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1.
Mechanical properties of high porosity chalks are strongly dependent on the type of fluid in the pores. Dry chalk is considerably stronger than water-saturated chalk, and this phenomenon is often referred to as the water-weakening effect. To address the problem of chalk–fluid interactions, several series of tests have been performed with glycol and high concentration brines as saturating fluids. Glycol is a fluid that in many aspects resembles oil, except that glycol is miscible with water. Glycol-saturated chalk turns out to have properties very similar to oil-saturated chalk. Compared to dry chalk, both oil and glycol make the chalk somewhat weaker, but this weakening effect is much less than with water. Several series of tests with brines with high concentrations of calcium chloride or sodium chloride show that the water-weakening effect is considerably reduced in high ionic strength solutions. Most tests were performed as quasi-hydrostatic tests, with a constant stress ratio of 0.9. In such tests, the yield point marks the onset of accelerated pore collapse, and the yield value is close to the hydrostatic yield stress. In addition to these compressive tests, a series of Brazilian tests were performed, revealing the same trend. The variations in mechanical strength have been correlated with the activity of water in the brines. Within the experimental accuracy of the compressive tests, there is a linear trend between reduction of water activity and the corresponding increase in strength. This leads to the hypothesis that the water activity may be a key parameter in the water-weakening mechanism. But this conclusion also indicates that water weakening may be a special case of general chalk–fluid interactions where the degree of weakening depends on the strength of adsorption of the fluid molecules to the calcite surfaces. 相似文献
2.
Two or more different fluids generally saturate chalk in oil reservoir, and therefore its behaviour can be very complicated. In this paper, a constitutive law is proposed for modelling the mechanical behaviour of a chalk saturated by two non‐miscible fluids, water and oil. The effects of the capillary pressure or suction are taken into account. They are considered as an independent variable, as in the Barcelona's basic model developed for unsaturated soils. On the other hand, internal friction and pore collapse are modelled as independent mechanisms. The determination of the parameters is based on triaxial and oedometer tests. Finally, in order to validate the model, predictions are compared with experimental results of water‐flooding test. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
Deformation bands are described in detail for the first time in carbonate rock from the subsurface and in chalk from the North Sea. The samples are from 2200 to 2300 m below sea level, in upper Maastrichtian to Danian chalk in the Oseberg Field. The deformation bands were investigated using thin-section analysis, SEM and computed tomography (CT). There is a reduction in porosity from 30 to 40% in the matrix to ca. 10% or less inside the deformation bands. They have apparent thicknesses ranging from less than 0.05–0.5 mm and have previously often been referred to as hairline fractures. Their narrowness is probably the reason why these features have not previously been recognised as deformation bands. The deformation bands in chalk are very thin compared to deformation bands in sandstone and carbonate grainstones which have mm to cm widths. This is suggested to be due to the fine grain size of the chalk matrix (2–10 μm), and it appears to be a positive correlation between grain-size and width of deformation bands. The deformation bands are suggested to have been formed as compactional shear bands during mechanical compaction, and also related to faulting. 相似文献
4.
Microstructural analysis and microthermometry are useful methods for determining the deformation evolution. To address this issue, rheological behavior of quartz, feldspar and calcite in veins and host rocks during deformation, are presented in the mylonite zone of the dextral reverse Zamanabad Shear Zone (ZSZ), in northern part of Sistan Suture Zone (SSZ), in east of Iran. Microstructure evidences revealed two evolution stages of high and low temperature deformation. Quartz microstructures in the ZSZ show abundant evidences for early high-temperature plastic deformation (e.g. Bulging recrystallization (BLG)) which are as microstructures with SW directed ductile shearing in the central parts of the ZSZ. This shear zone shows progressively decreasing strain away from the central of shear zone toward the wall. High-temperature microstructures are overprinted partly or completely during shearing by the later low-temperature deformation (e.g. Pressure solution, fractures, veinlets). Microstructural observations of veins (quartz and calcite) confirms the results of microstructures in the host rock, as quartz veins occurred from peak metamorphic conditions (<400°C) and then in lower P–T conditions have been formed calcite veins (~250°C). According to microthermometric studies, two primary fluid groups are observed in quartz veins: (1) fluids trapped during peak deformation conditions, with higher-salinity, They were initially trapped at ~300–400°C, (2) smaller fluids by trapping of low-salinity inclusions at ~240–180°C that related to subsequent phases of shear zone exhumation in lower deep. Microthermometry results and microstructural analysis indicate deformation under lower greenschist facies conditions for the ZSZ, and then exhumation of the early of high-temperature rocks within regime of ductile-brittle transition to brittle. 相似文献
5.
为了探索高压水力浸润带和消落带岩体在压剪荷载与流体入渗双因素耦合作用下剪切渗流特性的衍化规律,利用自主研发的一套新型岩石剪切−渗流耦合试验系统,对饱水泥页岩进行了常法向荷载条件下不同渗透水压的剪切−渗流耦合试验和剪切蠕变−渗流耦合试验。试验结果表明：（1）随着渗透水压力的增加,饱水泥页岩剪切强度峰值、法向变形峰值以及剪切蠕变破坏强度均有所下降,说明渗透水压力对岩样力学强度具有损伤效果。（2）在剪切−渗流耦合试验过程中,岩样剪应力与法向变形在线弹性变化的末期会出现明显的上下波动现象,并伴有水流流出,剪应力和法向变形的突变点在时间上具有一致性。（3）在剪切蠕变−渗流耦合试验过程中,水流渗出速率与渗透水压力大小呈正相关,随着剪切荷载施加等级的提高,岩样蠕变变形量增大,单位时间内累计渗出水量亦有所提升。 相似文献
6.
南水北调西线工程将从长江上游每年引水200亿m3注入黄河,以缓解中国西北部和北部干旱缺水的问题。工程地质勘查结果表明,沿线的地质条件较复杂,诸如复杂的岩性、褶皱构造异常发育、地层褶皱强烈、区内北西向断裂构造较为发育、部分为活动断裂,这些均将对高坝体的边坡稳定和洞穴的开挖及地震效应等产生不利影响。为了查明岩石的力学特性,选取几个典型地段进行了波速测试和现场大型直剪试验,阐述了现场直剪试验的方法和过程,并对剪应力与位移和正应力与剪应力间的关系曲线进行了分析和总结,提出了反映岩石不同状况下的抗剪断强度和抗剪强度,并以此参数和室内试验参数分别对边坡稳定性进行分析对比,表明现场大型直剪试验获得的强度参数不仅真实可靠,而且对工程的边坡稳定性分析和优化设计也是至关重要的。 相似文献
7.
Qingquan Liu Yuanping Cheng Kan Jin Qingyi Tu Wei Zhao Rong Zhang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(4):173
Underground borehole drilling usually causes instability in the surrounding coal due to in situ stress redistribution (including stress concentration and stress release). However, the mechanisms of unloading-induced coal strength reduction are still poorly understood. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of confining pressure unloading on soft coal strength reduction for borehole stability analysis. A series of mechanical tests were conducted on both the traditionally and newly reconstituted coal samples under two different experimental stress paths, including conventional uniaxial/triaxial compression and triaxial compression with confining pressure unloading. The unloading stress path was obtained by analyzing the stress redistribution around a borehole, to capture a more accurate coal mechanical response. According to our experimental results, plastic deformation generated before failure under the unloading stress path is smaller than that generated under the conventional loading stress path. Furthermore, the cohesion of the traditionally and newly reconstituted samples diminishes approximately by 44.77 and 29.66%, respectively, with confining pressure unloading, indicating that there is a significant reduction in coal strength due to confining pressure unloading. The mechanism for unloading-induced coal strength reduction comes from confining pressure unloading-induced increase in shear stress on the fracture surface and a decrease in shear strength. This effect increases the shear slipping potential, whose driving force generates tension fractures at both ends of the preexisting fractures. 相似文献
8.
Anne Duperret Said Taibi Rory N. Mortimore Martin Daigneault 《Engineering Geology》2005,78(3-4):321-343
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the role of groundwater and sea weathering on the strength of the chalk rocks exposed on the coastline of the English Channel in Normandy, NW France. We present a study of the rock strength variations of three representative chalk units (Lewes Chalk, Seaford Chalk and Newhaven Chalk) exposed at various locations on the coastal chalk cliffs. The combination of UCS tests and SEM observations have been used (1) on dry natural chalk samples, (2) on chalk samples at various moisture contents, (3) on dry chalk samples submitted to a 10-day cycle of alternating wetting and drying by distilled water and by sea water. Dry chalk samples show low UCS strength (3.46–4 MPa) indicative of very weak rocks. When chalk samples are submitted to progressive water wetting, they present a decrease of UCS strength and Young's modulus of 40% to 50%. This behaviour begins at low values of water content within the chalk, i.e., for a degree of water saturation ranging between 10% and 17%. When chalk samples are submitted to an artificial weathering cycle with distilled water, a decrease in strength is observed, whereas the Young's modulus increases. SEM observations indicate the occurrence of microcracks and particle aggregates in the sample. When chalk samples are submitted to an artificial weathering with sea water, the decrease of UCS strength and Young's modulus achieves a minimum. SEM observations indicate salt crystals within the chalk. On the coastal cliffs of NW France, weathering processes depend both on chalk lithology, which show a range of sensitivity to weathering and on the location of the chalk in the coastal area. Processes allied to the degree of weathering (e.g., salt crystallisation or fresh water disaggregation) differ in the chalk massif, on the cliff face and on the shore platform. 相似文献
9.
The 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand exposed loess-mantled slopes in the area to very high levels of seismic excitation (locally measured as >2?g). Few loess slopes showed permanent local downslope deformation, and most of these showed only limited accumulated displacement. A series of innovative dynamic back-pressured shear box tests were undertaken on intact and remoulded loess samples collected from one of the recently active slopes replicating field conditions under different simplified horizontal seismic excitations. During each test, the strength reduction and excess pore water pressures generated were measured as the sample failed. Test results suggest that although dynamic liquefaction could have occurred, a key factor was likely to have been that the loess was largely unsaturated at the times of the large earthquake events. The failure of intact loess samples in the tests was complex and variable due to the highly variable geotechnical characteristics of the material. Some loess samples failed rapidly as a result of dynamic liquefaction as seismic excitation generated an increase in pore water pressure, triggering rapid loss of strength and, thus, of shear resistance. Following initial failure, pore pressure dissipated with continued seismic excitation and the sample consolidated, resulting in partial shear strength recovery. Once excess pore water pressures had dissipated, deformation continued in a critical effective stress state with no further change in volume. Remoulded and weaker samples, however, did not liquefy and instead immediately reduced in volume with an accompanying slower and more sustained increase in pore pressure as the sample consolidated. Thereafter, excess pressures dissipated and deformation continued at a critical state. The complex behaviour explained why, despite exceptionally strong ground shaking, there was only limited displacement and lack of run-out: dynamic liquefaction was unlikely to occur in the freely draining slopes. Dynamic liquefaction, however, remained a plausible mechanism to explain loess failure in some of the low-angle toe slopes, where a permanent water table was present in the loess. 相似文献
10.
利用室内剪切试验装置,开展不同正应力、自然与饱水条件下岩体异性结构面的剪切试验,分析异性结构面的剪切变形和强度特性,利用JRC-JCS抗剪强度力学模型将试验结果与计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,（1）异性结构面的剪切变形曲线属于弹塑性残余变形类型。相比自然状态试件,饱水试件的弹性区减小,较早进入峰值区或塑性区;（2）异性结构面的剪切刚度均随法向力的增大而增大,但同一正应力下饱水试件的剪切刚度要小于自然状态的剪切刚度,在低法向力下尤为显著;（3）水对岩体异性结构面剪切强度参数有不同程度的弱化,尤其对内摩擦角 的劣化明显;（4）只要计算参数选取得当,并考虑实际岩体的受力及水等情况,JRC-JCS计算模型可以为实际工程岩体的结构面强度提供较为准确的参数。 相似文献
11.
构造应力对裂缝形成与流体流动的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
裂缝是低渗透储层流体流动的主要通道,控制了低渗透油气藏的渗流系统。低渗透储层裂缝的形成与流体密切相关,高流体压力引起岩石内部的有效正应力下降,导致岩石剪切破裂强度下降,使岩石容易产生裂缝。高孔隙流体压力还造成某一点的应力摩尔圆向左移动,可以使其最小主应力(σ3)由压应力状态变成拉张应力状态,从而在岩石中形成拉张裂缝。裂缝的渗透性受现今应力场的影响,通常与现今应力场最大主压应力近平行分布的裂缝呈拉张状态,连通性好,开度大,渗透率高,是主渗透裂缝方向。构造应力对沉积盆地流体流动的影响主要表现在三个方面:(1)构造应力导致的岩石变形,不仅提供了流体流动的通道,而且还改变了岩石的渗透性能;(2)在构造强烈活动时期,构造应力的快速变化是流体流动的重要驱动力;(3)岩石中应力状态影响多孔介质的有效应力,从而影响介质中的渗流场。当作用在含流体介质上的构造应力发生改变时,岩石孔隙体积变小,构造应力首先由岩石的骨架来承担;当岩石孔隙体积减小到一定程度时,构造应力由孔隙流体来承担,从而影响岩层渗流场的变化。 相似文献
12.
13.
人工合成透明土材料在支撑岩土工程可视化模型试验技术领域得到了良好的应用。然而,关于该新型材料的动力特性研究仍相对缺少,一定程度上影响了其在动力相关模型试验中的推广应用。基于共振柱、动扭剪试验仪器,开展人工合成透明砂土的动变形与动强度特性试验研究,并与天然砂土及福建标准砂的相关动变形与动强度特性进行对比分析;透明砂土由折射率一致的熔融石英砂和混合油配制而成,混合油由15号白矿物油和正12烷按比例混合而成。试验测定并分析了透明砂土的动剪切模量-应变、阻尼比-应变、动剪切模量-阻尼比等关系曲线,以及孔压、动强度特征。试验结果表明,由熔融石英砂与混合油配制而成的透明砂土的动变形和动强度特性与天然砂土相似,可以模拟天然砂土材料开展动力相关模型试验研究。 相似文献
14.
强风化角岩力学-变形特性的直剪试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对深圳岭澳三期核电工程选址区域内的强风化角岩的直剪试验研究表明,强风化角岩的剪切变形存在一定的延性且呈塑性破坏,其岩体剪切强度随含水率的增长呈负指数下降趋势,水对岩体强度指标c、?具有一定的弱化作用;强风化角岩在饱水条件下只发生剪缩现象,而天然条件下先剪缩后剪胀。引入剪切刚度研究直剪试验的变形特性并考虑水对这一变形指标的影响,研究认为,强风化角岩的剪切刚度随法向应力的增加而增加,且随含水率的增加而降低,低法向应力条件下对水的作用尤其敏感,同时分析了剪切刚度的变化对边坡岩体剪切位移的影响,其结果对边坡的稳定性分析及坡体位移变化的预测具有一定的指导作用。 相似文献
15.
We report for the first time the occurrence of polygonal faults in sandstone, which is compelling given that layer-bound polygonal fault systems have been observed so far only in fine-grained sediments such as clay and chalk. The polygonal faults are shear deformation bands that developed under shallow burial conditions via strain hardening in dm-wide zones. The edges of the polygons are 1–5 m long. The shear deformation bands are organized as conjugate faults along each edge of the polygon and form characteristic horst-like structures. The individual deformation bands have slip magnitudes ranging from a few mm to 1.5 cm; the cumulative average slip magnitude in a zone is up to 10 cm. The deformation bands heaves, in aggregate form, accommodate a small isotropic horizontal extension (strain <0.005). The individual shear deformation bands show abutting T-junctions, veering, curving, and merging where they mechanically interact. Crosscutting relationships are rare. The interactions of the deformation bands are similar to those of mode I opening fractures. The documented fault networks have important implications for evaluating the geometry of km-scale polygonal fault systems in the subsurface, top seal integrity, as well as constraining paleo-tectonic stress regimes. 相似文献
16.
土体的力学特性往往因应力状态和应力路径而异。为了探讨垂直加载和等剪路径下饱和土的力学特性,制备饱和重塑黄土试样,通过固结不排水（CU）和常剪应力排水剪（CSD）三轴试验,分别测定并绘制其应力-应变曲线、孔隙水压力变化曲线和应力路径曲线。试验结果表明,饱和重塑黄土在2种路径下有明显不同的变形特点:CU路径下的应力-应变曲线皆呈弱软化型,孔隙水压力先快速上升后逐渐趋于稳定;CSD路径下维持偏应力为一常量,施加孔隙水压力后的很长时间内试样变形很小,当孔隙水压力增大至试验围压的60%~75%时,试样迅速破坏。CSD路径无偏应力峰值,文中根据轴应变随平均有效应力变化曲线定义了等效峰值破坏线。通过对比发现,2种路径下饱和重塑黄土的有效峰值强度指标差异明显,而有效残余强度指标相近,表明有效残余强度指标是重塑黄土内在属性,受应力路径的影响不大。该研究结果可为实际工程选取正确的应力路径试验提供参考。 相似文献
17.
阐述了毛管水对土体强度、变形和渗流的影响。粉性土既有较高的毛管水头,又有一定的渗透性,水压传递快;毛管水对此类土的地基、基坑和堤坝等工程有明显的影响。研究的主要成果有：①根据试样浸水与否的无侧限抗压强度比较试验及理论分析,证明毛管水张力增高了土体强度,强度增高的数值,试验结果和理论分析相符;②计算分析雨季粉性土地表层毛管水张力消失和土体膨胀的过程;③借砂模试验和电拟试验,分析了毛管水对堤坝渗流流态的影响,毛管水增高了渗流量和出逸点高度;④提出了砂土和粉性土毛管水头hc和渗透系数k新的经验计算式。研究成果可应用于粉性土地基、基坑和堤坝等工程。 相似文献
18.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(19-21):2354-2374
The glacial sediments of north Norfolk are a type site for subglacial deforming bed sediments. This investigation focussed on subglacial shear zone process at the field and thin section scale, in order to understand subglacial processes, as well as considering the implications for regional stratigraphies. The sandy and chalky tills from three sites (within 1 km) at Weybourne, Norfolk, showed evidence for subglacial deformation associated with simple shear, producing extension, compression and rotation. It was demonstrated how these processes interacted to cause chalk fragmentation and predictable fabric strengths (dependant on sorting and grain size). It is suggested that the ‘Marly Drift’ is a diachronous unit, and the resultant stratigraphy at Weybourne reflects one deformation till, resulting from a series of ice advances, but with a lithology derived from the local chalk bed rock (with some far travelled erratics), which have undergone different degrees of chalk fragmentation reflecting the nature and duration of the subglacial deformation. 相似文献
19.
在油气勘探过程中,对于小位移断层分隔油水封闭能力的控制因素研究尚浅,野外也难以获得不同变形过程的断层带结构及其渗透性变化规律.因此,以高孔隙度纯净砂岩人造岩心为研究对象,采用自主研发的“高压~低速环形剪切装置”开展实验,实验后样品取心分别进行覆压孔渗测试、纳米CT扫描、铸体薄片分析等分析测试.以有效正应力和断层位移为实验变量开展了多组环剪实验,其研究结果表明:宏观上断层面上可观察到明显擦痕与粉末状碎裂岩,微观上确定了断层带内碎裂作用导致的颗粒粒度降低与颗粒的定向排列是孔渗降低的主要原因,断层带渗透率小于10 mD,较母岩降低2~3个数量级.随着断层有效正应力或断层滑动位移增加,断层带碎裂程度增大且粒径和孔径减小,断层带厚度增大,孔隙度和渗透率逐渐减小.这一结果可为小位移断层侧向封闭能力与油气勘探领域的研究奠定理论基础. 相似文献
20.
The engineering properties of solid waste produced by the combustion of Western oil shale are evaluated and discussed. Index properties and their variability, moisture—density relationships, shear strength, stress—strain characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity were evaluated in laboratory tests. Cementation caused by the formation of hydrous cements when combusted oil shale is exposed to water was found to be the most significant factor affecting its engineering properties. With increasing initial water content, shear strength increases and hydraulic conductivity decreases significantly, primarily because of cementation. Implications for the design of waste disposal embankments are discussed. 相似文献