共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 500 毫秒
1.
本文在分析戈壁地区湍流能谱特征的基础上,利用惯性副区有关规律,对湍流能量耗散率ε和温度脉动耗散率N作了初步研究,得到无因次湍流能量耗散率(?)_E为 无因次温度脉动耗散率(?)_N为 文中讨论了能量收支方程和温度方差收支方程,并用得到的(?)_E和(?)_N关系估算了近地面层的速度和温度特征尺度M和T,与涡旋相关方法得到结果比较,一致性较好。 相似文献
2.
本文在考虑湍流能量耗散率和温度不均匀性平滑率是变量的基础上,得到了大气湍流场中新的温度结构函数公式,它比“2/3”定律多一个修正因子[1+M_1~2(r)]~(2/9)。应用湍流能量耗散率谱的观测资料对修正因子作了估计。 相似文献
3.
新一代天气雷达谱宽资料分析晴空回波特征的探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据广州强对流天气发生前新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/SA)观测的晴空回波谱宽资料,经过数据质量控制和预处理,估算了不同高度的湍流耗散率,发现这次强对流天气过程发生前,低层的湍流耗散率明显增强,揭示了这次强对流天气过程的前兆特征. 相似文献
4.
利用2018年6月2日至2019年11月14日,安庆、长沙、赣州、南昌、宜昌、武汉6个站点的往返式探空试验数据,使用Thorpe分析方法计算了湍流层厚度、对数湍流耗散率、Thorpe尺度、浮力频率并进行概率、水平、垂直等分布特征的分析。这些探空数据观测精度较高,且垂直分辨率约为6～10 m,延伸至大约30 km的高度,可以在整个对流层和平流层下部估计湍流。本研究基于湍流特征分析,比较了各个站点之间以及上升段与下降段之间的差异。对数湍流耗散率log10ε(代表ε的量级)分布具有两个模态,分别以-35 m2 s-3和-5 m2 s-3附近为峰值中心并向两侧递减。对流层的分布相对于平流层更加集中,且对流层的峰值中心的数值略大于平流层中心,这说明平流层的湍流强度稍弱于对流层。从对数湍流耗散率log10ε、Thorpe尺度(LT)、浮力频率(N2)三个参数的水平和垂直分布可以看出,湍流强度受LT与N<... 相似文献
5.
由标准Ｅ－ε模式得到的行星边界层厚度似乎太大，之所以如此，可归因于湍流动能（Ｅ）的耗散率（ε）方程，特别是方程中耗散生成和损失项的参数化方法。在大气边界层的模拟研究中，我们认为谱能储存部分的谱串级输送过程必须作为耗散生成的一部分加以考虑，并用特征长度ｌε表示。与标准模式一样，耗散局地生成和损失作用之间的“平衡”的不稳定性，当作正比于Ｅ２／Ｅ的量处理。文中提出Ｅ－ε－ｌ湍流闭合方案，同时包含了混和长度ｌｍ和ｌε。虽然ε仍决定Ｅ方程中的耗散率，但其重要性减弱了。 相似文献
6.
7.
8.
由标准Ｅ－ε模式得到的行星边界层厚度似乎太大，之所以如此，可归因于湍流动能（Ｅ）的耗散率（ε）方程，特别是方程中耗散生成和损失项的参数化方法。在大气边界层的模拟研究中，我们认为谱能储存部分的谱串级输送过程必须作为耗散生成的一部分加以考虑，并用特征长度ｌ表示，与标准模式一样，耗散局地生成和损失作用之间的“平衡”的不稳定性，当作正比于Ｅ＾２／Ｅ的量处理。文中提出Ｅ－ε－ｌ湍流闭合方案，同时包含了混和长 相似文献
9.
在EBEX-2000实验资料中湍流耗散率、长度尺度和结构参数特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用2000年8月在美国加州棉花地两个高度上应用超声三分量仪、快速响应温度和湿度仪进行的EBEX-2000 (International Energy Balance Experiment, 2000, 简称EBEX-2000) 风速三分量、温度和湿度湍流实验观测数据, 计算分析了在不同稳定度下的湍流能量和热量耗散率和湍流结构参数特征.并与Kansas和长白山原始森林湍流实验得到的结果进行了比较, 得到了一些湍流特征量在不同下垫面情况下的一些有意义的特征. 相似文献
10.
利用2010年1-2月深圳LAP3000型风廓线雷达资料,对湍流耗散率进行了估算,针对典型晴天条件下的湍流耗散率ε、折射率结构常数C2n、水平风速和风切变,分析了其时空变化特征.得出如下结论:(1)深圳地区低空大气ε的量级在10-7 ～10-1 m2 ·s-3之间,与理论模拟值基本一致;(2)时间分布特征表现为,2 km以下ε有很明显的日变化特征,夜晚和上午ε较大,下午及傍晚减小;(3)空间分布特征表现为,ε随高度大致呈递减分布;ε量级达10-2.5 m2 ·s-3所在高度可作为深圳地区2010年1月14-15日边界层顶高度的判断依据. 相似文献
11.
R. Iannone R. S. Anderson A. Vogel J. Rudolph P. Eby M. J. Whiticar 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,47(2):191-208
The hydrogen kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of the reactions of 15 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) with the OH radical were measured at 298 ± 2 K. The measurements were made using NMHCs without artificial isotopic labeling or enrichment. The following average hydrogen KIE values, in per mil (), were obtained: 29.8 ± 2.1 (toluene),51.6 ± 2.1 (n-butane), 97.3± 12.5 (i-butane), 63.2 ± 5.9 (cyclopentane), 10.5 (p-xylene), 26.8 ± 3.5 (ethylbenzene), 65.9± 7.0 (n-pentane), 79.5 ± 9.6 (cyclohexane), 52.8 ± 5.0(n-hexane), 38.9 ± 7.8 (n-heptane), 33.4 ± 3.1 (n-octane), 29.6 ± 1.6(n-nonane), and 29.0 ± 5.3 (n-decane). The KIEs for reactions of two alkenes (cyclohexene and 1-heptene) could not be determined accurately due to interference from reaction with ozone, but nevertheless the results clearly show that the KIEs for reaction of alkenes with OH are significantly lower than those for saturated hydrocarbons. The KIEs for reaction of alkanes are smaller than isotope effects reported in literature for the reactions of NMHCs artificially labeled with deuterium. The main reason for this difference is the reduced probability for reaction at a labeled site for compounds with close to natural deuterium abundance, although some impact of secondary isotope effects cannot be ruled out. Still, the KIEs for NMHCs with natural or close to natural abundance of deuterium are of sufficient magnitude to allow determination of the extent of chemical processing of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere using methods analogous to stable carbon KIE studies. Furthermore, it is shown that combining stable hydrogen and stable carbon isotope ratio data has the potential to also provide valuable information regarding the stable isotope ratios of emissions, and specifically to test one of the key assumptions of the stable isotope hydrocarbon clock, the absence of significant variations of the stable isotope ratio for the emitted NMHCs. 相似文献
12.
Summary After an extended critical evaluation of a wealth of historical sources, the history of the Dead Sea level fluctuations is reviewed with accuracy since 1800 (Klein, 1961). Earlier data since 1100 AD based on landmarks and tree-ring data (Klein, 1982, 1985) are also summarized. Since 1930 interannual fluctuations are compared with area-averaged rainfall data from the western and eastern part of the catchment, as well as with rainfall records from Jerusalem and Amman. Correlation analysis lead to two linear regression equations for the period 1930/1931–1962/1963 (undisturbed) and 1963/1964–1983/1984 after diversion of water from Lake Tiberias and Jordan River. From these equations, the average annual effect of this diversion results to about –24 cm; in very moist years this effect is insignificant.
With 4 Figures 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Auf der Grundlage einer kritischen Auswertung einer Fülle von Quellen werden zunächst die Spiegelschwankungen des Toten Meeres seit 1800 genau behandelt (Klein, 1961). Eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der Schwankungen ab 1100 A. D. wird aus historischen Quellen über die Landmarken des Seeufers und Baumringdaten (Klein, 1982, 1985) abgeleitet. Die interannulären Schwankungen des Seespiegels seit 1930 werden verglichen mit Gebietsmitteln des Niederschlages vom westlichen wie vom östlichen Teil des Einzugsgebietes, ebenso mit den Niederschlagsreihen von Jerusalem und Amman. Eine Korrelationsanalyse führt zu zwei linearen Regressionsgleichungen für die ungestörte Periode 1930/1931 bis 1962/1963, sowie für die Periode 1963/1964 bis 1983/1984, nach der Ableitung von Wasser zu Bewässerungszwecken aus dem See Genezareth und dem Jordan-Fluß. Eine Abschätzung des mittleren Effektes aus diesen Gleichungen ergibt etwa –24 cm pro Jahr; in sehr feuchten Jahren ist der Effekt unbedeutend.
With 4 Figures 相似文献
13.
Numerical study of the oxidation process of dimethylsulfide in the marine atmosphere 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A box model, involving simple heterogeneous reaction processes associated with the production of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO
4
2–
) particles, is used to investigate the oxidation processes of dimethylsulfide (DMS or CH3SCH3) in the marine atmosphere. The model is applied to chemical reactions in the atmospheric surface mixing layer, at intervals of 15 degrees latitude between 60° N and 60° S. Given that the addition reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) to the sulfur atom in the DMS molecule is faster at lower temperature than at higher temperature and that it is the predominant pathway for the production of methanesulfonic acid (MSA or CH3SO3H), the results can well explain both the increasing tendency of the molar ratio of MSA to nss-SO
4
2–
toward higher latitudes and the uniform distribution with latitude of sulfur dioxide (SO2). The predicted production rate of MSA increases with increasing latitude due to the elevated rate constant of the addition reaction at lower temperature. Since latitudinal distributions of OH concentration and DMS reaction rate with OH are opposite, a uniform production rate of SO2 is realized over the globe. The primary sink of DMS in unpolluted air is caused by the reaction with OH. Reaction of DMS with the nitrate radical (NO3) also reduces DMS concentration but it is less important compared with that of OH. Concentrations of SO2, MSA, and nss-SO
4
2–
are almost independent of NO
x
concentration and radiation field. If dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO or CH3S(O)CH3) is produced by the addition reaction and further converted to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in an aqueous solution of cloud droplets, the oxidation process of DMSO might be important for the production of aerosol particles containing nss-SO
4
2–
at high latitudes. 相似文献
14.
On the Determination of the Neutral Drag Coefficient in the Convective Boundary Layer 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Based on the idea that free convection can be considered as a particular case of forced convection, where the gusts driven by the large-scale eddies are scaled with the Deardorff convective velocity scale, a new formulation for the neutral drag coefficient, CDn, in the convective boundary layer (CBL) is derived. It is shown that (i) a concept of CDn can still be used under strongly unstable conditions including a pure free-convection regime even when no logarithmic portion in the velocity profile exists; (ii) gustiness corrections must be applied for rational calculations of CDn; and (iii) the stratification function used in the derivation of CDn should satisfy the theoretical free-convection limit. The new formulation is compared with the traditional relationship for CDn, and data collected over the sea (during the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) and the San Clemente Ocean Probing Experiment (SCOPE)) and over land (during the BOREX-95 experiment) are used to illustrate the difference between the new and traditional formulations. Compared to the new approach, the traditional formulation strongly overestimates CDn and zo in the CBL for mean wind speed less than about 2 m s-1. The new approach also clarifies several contradictory results from earlier works. Some aspects related to an alternate definition of the neutral drag coefficient and the wind speed and the stress averaging procedure are considered. 相似文献
15.
Chunguang CUI Wen ZHOU Hao YANG Xiaokang WANG Yi DENG Xiaofang WANG Guirong XU Jingyu WANG 《大气科学进展》2023,40(4):711-724
Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230... 相似文献
16.
V. HAMZA C. A. BABU T. P. SABIN 《大气科学进展》2007,24(4):631-643
The marine atmospheric boundary layer （MABL） plays a vital role in the transport of momentum and heat from the surface of the ocean into the atmosphere. A detailed study on the MABL characteristics was carried out using high-resolution surface-wind data as measured by the QuikSCAT （Quick scatterometer） satellite. Spatial variations in the surface wind, frictional velocity, roughness parameter and drag coefficient for the different seasons were studied. The surface wind was strong during the southwest monsoon season due to the modulation induced by the Low Level Jetstream. The drag coefficient was larger during this season, due to the strong winds and was lower during the winter months. The spatial variations in the frictional velocity over the seas was small during the post-monsoon season （-0.2 m s^-1）. The maximum spatial variation in the frictional velocity was found over the south Arabian Sea （0.3 to 0.5 m s^-1） during the southwest monsoon period, followed by the pre-monsoon over the Bay of Bengal （0.1 to 0.25 m s^-1）. The mean wind-stress curl during the winter was positive over the equatorial region, with a maximum value of 1.5×10^-7 N m^-3, but on either side of the equatorial belt, a negative wind-stress curl dominated. The area average of the frictional velocity and drag coefficient over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal were also studied. The values of frictional velocity shows a variability that is similar to the intraseasonal oscillation （ISO） and this was confirmed via wavelet analysis. In the case of the drag coefficient, the prominent oscillations were ISO and quasi-biweekly mode （QBM）. The interrelationship between the drag coefficient and the frictional velocity with wind speed in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal was also studied. 相似文献
17.
In 2004–2007 and 2011–2013, oceanography sections with the high spatial resolution were carried out on the shelf and continental slope of the Commonwealth Sea and in the Prydz Bay in the Antarctic. In combination with a fine vertical resolution, this provides an advanced interpretation of the obtained data. It becomes possible to analyze the local thermohaline structure of the baroclinic Antarctic slope front (the ASF) and to investigate its stability. The reliable determination of the ASF characteristics enables to apply the parameterizations and criteria obtained during laboratory experiments for analysis of its stability. The ASF instability is preceded by the local vertical dramatic intensification of the front, where the ASF approaches the pure baroclinic state. Therefore, the local baroclinic instability in the ASF area prevails over the barotropic one at the significant mutual impact of layers (δ = H ASF/H b ≈ ≈ 0.3–0.6, H b is the total depth) and accompanied with the hydrostatic instability. Instability conditions in the frontal zone with a width of ～(1–2)Rd L (Rd L is local baroclinic deformation radius) relative to the wide ASF (L ASF ≈ (3–5)Rd L ) coincide with those of the narrow (intensified) ASF (L ASF ≈ Rd L* ). In the case of the runoff of dense Antarctic shelf water, on the shelf edge the realization is possible of the self-oscillatory mechanism of the ASF instability caused by the topographic beta-effect as well as the periodic generation of baroclinic vortices. 相似文献
18.
Role of the southern Indian Ocean in the transitions of the monsoon-ENSO system during recent decades 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The focus of this study is to document the possible role of the southern subtropical Indian Ocean in the transitions of the monsoon-ENSO system during recent decades. Composite analyses of sea surface temperature (SST) fields prior to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian summer monsoon (ISM), Australian summer monsoon (AUSM), tropical Indian Ocean dipole (TIOD) and Maritime Continent rainfall (MCR) indices reveal the southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO) SSTs during late boreal winter as the unique common SST precursor of these various phenomena after the 1976–1977 regime shift. Weak (strong) ISMs and AUSMs, El Niños (La Niñas) and positive (negative) TIOD events are preceded by significant negative (positive) SST anomalies in the SEIO, off Australia during boreal winter. These SST anomalies are mainly linked to subtropical Indian Ocean dipole events, recently studied by Behera and Yamagata (Geophys Res Lett 28:327–330, 2001). A wavelet analysis of a February–March SEIO SST time series shows significant spectral peaks at 2 and 4–8 years time scales as for ENSO, ISM or AUSM indices. A composite analysis with respect to February–March SEIO SSTs shows that cold (warm) SEIO SST anomalies are highly persistent and affect the westward translation of the Mascarene high from austral to boreal summer, inducing a weakening (strengthening) of the whole ISM circulation through a modulation of the local Hadley cell during late boreal summer. At the same time, these subtropical SST anomalies and the associated SEIO anomalous anticyclone may be a trigger for both the wind-evaporation-SST and wind-thermocline-SST positive feedbacks between Australia and Sumatra during boreal spring and early summer. These positive feedbacks explain the extraordinary persistence of the SEIO anomalous anticyclone from boreal spring to fall. Meanwhile, the SEIO anomalous anticyclone favors persistent southeasterly wind anomalies along the west coast of Sumatra and westerly wind anomalies over the western Pacific, which are well-known key factors for the evolution of positive TIOD and El Niño events, respectively. A correlation analysis supports these results and shows that SEIO SSTs in February–March has higher predictive skill than other well-established ENSO predictors for forecasting Niño3.4 SST at the end of the year. This suggests again that SEIO SST anomalies exert a fundamental influence on the transitions of the whole monsoon-ENSO system during recent decades. 相似文献
19.
星载双频测雨雷达航空校飞试验降水反演分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
2010年9月6日到10月20日,在江苏东台黄海附近进行了中国首次星载双频(Ku和Ka波段)测雨雷达的外场校飞试验,获得了宝贵的机载雷达数据。利用所探测的有效降水资料,对机载雷达的降水探测能力进行了性能分析。对比机载测雨雷达和同步星载测雨雷达(Precipation Radar,PR)探测的反射率因子廓线可以发现,机载雷达反射率因子廓线在1.55 km高度的探测结果和PR较为一致,尤其是融化层一致性更好,表明机载雷达有探测降水垂直结构的能力。为了进行Ka波段机载雷达的降水反演,利用卫星数据模拟器(Satellite Data Simulator Unit,SDSU)计算了k-Z_e和R-Z_e关系的系数,并在此基础上进行了衰减订正以及雨强的反演。结果表明,Ku和Ka波段反演的雨强廓线基本一致,证实了反演系数的合理性。 相似文献
20.
Osamu Chiba 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1984,29(4):313-319
Several experimental results indicate that S
w (the skewness of the vertical turbulent velocity) increases with height, and K
w (the kurtosis) decreases with height in the neutral surface layer. The measured behavior of S
w and K
w with height under neutral conditions is shown to be consistent with available models for the gradient-diffusion and the pressure-velocity correlation. In addition, an estimate of the mode of the probability density distribution turns out to be helpful in interpreting the height dependence of K
w. 相似文献