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1.
地幔柱的概念、分类、演化与大规模成矿——对中国西南部的探讨 总被引：33，自引：2，他引：33
自核幔边界上升的物质 ,当其汇聚成圆柱状的结合体 ,并因其相对于周围地幔环境来说具有温度更高、活动性更强、粘度更低等特点而能够上升到壳幔边界时 ,一般可以演化成为具有宽厚的冠状构造和细长的尾部构造的地幔柱。地幔柱进一步与地壳发生作用 ,可以在地表记录下一系列的热点或形成巨大的火成岩省。根据地幔柱最后出露的位置 ,可以将其分为洋壳和陆壳环境下产出的两种基本类型 ,也可以根据其演化历史分出不同的阶段 ,如初始阶段、上升阶段、成熟阶段和衰退阶段。中国西南部地区可能经历了两次以上的地幔柱冲击 ,二叠纪的峨眉山玄武岩是一个古生代晚期演化比较彻底的地幔柱留下的记录 ,而新生代以来的地幔柱活动可能正在发育 ,深部物质的大规模上隆可能是青藏高原隆升的一个原因 ,大量的散布的幔源岩浆活动和流体作用可能是中国西南部大规模成矿作用的重要原因。 相似文献
2.
峨眉地幔柱动力学数值模拟的初步研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
在地幔柱的研究中 ,计算机数值模拟是一种常用的重要方法。地幔柱动力学定量模型主要由质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程和能量守恒方程组成 ,经计算模拟最终得到了温度场时空变化曲线。模拟结果表明 :①峨眉地幔柱上升到地壳大约需要 10 0× 10 6a,而后在短期内喷发 ;②地幔柱演化过程中上升阶段和壳幔相互作用阶段所消耗的时间最长 ;③证明了地幔柱的脉动性 ,地幔柱的物质和能量是以脉动的形式向上传输的 ,同时也提供了板块运移的动力 ;④物质的粘度对于地幔柱的形成和发展起着重要作用 ;⑤地幔柱对地壳的重熔作用持续时间很长 ,这为大规模矿床的形成提供了时间条件。 相似文献
3.
地球是一个复杂的系统,自形成以来,一直处于不停地运动、分异和演化过程;它不仅存在着圈层结构,而且伴随其自转和公转的离心力,以及核幔间的温度差、压力差、密度差、粘度差、速度差和放射性蜕变热等动热机制,同时存在着以地幔柱和地幔流体作用方式的物质垂向运动;这一过程,不仅直接向地壳带入核幔成矿物质,而且通过流体自身的超临界性质,将沿途活化已有初步富集的成矿物质转移至地壳适宜部位集中成矿。因此,大多与深大断裂有关的矿床,其成矿作用多与成矿物质的垂向运动密切相关,进而可能具备深部成矿的条件。研究从地幔柱和地幔流体作用入手,探讨了大型和超大型矿床形成的地球化学背景,揭示了开展深部找矿应用的前景。 相似文献
4.
地幔柱大辩论及如何验证地幔柱假说 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20
目前关于地幔柱存在与否的争论主要集中在地幔柱学说的三个假设上:(1)起源于地球核幔边界缓慢上升的细长柱状热物质流;(2)热点下具有异常高温地幔;(3)地幔柱是相对静止的。这三个方面的验证需要今后深部地球物理探测、岩石学和古地磁等学科的综合运用和进一步的工作。文中认为,地幔柱学说依然能合理地解释地球上一级地质现象,反对地幔柱的学者过分强调了一些小尺度的与地幔柱理论不符的细节,而小尺度地壳特征显然还受到其他许多因素的影响。可以从以下5个方面来鉴别老地幔柱:(1)大规模火山作用前的地壳抬升;(2)放射状岩墙群;(3)火山作用的物理特征;(4)火山链的年代学变化;(5)地幔柱产出岩浆的化学组成。研究表明,峨眉山大火成岩省满足其中的3到4个指标,因此地幔柱是形成峨眉山玄武岩的主要动力学机制。 相似文献
5.
地幔柱构造与地幔动力学--兼论其在中国大陆地质历史中的表现 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
肖龙 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2004,23(3):239-245
地幔柱构造是基于全地慢对流模式、主要依据热点火山活动提出的新的全球构造理论。它的主要表现形式和产物是地幔柱头上部地壳抬升、岩浆活动形成大火成岩省、大型放射状岩墙群，并导致大陆裂解、板块运动和大规模成矿，是生物灭绝、磁极倒转的诱因。中国大陆的地质演化历史中保存了多期地幔柱活动印记，它们主要是华南新元古代Rodinia地幔柱、古生代古特提斯和峨眉山地幔柱和中一新生代中国东部地慢柱构造事件。上述地幔柱活动产生了地壳抬升、强烈岩浆活动、大陆伸展与裂解、岩石圈剧烈减薄和大规模成矿等重要地质事件。 相似文献
6.
中生代以来，华北地幔亚柱的强烈上隆，导致华北地台解体并形成典型的盆岭区。在亚热柱的上部，由于地幔物质的强烈上隆，使上部地壳发生热减薄裂陷，并进一步发育成大型断陷盆地；而当向外拆离的地幔软片被外围陡倾韧性剪切带所切割，断裂的切割导致减压释荷形成岩浆源地，并可热熔上部地壳形成壳源岩浆，上侵的岩浆尤其是花岗质岩浆的侵入，带动围岩一起上隆，上部盖层岩石则大幅度向外拆离滑脱，形成一系列幔枝构造。 相似文献
7.
华南大陆深部探测与综合研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
华南主要构造特征为欧亚大陆边缘地壳生长和大陆增生。华南为一联合大陆，前寒武系基底由太古宙与元古宙岩石组成，元古宙有科马提玄武质绿岩和堇青石花岗绿岩。地壳的地球化学组成，从长尺度的时间函数上观察，具前进演化趋势，为原始→亏损→富集地幔→大陆地壳。核－慢分异发生在地球历史早期，而大陆的增生一直持续到现在。大陆边缘裂解构造是华南构造演化的主要形式，幕式地幔柱构造是该区地壳生长的主要动力机制。扬子－特提斯构造域为稳定、冷的地幔块，太平洋构造域为活动的热地幔软块。 相似文献
8.
地球是一个复杂的系统，自形成以来，一直处于不停地运动、分异和演化过程；它不仅存在着圈层结构，而且伴随其自转和公转的离心力，以及核幔间的温度差、压力差、密度差、粘度差、速度差和放射性蜕变热等动热机制，
同时存在着以地幔柱和地幔流体作用方式的物质垂向运动；这一过程，不仅直接向地壳带入核幔成矿物质，而且通过流体自身的超临界性质，将沿途活化已有初步富集的成矿物质转移至地壳适宜部位集中成矿。因此，大多与深大断裂有关的矿床，其成矿作用多与成矿物质的垂向运动密切相关，进而可能具备深部成矿的条件。研究从地幔柱和地幔流体作用入手，探讨了大型和超大型矿床形成的地球化学背景，揭示了开展深部找矿应用的前景。 相似文献
9.
河淮地幔亚热柱的隆升，使岩石圈发生强裂减薄的同时，地幔物质呈蘑菇状向外围造山带之不拆离。当幔源拆离薄层被造山带陡倾韧性剪切带切割造成减压释荷，使韧性软化岩石转变为深熔岩浆上侵。形成沿造山带轴部展布的点状或线状构造岩浆带，表现为以构造岩浆带为核部的隆升构造－幔枝构造。隆升较快的构造我段上覆盖层呈揭顶式大幅度拆离，形成典型折变质核杂岩构造。地幔亚热柱→幔枝构造→变质核杂岩演化过程控制着成矿物质的运移、 相似文献
10.
文章介绍了地幔柱理论研究的一系列进展，诸如地幔柱特征、动力学模式及其地质意义。在重力分异过程中，随着地球质量不断向地心集中，地球自转动能也不断向地核集中，从而产生圈层分化和差异旋转。地核相对地壳、地幔高速旋转，具有巨大动能，旋转阻力不断将其转化为热能，在核幔边界聚积起来，为液核对流和热幔柱提供足够的能量。核幔边界是产生热幔柱的位置。阐明了地幔柱构造与板块构造的关系。地幔柱理论涉及地幔深部物质垂直运动的机制，对了解地球深部动力学机制有重大意义。 相似文献
11.
V. N. Puchkov 《Geotectonics》2009,43(1):1-17
The current state of the theory of mantle plumes and its relation to classic plate tectonics show that the “plume” line of geodynamic research is in a period of serious crisis. The number of publications criticizing this concept is steadily increasing. The initial suggestions of plumes’ advocates are disputed, and not without grounds. Questions have been raised as to whether all plumes are derived from the mantle-core interface; whether they all have a wide head and a narrow tail; whether they are always accompanied by uplifting of the Earth’s surface; and whether they can be reliably identified by geochemical signatures, e.g., by the helium-isotope ratio. Rather convincing evidence indicates that plumes cannot be regarded as a strictly fixed reference frame for moving lithospheric plates. More generally, the very existence of plumes has become the subject of debate. Alternative ideas contend that all plumes, or hot spots, are directly related to plate-tectonic mechanisms and appear as a result of shallow tectonic stress, subsequent decompression, and melting of the mantle enriched in basaltic material. Attempts have been made to explain the regular variation in age of volcanoes in ocean ridges by the crack propagation mechanism or by drift of melted segregations of enriched mantle in a nearly horizontal asthenospheric flow. In the author’s opinion, the crisis may be overcome by returning to the beginnings of the plume concept and by providing an adequate specification of plume attributes. Only mantle flows with sources situated below the asthenosphere should be referred to as plumes. These flows are not directly related to such plate-tectonic mechanisms as passive rifting and decompression melting in the upper asthenosphere and are marked by time-progressive volcanic chains; their subasthenospheric roots are detected in seismic tomographic images. Such plumes are mostly located at the margins of superswells, regions of attenuation of seismic waves at the mantle-core interface. 相似文献
12.
Derek Wyman 《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(1):3-17
Evidence for episodic crustal growth extending back to the Hadean has recently prompted a number of numerically based geodynamic models that incorporate cyclic changes from stagnant lid to mobile lid tectonics. A large part of the geologic record is missing for the times at which several of these cycles are inferred to have taken place. The cratons, however, are likely to retain important clues relating to similar cycles developed in the Mesoarchean and Neoarchean. Widespread acceptance of a form of plate tectonics by ～3.2 Ga is not at odds with the sporadic occurrence of stagnant lid tectonics after this time. The concept of scale as applied to cratons, mantle plumes and Neoarchean volcanic arcs are likely to provide important constraints on future models of Earth's geodynamic evolution. The Superior Province will provide some of the most concrete evidence in this regard given that its constituent blocks may have been locked into a stagnant lid relatively soon after their formation and then assembled in the next global plate tectonic interval. Perceived complexities associated with inferred mantle plume — volcanic arc associations in the Superior Province and other cratons may be related to an over estimation of plume size. A possible stagnant lid episode between ～2.9 Ga and ～2.8 Ga is identified by previously unexplained lapses in volcanism on cratons, including the Kaapvaal, Yilgarn and Superior Province cratons. If real, then mantle dynamics associated with this episode likely eliminated any contemporaneous mantle plume incubation sites, which has important implications for widespread plumes developed at ～2.7 Ga and favours a shallow mantle source in the transition zone. The Superior Province provides a uniquely preserved local proxy for this global event and could serve as the basis for detailed numerical models in the future. 相似文献
13.
大火成岩省由一个体积巨大的、连续的、以富镁铁岩石占优势的喷出岩及其伴生的侵入岩组成，是一个全球现象。它包括大陆溢流玄武岩和伴生的侵入岩，火山被动边缘玄武岩，大洋高原、海岭、海山群和洋盆溢流玄武岩。Ontong Java和Kerguelen-Broken Ridge大洋高原、北大西洋火山被动边缘、德干和哥伦比亚河大陆溢流玄武岩是3个主要大火成岩省的典型代表。各种不同的大火成岩省在时空分布及组成上都具有相似性，它们具有非常大的体积、高的喷发速率，岩石类型以拉斑玄武岩为主。大火成岩省代表了地球上已知的最大的火山岩浆活动，记录了物质和能量从地球内部向外的大量转换。大火成岩省难以用板块构造来解释，可用热柱模式来解释，通常被认为是与来自下地幔的热柱“头”有关。大火成岩省是地球动力学过程在地壳的表现，因此大火成岩省参数可作为边界条件去反演地幔动力学过程。 相似文献
14.
The paper considers the conditions and mechanisms of the formation of linear volcanic structures in the Brazil Basin, South Atlantic. Among these objects, those related to the ascent of deep mantle plumes predominate. It is shown that the ascent of melts from plume sources leads to the formation of (a) hot spot tracks in the form of linear volcanic ridges and (b) active hot lines in the form of submarine mountain chains with trends differing from those of hot spot tracks and with a more variable character of the age distribution of volcanic rocks. Fault tectonics affects the character of plume activity. In addition, plume material from a hot spot area is dragged by a moving plate as a flow or a sublithospheric lens, which leads to the long-term existence of particular independent segments of linear structures and sometimes to late volcanism reactivation within their limits. Decompression melting of the asthenospheric mantle in zones where thin lithosphere undergoes tension causes the formation of passive hot lines. The main mantle source for the considered volcanic rocks was a mixture of DMM and HIMU mantle components, with the latter abruptly dominating. In marginal oceanic regions, the EM1 component is also present (the EM2 component is found more rarely) within fragments of tectonically delaminated continental mantle that was trapped by the oceanic mantle during the breakup of Gondwana. 相似文献
15.
16.
地幔柱研究中几个问题的探讨及其找矿意义 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
本文在简要回顾地幔柱研究历史的基础上,针对近年来研究中提出的一些科学问题进行初步的探讨,提出了识别古老地幔柱的地质一环境一地球化学综合判别原则,提出了存在地幔柱的第3种类型,而埃达克岩很可能是第3类地幔柱的典型产物之一,指出了地幔柱对于成矿作用影响的双重性,也指出了地幔柱研究将对成矿学研究产生深刻的影响及其对于地质找矿的意义。中国西南部地区以二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩为标志的峨眉地幔柱最终喷发于海陆过渡相环境,具有与俄罗斯西伯利亚地幔柱类似的成矿条件和含矿性,有着良好的找矿前景。 相似文献
17.
Late Cenozoic volcanic province in Central and East Asia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The paper presents materials on the inner structure of the Late Cenozoic within-plate volcanic province in Central and East
Asia, in which two subprovinces are distinguished: Central Asian and Far Eastern, which comprise a number of autonomously
evolving volcanic areas. Some of the volcanic areas are proved to have evolved for a long time, starting in the Late Mesozoic.
In spite of differences in their age and structural setting, the volcanic areas evolved according to similar scenarios in
the Late Cenozoic. Magmatism in the province was related to a mantle source of the within-plate type. The magmatic associations
are dominated by mafic alkaline high-K rocks. The rocks are geochemically close to basalts of the OIB type, and their isotopic
composition corresponds to a combination of mantle sources of the PREMA, EMI, and EMII types at the predominance of PREMA.
Geological, geochemical, and isotopic lines of evidence suggest that magmatism in the province was related to mantle plumes.
This is consistent with geophysical data, which testify that the volcanic areas are underlain by upwellings of the asthenospheric
mantle or plumes. Seismic tomography data indicate that the “stems” of the plumes can be traced down to the upper and lower
mantle. The province is thought to have been produced when the eastern margin of the Asian plate overlapped one of the branches
of the Pacific superplume at approximately 160 Ma. This branch of the superplume is pronounced in the modern mantle structure
as a cluster of mantle plumes that control (according to seismic tomography data) the interaction zone of the Pacific and
Asian lithospheric plates. 相似文献
18.
初论幔柱构造成矿体系 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
从板块构造与板块边界矿床、超大陆旋回与大陆边界矿床、地幔热点与大陆内部矿床的角度 ,阐述了幔柱构造成矿体系的基本思想、分类、成矿特征及旋回性 ,提出了热幔柱和冷幔柱两个成矿体系和地幔热柱 -热点、地幔热柱 -大陆裂谷、地幔热柱 -大洋扩张、冷幔柱 -前寒武纪硅铝壳造山、冷幔柱 -显生宙硅铝壳 /洋壳造山等五个成矿系统 ,并初步划分了矿床成矿系列 ,例举了某些典型矿床。 相似文献
19.
Permian komatiites and associated basalts from the marine sediments of Chhongtash Formation, southeast Karakoram, Ladakh, India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary The Karakoram micro-plate is the southern most sector of the Central Asian micro-plate mosaic which was separated by a narrow
rift basin. A major rifting phase started during Permian time, which lead to drift of not only Karakoram but of the entire
Eurasian (Asian) Plate from Gondwana land. This was at a time when a prominent sequence of black argillites occupied most
part of the Karakoram Tethys basin. The geodynamic setting for this sequence may be interpreted as the evolution of a passive
margin affected by extensional tectonics. The extensional activity is evident from the extrusion of basalts and komatiitic
rocks in the region.
In this paper the geochemical relations between komatiites and basalts of the Chhongtash, southeast Karakoram are investigated.
The basaltic and komatiitic (ultrabasic) flows are petrologically and geochemically distinct, yet they display a close spatial
and temporal association, and they are related to each other through olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation. The chemical
characteristics of the ultrabasic to basic magmatism in the region is consistent with formation above a mantle plume that
impinged on the continental lithosphere. Hence, a model of partial melting in a mantle plume and fractional crystallization
in a deep-seated magma chamber is envisaged to explain the evolution of these volcanic rocks. The komatiite melts are interpreted
to have been derived by high degree partial melting of mantle plumes in the tail region, while the basalts were interpreted
to be the result of interaction of source plume with cool mantle through which the plume head passed. This study is the first
of its kind, to suggest a rift related nature in the Chhongtash, southeast Karakoram, that represent the initial stage of
Mesozoic rifting along the southern margin of Eurasia when Gondwana started to drift away from Eurasia. 相似文献