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1.
Triassic strata of the Dockum Group in Texas comprise two major upward-fining alluvial-lacustrine depositional sequences.
The two sequences are represented by the (1) Santa Rosa-Tecovas, and (2) Trujillo-Cooper Canyon Formations. The second sequence
is much thicker than the first, and occupies a greater geographic part of the Dockum basin. Each sequence of alluvial and
lacustrine sediment accumulation is characterized by sediment derivation from a different source terrain. The unconformable
relationship between the two depositional sequences, the change in mineralogical composition and presumed source areas between
these units, differences in paleocurrent orientation between units, and evidence for intervening episodes of local deformation
indicate that the sequences are of tectonic origin. These strata are not the product of a single sediment dispersal system,
such as the centripetally-drained lacustrine delta complex previously envisioned for the Dockum basin. Both Dockum sequences
are comprised largely of two typical alluvial facies associations; stream channel facies, and overbank flood-plain facies,
that are similar to those described in nearly all fluvial deposits. In addition, the Dockum Group contains a peculiar lacustrine
facies that accumulated in local flood-plain depressions, and probably resulted from subsidence over areas of subsurface salt
dissolution. Vertebrate fossil assemblages are found in all three Dockum facies associations. Five fossiliferous sites in
the Dockum are discussed in the context of these three depositional settings. The Dockum tetrapod diversity is reviewed in
a hierarchical phylogeny with remarks on the history of collection, stratigraphic distribution of genera, and their taxonomic
status. The stratigraphic ranges of tetrapod taxa do not support the recently proposed successive Otischalkian, Adamanian,
Revueltian, and Apachean biochrons within the Dockum Group. Instead, a few index fossils provide a broad framework for correlation
of Late Triassic nonmarine strata of the Dockum with the Carnian and Norian Alpine marine stages. 相似文献
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油气储层相控随机建模技术的约束方法 总被引：31，自引：4，他引：27
提出根据相控随机建模技术描述油气储层特征,并用已知地质数据和沉积微相的研究成果,如平面展布方向、宽厚比等来指导相控建模,文章提出“多层分级控制,同级套合管理”的相控随机建模策略,并将相序、概率、定量知识库或变差函数三个方面相结合来表征油气储层的非均质特性。具体则是从沉积形成与演化的成因角度指导沉积储层随机建模的过程,应用多参数协同、分层次约束的方法,运用沉积相带的平面展布和垂向演化来控制建模的结果,并用宝力格油田的实际地质和钻井数据验证优选得到的多个模型实现。结果表明:优选模型真实地反映了地下油气储层的非均质特性和连通性展布特征,并经新钻井数据验证确实有效。 相似文献
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Vijai Kumar Baskaran Suresh Kumar Govindarajan Kamal Chandra Dani Mandhir Kumar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2017,90(3):312-322
A study on the sedimentary facies characterization and depositional environment interpretations for the K#Field (K-Oil Field) in Cambay petroleum basin of western onshore, India was conducted based on the sub-surface data from drilled wells, including well logs, borehole images, cores and the regional knowledge of the basin. In this work, an effort is made to integrate the current data from seismics and well logging, to study and analyze its depositional environments and establish the petroleum systems. The study regions for the present work are K45 and K48 blocks. The target strata includes 2 oil-bearing formations of Paleogene, which is about 3600 ft; they are M#Fm (M-Formation) of the Eocene and N#Fm (N-Formation) of Oligocene, subdivided into 11 zones. The sediment fill is mostly of Tertiary. The research attempts to decipher the oil - depositional source correlation problems of the basin. Sedimentary models were established referring to the core analysis, core photographs and well logs. Reservoir and heterogeneity study included reservoir lithology features, physical properties and pore structure features.Well facies analysis of oil well WELL-0297 and WELL-0129 was done and the results were analyzed for further drilling of new wells for oil and gas exploration. The study found that the Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Paleogene are fluviatile facies sand and mud interbed sediment with the thickness 2000-4000 ft, which are main oil-bearing formations in these areas. Studies concluded that the fluvial reservoirs of the K#Field are characterized by large variations from laterally extensive bodies with good interconnectedness and high net-to-gross ratios, multi-storey ribbon bodies with poor interconnections and low net-to-gross ratios. 相似文献
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In situ soil micro electrical resistivity measurements were carried out in a pilot plot within the Teaching and Research Farm of Ekiti State University with the aim of establishing relationships between such measurements, soil horizons, and textural classifications. The vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique was adopted for horizon mapping, while the horizontal profiling (HP) technique was used to determine the spatial distribution of in situ soil electrical resistivity of the topmost horizon. Twenty-five VES points were occupied with the Wenner electrode array and electrode spacing that was varied from 2 to 128 cm (0.02 to 1.28 m). The VES data were interpreted by partial curve matching and computer assisted 1-D forward modeling with the IPI2Win software. HP data were also acquired with the Wenner electrode array with a constant electrode separation of 8 cm and station interval of 1 m. Resistivity measurements were taken at 729 stations. The HP data were classified into resistivity-derived soil classes using a standard table. Eighty-one soil samples were collected from the topmost (0–3 cm) horizon and textural classification was derived from the particle size distributions. The resistivity range of values for the identified three layers was 38–590, 328–5222, and 393–900 Ω·m respectively. The average resistivities of the three layers were 263, 2554, and 703 Ω·m, with respective thicknesses of 2.85 cm, 45.52 cm, and infinite. The above resistivity regimes of the three horizons were attributed to responses from the O, A, and B soil horizons. The resistivity values of the O-horizon ranging from 210 to 750 Ω·m were classified as clayey sand while values greater than 750 Ω·m were classified as sand. The soil textural classifications obtained within the horizon were the sandy loam and loamy sand types. The cross-tabulation and spatial pattern comparison of resistivity-derived soil classes and textural classifications showed that whereas there existed some overlapping relationships, the sandy loam textural class had stronger association with the resistivity-derived clayey sand soil type, and the loamy sand textural class had stronger association with the more resistive sand soil type. This study therefore established that in situ soil electrical resistivity can be used for soil horizon mapping and textural classification. 相似文献
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断陷盆地单因素精细取证下的沉积体系综合分析——以歧口凹陷古近系沙三二亚段为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在对歧口凹陷古近系沙三二亚段的多种单因素沉积学信息——测井相、岩心相、砂分散体系、地震相和地震属性、生物相、矿物岩石学和有机地化与岩石(颜色)、构造、古地貌等分别进行了详细研究的基础上,系统地对多种单因素沉积学信息的空间分布规律和空间配置关系进行了综合分析,总结了沉积学的共性和特殊性规律,使多种单因素沉积学信息起到了相互佐证和互为补充的作用,从而有效地对研究区沉积体系类型、空间配置关系和物源进行了客观的分析和评价。研究认为,歧口凹陷沙三二亚段发育4种主要的沉积体系类型:扇三角洲沉积体系、辫状河三角洲沉积体系、水下扇沉积体系和湖泊沉积体系。其中,在断层活动性强、坡度较陡的地区发育扇三角洲;在坡度较缓的地区发育辫状河三角洲;断控盆地边缘深水区发育近岸水下扇,盆地内部次级断层则控制了远岸水下扇的发育。沉积体系的空间配置受5大主要物源控制:燕山物源、沧县物源、埕宁物源、孔店物源和沙垒田物源。本研究证明,这种"单因素精细取证,多因素综合分析"的方法在拥有丰富勘探资料的断陷盆地沉积体系研究中行之有效。 相似文献
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The spatial continuity of facies is one of the key factors controlling flow in reservoir models. Traditional pixel-based methods
such as truncated Gaussian random fields and indicator simulation are based on only two-point statistics, which is insufficient
to capture complex facies structures. Current methods for multi-point statistics either lack a consistent statistical model
specification or are too computer intensive to be applicable. We propose a Markov mesh model based on generalized linear models
for geological facies modeling. The approach defines a consistent statistical model that is facilitated by efficient estimation
of model parameters and generation of realizations. Our presentation includes a formulation of the general framework, model
specifications in two and three dimensions, and details on how the parameters can be estimated from a training image. We illustrate
the method using multiple training images, including binary and trinary images and simulations in two and three dimensions.
We also do a thorough comparison to the snesim approach. We find that the current model formulation is applicable for multiple training images and compares favorably to
the snesim approach in our test examples. The method is highly memory efficient. 相似文献
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KLAAS VERWER GIOVANNA DELLA PORTA† OSCAR MERINO-TOMɆ JEROEN A.M. KENTER‡ 《Sedimentology》2009,56(6):1801-1831
Spatial information on lithofacies from outcrops is paramount for understanding the internal dynamics, external controls and degree of predictability of the facies architecture of shallow‐water carbonate‐platform tops. To quantify the spatial distribution and vertical stacking of lithofacies within an outer‐platform shoal‐barrier complex, integrated facies analysis and digital field technologies have been applied to a high‐relief carbonate platform exposed in the Djebel Bou Dahar (Lower Jurassic, High Atlas, Morocco). The outer platform is characterized by subtidal, cross‐bedded, coarse grainstone to rudstone grading into supratidal, pisoidal packstone‐rudstone with tepees that together formed a 350 to 420 m wide shoal‐barrier belt parallel to the margin. This belt acted as a topographic high separating a restricted lagoon from the subtidal, open marine region. Low‐energy tidal flats developed on the protected flank of the barrier facing the lagoon. Lithofacies patterns were captured quantitatively from outcrop and integrated into a digital outcrop model. The outcrop model enabled rapid visualization of field data and efficient extraction of quantitative data such as widths of facies belts. In addition, the spatial heterogeneity was captured in multiple time slices, i.e. during different phases of cyclic base‐level fluctuations. In general, the lateral continuity of lithofacies is highest when relative water depth increased during flooding of the platform top, establishing low‐energy subtidal conditions across the whole platform, and when the accommodation space was filled with tidal flat facies. Heterogeneity increased during deposition of the relief‐building bar facies that promoted spatial diversification of depositional environments during the initial phases of accommodation space creation. Cycles commonly are composed of a thin transgressive tidal flat unit, followed by coated‐grain rudstone bar facies. Lateral to the bar facies, pisoidal‐grainstone beach deposits accumulated. These bar and beach deposits were overlain by subtidal lagoonal facies or would grow through the maximum flooding and highstand. There the bars either graded into supratidal pisoidal facies with tepees (when accommodation space was filled) or were capped by subaerial exposure (due to a sea‐level fall). Modified embedded Markov analysis was used to test the presence of common ordering in vertical lithofacies stacking in a stationary interval (constant depositional mode). Analysis of individual sections did not reveal any ordering, which may be related to the limited thickness of these sections. Composite sections, however, rejected the null hypothesis of randomness. The addition of stratigraphically significant information to the Markov analysis, such as exposure surfaces and lateral dimensions of facies bodies, strengthens the verdict of unambiguous preferential ordering. Through careful quantitative reconstruction of stratal geometry and facies relationships in fully integrated digital outcrop models, accurate depositional models could be established that enhanced the predictability of carbonate sediment accumulation. 相似文献
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传统的沉积模式认为大部分细粒沉积岩（泥岩或页岩）的沉积发生在相对深水、低能的环境中。作为地表上分布最为广泛的沉积岩类型,泥页岩包含了对重构地质历史时期古地理、古气候的重要信息。泥页岩除了可以作为有效的烃源岩,勘探开发技术的进展更发掘出泥岩作为非常规油气储层的巨大潜力。近十年来,国内外对细粒沉积物的水槽实验、泥岩沉积微相的精细分析、以及泥岩岩相组成特征的研究取得了长足的进展。这些研究对泥岩的沉积过程和沉积模式在不同角度上提供了新的认知。大部分泥岩（甚至包括众多有机质含量高的泥岩）都可能沉积在相对浅水以及水动力条件相对较高的环境中。不同的沉积过程（底部水流）形成不同的泥岩沉积微相,并对有机质在泥岩中的埋藏富集具有重要的控制作用。以晚白垩纪北美西部内陆海道为例,总结在陆棚浅海环境中（最大水深< 200 m）,位于从近岸到远岸（> 500 km）不同沉积环境（包括前三角洲/下邻滨、内陆棚、中陆棚、和外陆棚环境）中的泥岩的主要沉积过程、沉积微相特征、以及富集有机质的潜力。由于沉积过程和沉积环境是决定泥岩成分、沉积相、和岩石物理特征非均质性的首要因素,不同浅海环境中的泥岩相特征和沉积模式可有助于利用泥岩地层进行古地理、古气候的重构,并能够对预测不同陆棚浅海环境中沉积的泥岩作为有效烃源岩或有效储层的潜力提供指导。 相似文献
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本文对坪北油田长62油层组3种主要类型的短期基准面旋回结构特征及分布进行了详细描述。在高分辨率层序地层划分对比的基础上，建立了长62油层组高分辨率等时地层格架，分析了沉积演化过程、沉积相演化序列及砂体的空间展布规律。 相似文献
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二叠系是中国南方重要的海相含油气层系,经历了两次大的海侵－海退沉积旋回,形成了以海相碳酸盐岩为主,海相、陆相及过渡相并存的沉积古地理格局。根据典型剖面分析和岩相古地理研究,识别出4类沉积体系,即陆地沉积体系、混合沉积体系、碳酸盐台地沉积体系和斜坡盆地沉积体系。总结出4类基本的沉积体系组合,指出海平面变化和构造运动是控制沉积体系变化及其空间展布的决定因素。最后对成油气地质条件进行了分析和讨论,认为二叠系具有多套生储盖组合,其中以碳酸盐台地体系－斜坡盆地体系组合和混合沉积体系－斜坡盆地体系组合最为理想。 相似文献
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地层因素对陆相沉积储层特征的控制(英文) 总被引：50，自引：2，他引：48
Timothy A.Cross 《地学前缘》2000,(4)
在相同沉积相和沉积环境中 ,沉积记录中作为地层位置函数的不同尺度的地层学与沉积学性质的变化是有序的并可以预测。诸多沉积学和地层学性质 ,从孔隙度、渗透率到地质体的规模和非均质性对于储集性能和产能都是重要的。地层导致的上述性质的变化与由于原始沉积环境的差异产生的变化同等重要。运用地层观点对沉积物某种或多种性质变化进行分析 ,表明这些变化具有规律性并有向一些界限呈单向变化的趋势。与此对照 ,运用对时间和地层位置并不敏感的“相”对这些性质进行分析会发现数值具明显的非相关离散特征。因此 ,仅根据沉积环境或相组成对储集性能进行评价会造成预测的准确性和精确性变差。由此 ,文中提出了能够提高储层表征准确性和精确性的一种新的分析思路 ,即运用地层观点评价相的诸多性质。上述原理可用陆相地层中的一些实例加以说明。以河道砂岩储层为例 ,在地层剖面上 ,随着可容纳空间与沉积物补给的比值 (A/S)的增大 ,槽状交错层组的厚度和层的厚度向上增大 ,孔隙度、渗透率、保存下来的河道的宽度、连续性和连通程度降低 ,而底形多样性、相的分异性、相的保存程度和非均质性增加。这些性质所表现出来的单向变化趋势多数是由于作为A/S值函数的原始地貌单元的保存程度的变化而产生的。同时 ,地 相似文献
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Two stratigraphic sections of the Hamam Formation (Bathonian Stage, Middle Jurassic) exposed in the western part of Wadi Zarqa region, northwestern Jordan, are described and interpreted on the basis of palynoflora and facies analysis in order to reconstruct their depositional environments and sequence stratigraphic framework, which not discussed before. Five facies associations have been identified in the Hamam Formation characterized by a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic ramp setting, ranging from incised fluvial valley fill facies, beach foreshore restricted inner ramp to high-energy shoals and mid-ramp settings. The palynoflora includes well-preserved miospore assemblages which are recorded only from the incised fluvial valley fill facies for the first time and yielded 64 miospore species belonging to 40 genera. Most of these taxa are long-ranging and have been reported from Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks worldwide, except Callialasporites dampieri, Murospora florida, Granulatisporites jurassicus, Piceites expositus, Pityosporites parvisaccatus, Leptolepidites verrucatus, and Protopinus scanicus which have short ranges in the Middle Jurassic. Furthermore, these rocks are rich in shallow-marine Neo-Tethys macro-invertebrates supporting a Bathonian age. Two third-order depositional sequences bounded by three regional unconformities at the Bajocian–Bathonian and Bathonian–Callovian stage boundaries as well as within the Bathonian are defined based upon facies characteristics and stratal geometries. A regional correlation of sequence boundaries of similar age indicates that they are eustatic in origin. 相似文献
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The complexity of alluvial-pluvial fan depositional systems makes the detailed characterization of their heterogeneity difficult, yet such a detailed characterization is commonly needed for construction of reliable groundwater models. Traditional models mainly focus on using a single aquifer property to qualitatively or semi-quantitatively characterize the heterogeneity of aquifer, so that they are unable to quantitatively reflect the synthetic heterogeneity of all aquifer properties. In this paper, we propose the heterogeneity synthetic index (HSI) for quantitative characterization of synthetic heterogeneity of an aquifer. The proposed calculation process involves four steps: (1) estimation of the hydraulic conductivity of a sediment sample using the cloud-Markov model, (2) establishment of the sedimentary microfacies distribution model through the Markov chain, (3) characterization of the distribution model of hydrogeological parameters using the improved sequential simulation method according to the “facies-controlled modeling” technique, and (4) application of the entropy weight method to calculate the weight coefficient of the above aquifer properties. The HSI of an aquifer is calculated by superposition of these models according to the corresponding weight coefficient. This approach was applied to the Luancheng aquifer deposit in the southeast Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan in the North China Plain (NCP). The results have demonstrated that aquifer 3 which was formed in the middle Pleistocene has the strongest heterogeneity, with an HSI of 0.25–0.75. Aquifer 4 formed in the early Pleistocene shows an intermediate heterogeneity, with the HSI ranging 0.35–0.75. The weakest heterogeneity was found in aquifers 1 and 2 formed in the Holocene and late Pleistocene, with HSI values of 0.40–0.75 and 0.40–0.80, respectively. The heterogeneity of all the four aquifers is relatively strong in the radial direction of the Huai River alluvial-pluvial fan due to the abrupt change of microfacies. In contrast, in the radial direction of the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan, the microfacies change mildly, and the continuity of hydrogeological parameters is better, which has resulted in weaker heterogeneity of the four aquifers in this direction. Findings suggest that the sedimentary environment has significant effects on the aquifer heterogeneity. Considering that there are many aquifer properties, HSI can quantitatively characterize the synthetic heterogeneity of the aquifer and describe the influence of each aquifer property on the synthetic heterogeneity of the aquifer according to its weight coefficient. Thus the HSI approach can be successfully used to deal with the spatial heterogeneity of aquifer and provide a foundation for studies on contaminant transport. 相似文献