆体而是准原地型的。逆掩推覆虽然使原来沉积相带变窄,但并未破坏原来扬子地块东南边缘自北西向南东的由台地相－－斜坡相－－深水盆地相的沉积古地理格局,它是陆内造山带常见的构造样式,是在陆内裂陷的背景上由于裂谷关闭时陆块拼贴碰撞(即所谓软碰撞)和陆内俯冲产生的。雪峰山地区也发育伸展剥离和滑覆构造,伴随每一次挤压造山、地壳加厚的过程,在后造山期,也有地壳的隆升、地壳的拉伸和厚度减薄,它是深部岩石圈拆沉作用在地壳中的表现。  相似文献   

11.
The composite airborne total intensity map of the Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) at an average elevation of 7000' (≈ 2100 m) shows bands of bipolar regional magnetic anomalies parallel to the structural trends suggesting the distribution of mafic/ultramafic rocks that are controlled by regional structures/shear zones and thrusts in this region. The spectrum and the apparent susceptibility map computed from the observed airborne magnetic anomalies provide bands of high susceptibility zones in the upper crust associated with known shear zones/thrusts such as Transition Zone, Moyar-Bhavani and Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zones (MBSZ and PCSZ). The quantitative modelling of magnetic anomalies across Transition Zone, MBSZ and PCSZ suggest the presence of mafic rocks of susceptibility (1.5-4.0 × 10−3 CGS units) in upper crust from 8-10 km extending up to about 21-22 km, which may represent the level of Curie point geotherm as indicated by high upper mantle heat flow in this section.Two sets of paired gravity anomalies in SGT and their modelling with seismic constraints suggest gravity highs and lows to be caused by high density mafic rocks along Transition Zone and Cauvery Shear Zone (CSZ) in the upper crust at depth of 6-8 km and crustal thickening of 45-46 km south of them, respectively. High susceptibility and high density rocks (2.8 g/cm3) along these shear zones supported by high velocity, high conductivity and tectonic settings suggest lower crustal mafic/ultramafic granulite rocks thrusted along them. These signatures with lower crustal rocks of metamorphic ages of 2.6-2.5 Ga north of PCSZ and Neoproterozoic period (0.6-0.5 Ga) south of it suggest that the SGT represents mosaic of accreted crust due to compression and thrusting. These observations along with N-verging thrusts and dipping reflectors from Dharwar Craton to SGT suggest two stages of N-S directed compression: (i) between Dharwar Craton and northern block of SGT during 2.6-2.5 Ga with Transition Zone and Moyar Shear towards the west as thrust, and (ii) between northern and southern blocks of SGT with CSZ as collision zone and PCSZ as thrust during Neoproterozoic period (0.6-0.5 Ga). The latter event may even represent just a compressive phase without any collision related to Pan-African event. The proposed sutures in both these cases separate gravity highs and lows of paired gravity anomalies towards north and south, respectively. The magnetic anomalies and causative sources related to Moyar Shear, MBSZ and PCSZ join with those due to Transition Zone, Mettur and Gangavalli Shears in their eastern parts, respectively to form an arcuate-shaped diffused collision zone during 2.6-2.5 Ga.Most of the Proterozoic collision zones are highlands/plateaus but the CSZ also known as the Palghat Gap represents a low lying strip of 80-100 km width, which however, appears to be related to recent tectonic activities as indicated by high upper mantle heat flow and thin crust in this section. It is supported by low density, low velocity and high conductive layer under CSZ and seismic activity in this region as observed in case of passive rift valleys. They may be caused by asthenospheric upwarping along pre-existing faults/thrusts (MBSZ and PCSZ) due to plate tectonic forces after the collision of Indian and Eurasian plates since Miocene time.  相似文献   

12.
Multistage deformation events have occurred in the northeastern Jiangshao Fault (Suture) Belt. The earliest two are ductile deformation events. The first is the ca. 820 Ma top-to-the-northwest ductile thrusting, which directly resulted from the collision between the Cathaysia Old Land and the Chencai Arc (?) during the Late Neoproterozoic, and the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt that formed as the ocean closed between the Yangtze Plate and the jointed Cathaysia Old Land and the Chencai Arc due to continuous compression. The second is the ductile left-lateral strike-slipping that occurred in the latest Early Paleozoic. Since the Jinning period, all deformation events represent the reactivation or inversion of intraplate structures due to the collisions between the North China and Yangtze plates during the Triassic and between the Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates during the Cenozoic. In the Triassic, brittle right-lateral strike-slipping and subsequent top-to-the south thrusting occurred along the whole northeastern Jiangshao Fault Zone because of the collision between the North China and Yangtze plates. In the Late Mesozoic, regional extension took place across southeastern China. In the Cenozoic, the collision between the Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates resulted in brittle thrusts along the whole Jiangnan Old land in the Miocene. The Jiangshao Fault Belt is a weak zone in the crust with long history, and its reactivation is one of important characteristics of the deformation in South China; however, late-stage deformation events did not occur beyond the Jiangnan Old Land and most of them are parallel to the strike of the Old Land, which is similar to the Cenozoic deformation in Central Asia. In addition, the Jiangnan old Land is not a collisional boundary between the Yangtze Plate and Cathaysia Old Land in the Triassic.  相似文献   

13.
Recently completed investigations of the crustal structure on ancient shields of the East European platform carried out with the method of “deep seismic sounding” (D.S.S.) have drastically changed the previous notions about the deep structure of shields in general. In the upper crust, in the so-called “granitic” layer, complex anticlinal and synclinal structures as well as numerous faults, thrusts, etc., have been identified. A flattening of steeply dipping seismic interfaces with depth is observed. The crustal thickness in different tectonic zones ranges from 30 to 60 km. It is shown that the M-structure correlates with the sub-surface tectonics in the Ukrainian Shield.  相似文献   

14.
The Outokumpu district within the North Karelia Schist Belt in eastern Finland hosts a number of Cu–Co–Zn–Ni–Ag–Au sulfide deposits that are associated with Palaeoproterozoic ophiolitic metaserpentinites derived from depleted mantle peridotites that were subsequently tectonically interleaved with allochthonous metaturbidites. The metaperidotites have been extensively metasomatized to quartz–carbonate–calc–silicate rocks of the Outokumpu assemblage. The Outokumpu area has been affected by a multiple-phase tectonic history comprising various phases of folding and shearing followed by several faulting events. Future exploration has to expand the search into deeper areas and requires knowledge of the subsurface geology. In order to unravel the complex structure 3D geologic models of different scales have been built using a variety of information including geological aeromagnetic and gravity maps, digital terrain models, and mine cross sections as well as data like drill core logs combined with observations from underground mine galleries, structural measurements, aeromagnetic data, and seismic surveys. For crustal structures, data from seismic surveys lines have been reprocessed for our purpose. Both deposit-scale and regional-scale models allow the reconstruction of a sequence of structural events. The mined ore has formed during remobilization of a proto-ore and is closely related to shear zones (thrusts) that truncate the Outokumpu assemblage. Later faults dismembered the ore explaining the variable depth of the different ore bodies along the Outokumpu ore zone. On larger scale at least four km-scale thrust sheets, separated by major listric shear zones can be identified in the ore belt, which are internally further imbricated by subordinate shear zones. These thrusts separate a number of lens-shape metaperidotite bodies that are probably surrounded by Outokumpu assemblage rocks. Thrust stacking was followed by at least three stages of faulting that divided the ore belt into fault-bounded blocks with heterogeneous displacements: (i) faulting along NW-dipping faults with unresolved kinematics, (ii) reverse faulting along c. 50°–60° SE-dipping faults, and (iii) SW–NE to SSW–NNE striking faults which may have formed at an earlier stage and have been reactivated.The specific Outokumpu alteration assemblage around metaperidotite bodies combined with shear zones acting as path ways for fluids are the main vectors to mineralization. Seismic reflection data do not provide a simple tool to directly detect the sites of Outokumpu assemblage bodies at depth but they identify strong reflector zones which are characteristic for though not exclusive to the assemblage, shear zones can be recognized as curved dislocations in the seismic lines. Our study shows that 3D modeling, when used in combination with surface geology and other geophysical data and good knowledge about the structural evolution clearly improves the interpretation of reflectors and enables the identification of strong reflector packages as Outokumpu assemblage that, due to absent geological control, have first been mapped as “unknown reflector”. It thus enhances the chances for locating potentially economic horizons at depth and to delineate target areas for detailed exploration.  相似文献   

15.
Mainland SE Asia is composed of a number of continental fragments and volcanic arcs, separated by oceanic suture zones, which were accreted to the growing Asian continent during the Triassic Indosinian orogeny. The evolution of this orogeny has always been quite controversial. Indeed, the effects of this orogeny in Thailand have often been interpreted without considering the detailed tectonic evolution of the portion of the Indochina Block’s margin formed by Khao Khwang Platform area of the Saraburi Group, in central Thailand. This area is unusual because: (1) an extensive area representing a thin-skinned fold and thrust belt is well-exposed due to quarrying; and, (2) the fold and thrust belt displays a series of E–W and WNW–ESE striking thrusts and associated folds that are not easily explained in the context of the traditional interpretation where the terranes have been accreted broadly along N–S striking collisional zones. Detailed structural observations in numerous quarries around Highway 21 in a 13 km long dip-direction traverse have revealed that overall the thrust belt is composed of several large thrusts with an approximately northwards transport direction. In the southern part of the area, south-verging structures are present. Although the dominant structural trend is northwards-verging, interference structures, and late strike-slip faults indicate there is more than one phase of structural development present.  相似文献   

16.
Collision of the Izu arc in Central Japan is discussed with a focus on its tectonic effects to the east of the arc, in the Miura-Boso Peninsulas of Honshu. The tectonics are the combination of the following events: Philippine Sea plate spreading in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene; opening of the Sea of Japan in the middle Miocene; obduction of ophiolitic rocks in the northeasternmost corner of the Philippine Sea plate, and forearc sedimentation between the Honshu and Izu arcs. Oblique subduction has shifted the plate boundary from northeast to southwest, from the present Mineoka Tectonic Belt through the Miura Fold Belt to the Sagami trough since the Miocene. Remarkable right-lateral transpressional deformation occurred throughout this period of the oblique collision and subduction.  相似文献   

17.
We summarize seismogenic structures in four regions of active convergence, each at a different stage of the collision process, with particular emphases on unusual, deep-seated seismogenic zones that were recently discovered. Along the eastern Hellenic arc near Crete, an additional seismogenic zone seems to occur below the seismogenic portion of the interplate thrust zone—a configuration found in several other oblique subduction zones that terminate laterally against collision belts. The unusual earthquakes show lateral compression, probably reflecting convergence between the subducting lithosphere's flank and the collision zone nearby. Along oblique zones of recent collision, the equivalence between space and time reveals the transition from subduction to full collision. In particular, intense seismicity beneath western Taiwan indicates that along the incipient zone of arc–continent collision, major earthquakes occur along high-angle reverse faults that reach deep into the crust or even the uppermost mantle. The seismogenic structures are likely to be reactivated normal faults on the passive continental margin of southeastern China. Since high-angle faults are ineffective in accommodating horizontal motion, it is not surprising that in the developed portion of the central Taiwan orogen (<5 Ma), seismogenic faulting occurs mainly along moderate-dipping (20–30°) thrusts. This is probably the only well-documented case of concurrent earthquake faulting on two major thrust faults, with the second seismogenic zone reaching down to depths of 30 km. Furthermore, the dual thrusts are out-of-sequence, being active in the hinterland of the deformation front. Along the mature Himalayan collision zone, where collision initiated about 50 Ma ago, current data are insufficient to distinguish whether most earthquakes occurred along multiple, out-of-sequence thrusts or along a major ramp thrust. Intriguingly, a very active seismic zone, including a large (Mw=6.7) earthquake in 1988, occurs at depths near 50 km beneath the foreland. Such a configuration may indicate the onset of a crustal nappe, involving the entire cratonic crust. In all cases of collision discussed here, the basal decollement, a key feature in the critical taper model of mountain building, appears to be aseismic. It seems that right at the onset of collision, earthquakes reflect reactivation of high-angle faults. For mature collision belts, earthquake faulting on moderate-dipping thrust accommodates a significant portion of convergence—a process involving the bulk of crust and possibly the uppermost mantle.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract The Penglai Group in the Jiaobei Belt is the only remaining cover of the Archaean to Early Proterozoic crystalline basement in eastern Shandong. The ages of deposition of the Penglai Group and of its deformation and metamorphism have long been a subject of speculation. Whole-rock Rb-Sr ages, illite-whole-rock pair Rb-Sr ages and illite K - Ar ages recently obtained from the Penglai Group slates are reported and interpreted in this paper. On the basis of structural and metamorphic studies coupled with analyses of illite crystallinity, XRD and SEM, a whole-rock age of 473 ± 32 Ma (Ordovician) is interpreted as the time of termination of burial metamorphism experienced by the Penglai Group. Therefore, the age of the Penghai Group is older than Ordovician. The first-phase folding and syntectonic low greenschist facies metamorphism in the Penglai Group, i.e. the Penglai Movement, took place before 299±4 Ma B.P., i.e in the Late Carboniferous. The Penglai Movement that occurred in the Jiaobei Belt on the southern margin of the North China Plate is attributed to collision between the North China and Yangtze plates along the Jiaonan Collision Belt. This demonstrates that the continent-continent collision between the North China and Yangtze plates east of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone took place in the Late Carboniferous. The collision caused N-S compression and deformation in the southern margin belt of the North China Plate north of the Qinling-Dabieshan-Jiaonan Collision Belt.  相似文献   

19.
Granite magma migration and emplacement along thrusts   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
This paper investigates the influence exerted by brittle tectonic structures in the emplacement of granite plutons in contractional settings. We address both cases where contractional tectonics and magma intrusion are (1) coeval, to study how active contractional tectonics controls the transport of magma, and (2) diachronous, to study the role of pre-existing structures on the transport of magma. In light of new experimental models, we show that magma can rise along thrusts ramps and flats. This phenomenon occurs for both low-viscosity magma (basalts to andesite) and high-viscosity magma (dry granite). The experimental results also allow the evaluation of the role played by magma viscosity in determining pluton geometries. In addition, a review of literature demonstrates a spatial and causal relationship between granites and thrusts and highlights the geometric control of magma pathways in the pluton final shape. The abundance of subhorizontal and tabular granitic intrusions indicates that the location of inflating granitic sills along thrust flats can be common. We argue that active and pre-existing flats-and-ramps thrusts provide a preferential continuous planar anisotropy susceptible to become a granitic magma migration pathway.  相似文献   

20.
The timing of motion on major thrusts in the Western Himalaya shows an extremely complex sequence that spans approximately 70 Ma from the latest Cretaceous throughout the Tertiary. Three major phases of thrusting can be distinguished. The earliest phase (T1) is associated with emplacement of Tethyan basin thrust sheets (Lamayuru sediments and Spontang ophiolite) south and south-westwards onto the submerged northern passive margin of India (75-60 Ma). Collision between India and Asia occurred at 50-36 Ma and was followed immediately by the major phase (T2) of crustal shortening involving large-scale south and south-westward directed thrusting of the complete Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Late Tertiary Tibetan—Tethys zone rocks. Preliminary balanced cross-sections show a minimum shortening of 126 km of these rocks across the Zanskar Range. The late collision phase (T3) involved re-thrusting of the previously stacked pile (breaching or leap-frog thrusting) reversing the earlier stacking order in places, and widespread steepening, overturning and backthrusting along the whole northern margin of the Tibetan—Tethys zone and throughout the Indus suture zone.  相似文献   

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