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1.
基于DEM的黄土地貌逼近度因子构建及特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沟谷源点作为沟沿线上最为活跃的部位,其分别到上游分水线、下游沟谷线的流线空间比对关系,是表征三线空间结构的重要突破口。它在空间上向流域分水线逼近的程度,是量化黄土流域地貌系统发育程度的重要切入点。为探究黄土地貌区流域沟谷源点向流域分水线逼近的程度,揭示黄土流域地貌发育进程及该进程所表现的主要侵蚀方式,本文从水平和垂直2个维度,构建量化三线空间结构关系的核心因子--逼近度(PI),其中包括水平逼近度(HPI)和垂直逼近度(VPI),基于5 m分辨率数字高程模型,在陕北黄土高原遴选了包含16种地貌类型的42个样区,利用数字地形分析方法,探讨其平均值(MHPI, MVPI)的空间分异规律。另外,选择其中南北序列分别代表黄土塬、残塬、梁状丘陵沟壑和峁状丘陵沟壑区的淳化、宜君、甘泉和绥德4个地区,完备包含一至五级别沟谷的典型流域为重点实验样区,探讨陕北黄土高原流域尺度平均逼近度变异指数(MPIV)序列性特征。实验结果表明:①陕北黄土高原平均逼近度(MPI)存在强烈的空间自相关,MHPI在南北序列上先增大后减小,东西方向上逐渐减小,在黄河沿岸峡谷丘陵区MHPI达到最大;MVPI由西南-东北先减小后增加,由西北-东南逐渐减小,在渭北黄土台塬区达到最小;②在流域尺度上,MPIV值的正负与黄土塬区、丘陵沟壑区敏感相关;③4个重点样区MHPI、MVPI与其它地形因子存在南北序列上的一致性。104个外部汇流区平均水平逼近度与平均坡度相关性较好(P=0.43, a<0.001),平均垂直逼近度与面积高程积分强烈相关(P=0.75, a<0.001)。平均逼近度指标综合考量了黄土高原地区最典型的三条具有结构控制意义特征线的空间关系,对黄土地貌的发育程度有明显的指示性意义。 相似文献
2.
黄土沟谷是黄土地貌中最有活力、最具变化、最富特色的对象单元,黄土高原千沟万壑的地貌形态以及触目惊心的侵蚀状态也让区域内沟谷地貌的形成、发育及演化问题成为研究中焦点及前沿性科学问题。近年来,诸多学者采用地学测年法、特征表达法、监测模拟法力图实现对黄土沟谷发育演化进程中“过去-现代-未来”的科学认知。这些研究在相当程度上丰富了黄土沟谷发育过程的认知。本文梳理了黄土高原沟谷地貌演化相关研究的现状,并从黄土高原地貌演化、黄土沟谷发育、基于DEM的沟谷信息提取与表达等研究进行了系统的回顾、梳理与分析。此外,本文提出“黄土沟道剖面群组”概念与方法,试图从新的视角审视黄土沟谷地貌发育演化过程。沟道剖面在黄土沟谷发育演化进程中传递物质能量和累积地形动力,并通过径流节点的串联实现剖面群的连接与组合,形成独特的剖面“群组”模式;该沟道剖面群组是集黄土沟谷地貌特征与过程于一体的综合信息集成体,其三维空间结构是对黄土沟谷地貌发育演化的高度抽象与映射,并可望进一步丰富黄土高原数字地形分析理论与方法体系,为黄土高原黄土地貌成因机理与空间分异格局带来创新的认识。 相似文献
3.
A land surface region can be decomposed into a series of watershed units with a hierarchical organizational structure. For loess landform, the watershed is a basic spatial–structural unit that can express natural landforms, surface morphology characteristics, spatial organization and developmental evolution. In this research we adopted the concept of node calibration in the watershed structure unit, selected six complete watersheds on China Loess Plateau as the research areas to study the quantitative characteristics of the hierarchical structure in terms of watershed geomorphology based on digital elevation model(DEM) data, and then built a watershed hierarchical structure model that relies on gully structure feature points. We calculated the quantitative indices, such as elevation, flow accumulation and hypsometric integral and found there are remarkably closer linear correlation between flow accumulation and elevation with increasing gully order, and the same variation tendency of hypsometric integral also presented. The results showed that the characteristics of spatial structure become more stable, and the intensity of spatial aggregation gradually enhances with increasing gully order. In summary, from the view of gully node calibration, the China Loess watershed structure shows more significantly complex, and the developmental situation variation of the loess landforms also exhibited a fairly stable status with gully order increasing. So, the loess watershed structure and its changes constructed the complex system of the loess landform, and it has the great significance for studying the spatial pattern and evolution law of the watershed geomorphology. 相似文献
4.
沟谷侵蚀是塑造黄土地表侵蚀形态的主要动力,沟谷的发育过程深刻地影响着黄土地貌的发育及演化。本文在黄土高原选择6个典型地貌样区,以样区的数字高程模型为基本数据源提取沟谷系统。将沟谷系统中的沟谷节点、沟谷源点和流域出水口点作为网络节点,网络节点之间的空间拓扑关系为边,高程差为权值,构建黄土高原沟谷加权复杂网络模型。对黄土沟谷地貌的节点特征和空间结构进行定量刻画和分析,得到黄土高原不同地貌类型网络特征的空间格局及其变化,并进一步映射地貌的发育过程及演化机理。研究结果表明：① 黄土高原沟谷加权网络的点强度累积概率分布呈指数分布,相关性系数皆达到0.80以上,该网络正处于向无标度网络转化的过渡期;② 样区从南到北,沟谷特征点的点强度值呈现逐渐减小的态势,且点强度的分布具有不对称性,沟谷右侧侵蚀强度较高,点强度分布较多;③ 平均路径长度和网络结构熵值在绥德一带最大,分别为30.94、6.31,并向南北两侧呈减少的趋势,网络密度值的变化与之相反;3个指标分别从网络结构的连通性、稳定性和紧密性反映了不同沟谷地貌类型的侵蚀程度以及地貌系统的演化机理;④ 网络指标与传统地貌指标的相关性系数均超过0.85,其可以科学、准确地表达地貌形态的复杂性及地貌的发育阶段,有望作为沟谷地貌地学特征研究的参数。该方法考虑了沟谷地貌的空间拓扑关系以及系统的整体性,为复杂表面形态的地貌研究提出了一种新的思路和方法。 相似文献
5.
《山地科学学报》2021,(10)
The gully is the most dynamic and changeable landform unit on the Loess Plateau, and the characteristics of gully landforms are key indicators of gully evolution. Different gully profiles are connected and combined through runoff nodes. Thus, it is necessary to cluster gully profiles into a gully profile combination(GPC) to reveal the spatial variation in gully landforms throughout the Loess Plateau. First, the gradient and gully evolution index(GEI) of two sample areas in Changwu and Suide in Shaanxi Province, China are calculated and analysed based on GPC. Then, the gradient and GEI are calculated by using 90-m-resolution digital elevation model(DEM) data for the severe soil erosion area with the basin as the research unit. On this basis, the spatial variation in the development degree is analysed with Getis-Ord Gi*. The results show that the degree of gully undercutting decreases from southeast to northwest under the influence of rainfall. Due to the soil properties, the loess in the northwest is more prone to collapse, resulting in the decrease of GEI from northwest to southeast. The development degree of gullies is closely related to rivers. The strong erosive capacity of rivers leads to greater differences in gullies within the basin. At the same time, the skewness and kurtosis of the gully index in the basin are correlated; when the distribution of the gully index in the basin is less normal, the distribution of the gully index is more concentrated. These results reveal the spatial variation characteristics of the Loess Plateau based on GPC. 相似文献
6.
Extraction and analysis of gully head of Loess Plateau in China based on digital elevation model 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
In China′s Loess Plateau area, gully head is the most active zone of a drainage system in gully areas. The differentiation of loess gully head follows geospatial patterns and reflects the process of the loess landform development and evolution of its drainage system to some extent. In this study, the geomorphic meaning, basic characteristics, morphological structure and the basic types of loess gully heads were systematically analysed. Then, the loess gully head′s conceptual model was established, and an extraction method based on Digital Elevation Model(DEM) for loess gully head features and elements was proposed. Through analysing the achieved statistics of loess gully head features, loess gully heads have apparently similar and different characteristics depending on the different loess landforms where they are found. The loess head characteristics reflect their growth period and evolution tendency to a certain degree, and they indirectly represent evolutionary mechanisms. In addition, the loess gully developmental stages and the evolutionary processes can be deduced by using loess gully head characteristics. This study is of great significance for development and improvement of the theoretical system for describing loess gully landforms. 相似文献
7.
The positive and negative terrains (P-N terrains) widely distributed across China’s Loess Plateau constitute the dual structure characteristic of loess landforms. Analysis of loess P-N terrains at the watershed scale can serve to elucidate the structural characteristics and spatial patterns of P-N terrains, which benefits a better understanding of watershed evolution and suitable scales for loess landform research. The Two-Term Local Quadrat Variance Analysis (TTLQV) is calculated as the average of the square of the difference between the block totals of all possible adjacent pairs of block size, which can be used to detect both the scale and the intensity of landscape patches (e.g., plant/animal communities and gully networks). In this study, we determined the latitudinal and longitudinal spatial scale of P-N terrain patterns within 104 uniformly distributed watersheds in our target soil and water conservation region. The results showed that TTLQV is very effective for examining the scale of P-N terrain patterns. There were apparently three types of P-N terrain pattern in latitudinal direction (i.e., Loess Tableland type, Loess Hill type, and Transitional Form between Sand and Loess type), whereas there were both lower and higher values for P-N terrain pattern scales in all loess landforms in the longitudinal direction. The P-N terrain pattern also clearly presented anisotropy, suggesting that gully networks in the main direction were well-developed while others were relatively undeveloped. In addition, the relationships between the first scales and controlling factors (i.e., gully density, nibble degree, watershed area, mean watershed slope, NDVI, precipitation, loess thickness, and loess landforms) revealed that the first scales are primarily controlled by watershed area and loess landforms. This may indicate that the current spatial pattern of P-N terrains is characterized by internal force. In selecting suitable study areas in China’ Loess Plateau, it is crucial to understand four control variables: the spatial scale of the P-N terrain pattern, the watershed area, the main direction of the watershed, and the loess landforms. 相似文献
8.
黄土侵蚀沟的地形表达是开展黄土沟谷侵蚀研究的基础工作,利用数字高程模型(DEM)定量描述侵蚀沟特征有助于研究侵蚀沟的形态变化和发育过程。基于DEM数据计算多种指标对黄土侵蚀沟特征进行描述是目前侵蚀沟研究中最为常用的方法。但是,受到格网DEM数据结构的限制,其计算结果会存在一定的不确定性。在侵蚀沟地形表达时,对形态特征的表达会受到DEM数据分辨率的影响,进而造成表达结果的不确定性。尤其在黄土高原地区,地形特征更为破碎,地形要素更为复杂,其表达结果受DEM分辨率的影响更为明显。本文以黄土高原典型样区为例,基于点云数据建立不同分辨率的DEM数据集,通过不同地形因子对侵蚀沟特征进行表达,分析DEM分辨率在黄土侵蚀沟形态特征表达时的不确定性。结果显示,分辨率的降低对主沟支沟比和纵比降等侵蚀沟形态特征因子产生了较大影响,且指标与分辨率多呈现线性变化关系。但是,随着侵蚀沟的横向扩张,DEM分辨率对其特征表达的影响逐渐被削弱。此外,在使用固定分析窗口进行侵蚀沟特征计算时,由于分辨率的降低,格网尺寸增大,其实际分析半径随之增大,使得计算范围内地表形态变化增加,导致沟谷切割深度随着分辨率的降低反而增加。同时,侵蚀沟主沟道区域受分辨率影响较小,沟头区域指标与分辨率的关系较弱。 相似文献
9.
利用数字摄影测量方法估算半干旱区小流域沟谷侵蚀产沙 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤侵蚀不仅表现黄土高原强烈的现代地貌过程,也是其生态环境恶化的象征,其地貌演化和土壤侵蚀互为因果,现代研究表明黄土高原半干旱小流域的沟谷侵蚀产沙占其水土流失总量的重要部分,近年有关沟谷侵蚀的定量研究成果,加深了人们对沟道侵蚀危害的认识,为土地资源的合理利用、沟谷危害的评价等提供了科学依据。传统的沟谷侵蚀定量研究是采用实地量测的方法,现代的数字摄影测量技术的发展为估算沟谷侵蚀研究提供了一个经济高效方法。本研究采用的髙分辨率数字高程模型是由3期历史航空照片根据数字摄影测量方法制作而成,利用它对黄土高原半干旱区一个小流域的1959～1981年及1981～1999年两个时段内沟谷侵蚀产沙量进行估算,将流域侵蚀产沙的实测值与估算结果进行评价。并指出此方法在沟谷侵蚀产沙量估算方面的统计学意义及在未来应用时要注意的问题;根据流域侵蚀产沙结果分析历史时期人类活动的影响:人类活动在一定程度上改善了环境,绝大部分泥沙被拦截在流域里,同时沟道侵蚀加剧,如何采取措施减少流域坡面和沟道的侵蚀,是目前人们所面对的问题;此外,结合流域水沙统计数据的DEM的侵蚀空间分析,结果表明坡面流、重力侵蚀及沟谷的下切是导致流域土壤侵蚀的主要原因。 相似文献
10.
坡谱信息熵尺度效应及空间分异 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选取陕北黄土高原48个不同地貌类型区,以其对应的1∶10000及1∶50000数字高程模型(DEM)为数据源,运用比较分析与数理统计的方法,分析了坡谱信息熵在陕北黄土高原的空间分异特征及尺度效应。结果显示,坡谱的信息熵在一定程度上可以反映地表的复杂度,坡谱信息熵和沟壑密度间有较好的幂函数关系,随着坡谱信息熵的增大,样区沟壑密度也增大。坡谱信息熵的空间分异和陕北黄土高原的黄土地貌形态在空间上的变异是相关的,可将其作为地貌类型划分的判别因子之一。 相似文献