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1.
Effects of grazing and climate change on species diversity in sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, China
To understand the effects of animal grazing activities and climate change on sandy grassland vegetation in northern China, a field grazing and protected enclosure experiment was conducted from 1992 through 2006 in Horqin Sand Land, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that (1) the grazing was primary responsible for changes of the vegetation richness and diversity in the grazing grassland and that changing climate was the main reason for changes in the species richness and diversity in the grassland protected from grazing; (2) light and moderate grazing can promote restoration of the richness and the diversity in the degraded grassland, and heavy grazing could result in a decrease of the richness and diversity; (3) heavy grazing can result in significant decrease of the perennial diversity, and moderate and light grazing promotes increase of the perennial diversity; the grazing, whether heavy or moderate and light grazing, was beneficial to increase of the annual diversity; (4) heavy grazing was not beneficial to diversity of Graminean and Chenopodiaceae, and moderate and light grazing was favorable the diversity of Compositae and Chenopodiaceae; (5) the warm-humid climate was favorable to increase of the richness and the diversity, and the warm-drought climate could result in decease of the richness and the diversity; (6) increased precipitation was favorable to perennial diversity and the diversity of Graminean, Leguminosae, and Compositae, and decreased precipitation had few effects on the annual diversity and Chenopodiaceae diversity. 相似文献
2.
QIAO Lifang QI Anguo ZHANG Yichuan 《湿地科学》2008,6(1):80-86
The research of ecology and landscape reestablishment of river floodplain is considered favorable to its conservation and development.The similarity and difference among river floodplain,wetland,riverside and shore have been reviewed,as well as the progress in the research of floodplain ecology reestablishment in quantitative evaluation,vegetation restoration,the influence on animal habitat and the application of eco-engineering;and of the landscape reestablishment in resource development and utilization,landscape feature and changes,landscape function,structure and control.The potentially important fields are expected to be the change of landscape pattern in different scales,the reasonable protection and utilization in the floodplain tourism,the simulating and monitoring of landscape dynamics,the planning and designing methods of floodplain landscape and the management of floodplain ecosystems. 相似文献
3.
In order to research the changing process of the pollution from the formation of Nansihu Lake, this study determined the isotope age and depositional rate and analyzed the organic geo-chemical quotas and heavy metal quotas of two sedimentary profiles of Weishan and Dushan lakes. Research results showed that from the formation of Nansihu Lake, the change of the pollution could be divided into four phrases. At the early phrase of the formation, the organic matters of the lake mainly derived from the exotic matters and had a close relation to the effect on the water and sands from the Huanghe (Yellow) River. At the middle and late phrases of the development, the endogenous matters of the lake became the main and stable source of the organic matters. The overflow of the Huanghe River, the excavation of the Grand Canal and the cut of trees caused the changes of the historic pollution. In recent 20 years, the modem industrial pollution from the organic matters and heavy metals has an increasingly heavy tendency. 相似文献
4.
Revealing ecosystem services relationships and their driving factors for five basins of Beijing 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A clear understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services(ESs) is the foundation for sustainable urban ecosystem management. Quantitatively identifying the factors that influence ES trade-offs and synergies can contribute to deepening ES research, from knowledge building to decision making. This study simulated soil conservation, water yield and carbon sequestration in Beijing, China, from 2015–2018. The spatial trade-offs and synergies of these three ESs within the five major river basins in Beijing were explored using geographically weighted regression. Furthermore, geographical detector was applied to quantitatively identify the driving mechanism of the environmental factors for the ES trade-offs and synergies. The results show the following:(1) the spatial relationships between soil conservation and water yield, as well as between water yield and carbon sequestration, were mainly trade-offs. There was a spatial synergy between soil conservation and carbon sequestration.(2) Regarding the spatial trade-off/synergy between soil conservation and water yield in Beijing, the dominant influencing factor was temperature/elevation, and the dominant interactions of the spatial trade-off and synergy between these two ESs in Beijing and the Chaobai River Basin are all manifested in the superposition of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, temperature, and elevation.(3) Topographic factors were the dominant factors influencing the spatial relationship between soil conservation and carbon sequestration in Beijing and its five major river basins. As a result of the distribution of water systems and hydrological characteristics of the basins, differences were observed in the effects of different combinations of interaction factors on the spatial relationship between these two ESs in different basins.(4) Temperature had the strongest explanatory power in terms of the spatial trade-offs and synergies between water yield and carbon sequestration. The interactions between precipitation and temperature and between precipitation and elevation were the dominant interactions affecting the spatial relationship between water yield and carbon sequestration in Beijing. Overall, the explanatory power of influencing factors on the trade-offs and synergies and the degree of interaction between factors coexist in different basins with consistency and differences. Therefore, understanding the quantitative characteristics of basin-scale spatial trade-offs and synergies between ESs is important for ecosystem management and the promotion of synergy in different basins. 相似文献
5.
长江中游马口-田家镇河段40年来河道演变 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Quantitative analysis was performed on the filling-scouring process for the river reach within Makou and Tianjiazhen, the middle Yangtze River with the help of GIS and DEM techniques. The research results indicate that the river reach between Makou and Tianjiazhen was dominated by the scouring process, and the magnitude of scouring is increasing over time. The intensity of scouring process is more in the deep and narrower river reach than shallower and wider ones. The river reach in the Makou and Tianjiazhen river knot is in fre-quent scouring and filling process, however the river reach upper to the Makou and lower to the Tianjiazhen river knot is in moderate scouring and filling process. The river reach just upstream or downstream to the river knot (e.g. Makou and Tianjiazhen river knot in this research) is dominated by filling process and the river reach in the river knot is dominated by the scouring process. Research results indicate no changes in the boundary of the river but the scouring and the filling magnitude in specific river channel is strong. The filling and the scouring process of the study river reach is greatly impacted by the sediments and water from the upstream of the study river reach. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam just upstream to Yichang will cause further decrease of the release of the sediment load to the middle and the lower Yangtze River basin, which will further intensify the scouring process of the river channel in the study river reach. 相似文献
6.
榆林地区土地退化机制和调控 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Yulin district is located in the transitional zone between Mu Us Desert and Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province,thus it is particularly vulnerable to degradation due to its fragile ecosystem and intense human activites there,The purpose of hias study is to explore the mechanism,process and driving force of land degradation in area with vulnerable eco-environment within the context of increasing population and intensifying human economic activities,and then find out the patterns and countermeasures of how to control them using the economic and technological ways,In detail ,this study includes three main sections:the first section analyzes the mechanism,causes and characteristics of land degradation,which can be achieved by the typical field investigations and systematical analysis within the regional natural,social and econmomic context.Based on the technologies of remote sensing and GIS ,and combined with the modeling methods,the second section reveals the change characteristics of land use and its driving force from 1990 to 2000; AS to the third section ,feasible countermeasures of how to prevent the degradation and rehabilitate the regional ecology are propsed ,which are studed from the perspective of harmony between nature and economy,and the conception of regional sustainable development. 相似文献
7.
ZHU Bingqi YU Jingjie QIN Xiaoguang Patrick RIOUAL LIU Ziting XIONG Heigang 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(1):177-190
Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions, therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system. However, until now, the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang, Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent, a systematic review is necessary. Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts. Based on the geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions, this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial, alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply. It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. However, the directions of transpor- tation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics, which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes, respectively, and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents. This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large sediment mixing, alternation and recycle basins and thus largely increases the degree of between younger and older sediment sources, as well as the complexity and diversity of sand provenances. 相似文献
8.
Energy consumption has an inevitable connection with economic level and climate. Based on selected data covering annual total energy consumption and its composition and that of all kinds of energy in 1953-1999, the annual residential energy consumption and the coal and electricity consumption in 1980-1999 in China, the acreage of crops under cultivation suffered from drought and flood annually and gross domestic product (GDP) in 1953-1999 in the whole country, and mean daily temperature data from 29 provincial meteorological stations in the whole country from 1970 to 1999, this paper divides energy consumption into socio-economic energy consumption and climatic energy consumption in the way of multinomial. Itchanges between the climate energy consumption andalso goes further into the relations and their changes between the climate energy consumptionenergy consumption and the economic level inand climate factor and between the socio-economic energy between the climate energy level in China with the method of statistical analysis. At present, there are obvious transitions in the changing relationships of the energy consumption to economy and climate, which comprises the transition of economic system from resource-intensive industry to technology-intensive industry and the transition of climatic driving factors of the energy consumption from driven by the disasters of drought and flood to driven by temperature. 相似文献
9.
The starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season during historical times(1736– 1911) in Fuzhou and Guangzhou of South China, were determined and reconstructed on the basis of historical documents in the Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun archive, together with observed features of precipitation during the pre-summer rainy season. In addition, starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season from 1953 in Fuzhou and from 1952 in Guangzhou were reconstructed for the instrumental period. These data allowed for analyses of inter-annual and inter-decadal changes in the starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season in South China over the past 300 years. Results show that the mean starting date of the pre-summer rainy season in South China was the first pentad of May; in addition, periodicities in the starting dates of 2–3 years, 10 years, and 40 years were detected during the period 1736–1911, and of 2–3 years, 10 years, and 22 years during the instrumental period. From 1736 to 1911, the earliest starting dates at Fuzhou and Guangzhou both occurred at the fourth pentad of April, while the latest starting dates were at the sixth pentad of May in Fuzhou and the first pentad of June in Guangzhou. During the instrumental period, the earliest and latest starting dates were at the fourth pentad of April and the first pentad of June, respectively, in both Fuzhou during 1953–2010 and Guangzhou during 1952–2010. The maximum difference between neighboring decades during 1736–1911 was 2.2 and 1.6 pentads in Fuzhou and Guangzhou, respectively, and during the instrumental period it was 2.5 and 2.4 pentads in Fuzhou and Guangzhou, respectively. 相似文献
10.
The starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season during historical times （1736- 1911） in Fuzhou and Guangzhou of South China, were determined and reconstructed on the basis of historical documents in the Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun archive, together with observed features of precipitation during the pre-summer rainy season. In addition, starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season from 1953 in Fuzhou and from 1952 in Guangzhou were reconstructed for the instrumental period. These data allowed for analyses of inter-annual and inter-decadal changes in the starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season in South China over the past 300 years. Results show that the mean starting date of the pre-summer rainy season in South China was the first pentad of May; in addition, periodicities in the starting dates of 2-3 years, 10 years, and 40 years were detected during the period 1736-1911, and of 2-3 years, 10 years, and 22 years during the instrumental period. From 1736 to 1911, the earliest starting dates at Fuzhou and Guangzhou both occurred at the fourth pentad of April, while the latest starting dates were at the sixth pentad of May in Fuzhou and the first pentad of June in Guangzhou. During the instrumental period, the earliest and latest starting dates were at the fourth pentad of April and the first pentad of June, respectively, in both Fuzhou during 1953-2010 and Guangzhou during 1952-2010. The maximum difference between neighboring decades during 1736-1911 was 2.2 and 1.6 pentads in Fuzhou and Guangzhou, respectively, and during the instrumental period it was 2.5 and 2.4 pentads in Fuzhou and Guangzhou, respectively. 相似文献
11.
Based on multi-temporal remotely sensed materials of both 1985 and 2000, we analyzed the effects of land-use types and their conversions on desertification in Mu Us Sandy Land in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of north central China. In this study, the desertified land was classified into five degrees: potential, light, medium, severe and extreme. The results indicate that the extent of desertification expands slightly, while desertification degree is enhanced significantly. About 22.35% of the total land area in the study area is in the desertification course, and the expanded area of both severely and extremely desertified land accounts for 3.67% of the total area of Mu Us Sandy Land. About 9053 km2 of area witnessed changes in land-use types between 1985 and 2000, which accounted for 10.75% of the total. More importantly, the area of conversions among cultivated land, forestland and rangeland added up to 971.6 km2. This research reveals that both improper land-use types and conversions could accelerate the desertification process. Both cultivated land and forestland have more effects on the desertification development than rangeland. Some land-use type conversions, such as rangeland to cultivated land, rangeland to forestland and forestland to cultivated land, are attributed to the acceleration of the desertification development while the opposite can control the desertification development. 相似文献
12.
近50年来毛乌素沙地的沙漠化过程研究 总被引：45，自引：18，他引：45
根据野外考察、应用遥感和地理信息系统技术对毛乌素沙地进行动态研究表明，50年代沙漠化土地面积约为12900km^2，到了70年代中期达41110km^2,80年代后期，减少为32590km^2，至1993年又下降到了30650km^2。50-70年代是沙漠化土地迅速发展的时期，而进入80年代以后，总体上是处于逆转过程中，已有近9460km^2的沙漠化土地得到了治理，这主要得益于“三北”防护林工程的实施和当地政府与干部群众积极开展沙漠化防治的努力，也进一步证明了：沙漠化主要是人类造成的，也只有人类能够控制它。 相似文献
13.
毛乌素沙地土地沙漠化评价 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
基于遥感监测反演数据,以多等级土地沙漠化转化度为评价指标,研究构建了毛乌素沙地土地沙漠化转化度模型,并对20世纪80年代末到90年代末期间毛乌素土地沙漠化转化情况和转化机理进行了系统评价和分析。评价发现,毛乌素沙地土地沙漠化情况为:东部区沙漠化发展的转化度为12.113%,逆转的转化度为9.639%,所以该区沙漠化呈现加重的态势;中部区沙漠化发展的转化度为14.551%,逆转的转化度为18.954%,但强烈发展所占比例较大,可见该区土地沙漠化呈现面积缩小、程度加重的特点;西部区沙漠化发展的转化度为8.731%,逆转的转化度为7.298%,说明该区土地沙漠化发展略大于逆转,沙漠化面积扩大,但分析发现该区重度、极重度沙漠化土地逆转的转化度很高,总和为6.483%,约为发展转化度总和的两倍,所以该区土地沙漠化程度整体减轻。 相似文献
14.
毛乌素沙地位于我国北方农牧交错带上,生态环境具有较强的敏感性和脆弱性。采用1977-2010年Landsat数据,运用决策树和非监督分类相结合的方法对近40 a来毛乌素沙地荒漠化过程进行了研究。结果表明：（1）决策树分类和ISODATA非监督分类相结合可快速实现荒漠化地区地物遥感解译,图像总分类精度大于87.28%;（2）近40 a毛乌素沙地流动沙地面积在20世纪90年代末最大,2010年最小;半固定沙地面积在2010年最大,90年代末最小;固定沙地面积在2010年最大,70年代末最小;（3）70年代末荒漠化程度最为严重,流动和半固定沙地面积之和占了毛乌素沙地总面积83.64%;80年代末、90年代末和2010年的流动和半固定沙地面积之和分别占总面积74.51%、77.10%和67.90%;（4）流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地、耕地和水体间的相互转换过程活跃,荒漠化演替过程显著区在70年代末到80年代末主要分布在北部、西北部和南部,80年代末到90年代末主要分布在西部和南部,90年代末到2010年主要分布在西北部、西部、南部和东北部;（5）近40 a毛乌素沙地气温以0.039 ℃/a的平均速度递增,降水则以0.095 mm/a的平均速度递减,气候总体上体现出暖干的趋势。降水是影响荒漠化过程的重要因素,但不是唯一原因,人文因素中的人口、土地利用结构和政策实施等也是影响荒漠化过程重要因素。 相似文献
15.
基于RS与GIS的科尔沁沙地沙漠化时空演变 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
以2000年ETM+影像、2005年和2010年TM影像为数据源,在遥感（RS）与地理信息系统（GIS）技术的支持下,通过人机交互解译,对科尔沁沙地的沙漠化土地分布状况及其动态变化进行了分析研究。结果表明：①2000-2010年研究区沙漠化土地总体呈逆转的趋势,且从严重沙漠化土地向轻度沙漠化土地逐级逆转,沙漠化土地总面积从2000年的31 762.11 km2减少到2010年的30 198.87 km2,净减少量1 563.24 km2,减少速率为156.32 km2·a-1。从沙漠化类型来看,除轻度沙漠化土地增加外,其他类型沙漠化土地面积均明显下降;②2000-2010年沙漠化土地持续逆转区域主要集中分布在治理强度较大的奈曼旗、库伦旗和扎鲁特旗;③严重沙漠化土地比较稳定,中度和轻度沙漠化土地重心空间迁移比较明显,2000-2010年中度沙漠化土地重心向西北方向移动23.65 km,轻度沙漠化土地重心向南移动19.31 km。 相似文献
16.
毛乌素沙地沙漠化的遥感监测 总被引：29，自引：13，他引：29
通过对１９８７年和１９９３年ＴＭ数据的分析和计算机辅助系统的应用，开展了毛乌素沙地沙漠化土地的动态监测。结果表明，在这７ａ间，研究区内沙漠化土地面积共减少了１９３６ｋｍ２，总体上处于稳定的逆转状态，但局部地带沙漠化迅速蔓延不可忽视；几乎所有的逆转面积都来自于被固定和半固定后的流动沙丘（地）面积的减少，可见“三北”防护林建设及沙地围封保护的积极效果；但作为农牧业用地的不同程度沙漠化土地逆转不明显，势必会影响到防治的经济效益。研究还表明，遥感与计算机相结合对沙漠化土地的监测评价是一种行之有效的定量研究方法 相似文献
17.
本文对陕北榆林地区土地沙漠化划分了四种类型及描述了沙漠化土地分布的特点,并对这一地区的沙漠化土地进行了防治区划,为全区制定综合农业区划提供科学依据。沙漠化是土地在自然和人为因素作用下,植被和土壤逐渐衰退破坏导致沙地出现的过程。当今,沙漠化迅速发展和扩大的特征是以人口的迅猛增长及滥用土地为主要标志,它所带来的对人类生活及环境的威胁,正越来越引起人们的重视。陕北地区是我国沙漠化严重地区之一,研究其发生发展的历史和现状,预测其发展趋势,从而制定沙漠化土地的治理区划,对本区沙漠化土地整治和预防具有重要意义。 相似文献
18.
科尔沁沙地不同尺度上沙丘景观格局动态变化分析 总被引：11，自引：8，他引：3
研究了科尔沁沙地过去30 a不同尺度上沙丘景观格局及其动态变化。结果表明,大尺度研究区（892.74 km2）从1975—1995年流动沙丘面积、斑块数、景观面积百分比和最大斑块指数逐渐增加;1995—2005年流动和半流动沙丘面积减小,半固定沙丘和固定沙丘面积增加。中尺度（110.42 km2）和小尺度（14.14 km2和14.10 km2）研究区从1975—1985年流动沙丘面积、斑块数增加,1985年后流沙面积减小。通过沙漠化过程指数计算表明,大尺度上沙漠化经历了发展（1975—1995年）—逆转（1995—2005年）的过程,中尺度和小尺度上,沙漠化经历了发展（1975—1985年）—逆转（1985—2005年）的过程。科尔沁沙地不同尺度上景观结构变化具有差异性,显示出景观空间格局变化存在尺度效应;景观格局变化主要受流动沙丘斑块变化的影响,而这一变化的主要原因是人类生产活动引起的。 相似文献
19.
浑善达克沙地的土地沙漠化过程研究 总被引：18，自引：13，他引：5
借助TM/ETM＋影像和GIS平台,采用实地考察与野外实验和室内分析整理相结合的办法,对浑善达克沙地土地沙漠化过程进行了初步研究。结果表明,过去50 a来,浑善达克沙地经历了强烈的沙漠化发展。位于沙地中部正蓝旗的沙漠化土地从1987年的5 593.8 km2发展到2000年的6 015.3 km2,发展速率为32.4 km2·a-1。2000年紧急启动的风沙源治理工程,一定程度改善了当地沙漠化发展态势,2005年正蓝旗共有沙漠化土地5 950.4 km2,有约330.7 km2的严重沙漠化土地得到了控制和逆转。其他大部分沙漠化土地虽有不同程度改善,但5 a的时间里尚未发生质的变化。沙漠化过程是原生植被逐步被沙生植被和沙生先锋植被取代的过程;同时也是土壤粗化、贫瘠化和空间重新分布过程。随着土地沙漠化程度的加剧,起沙风速降低,输沙强度增大,沙地近地表表现出相对高风能环境。沙漠化过程以固定沙丘活化为主,主要有发育“马蹄形”风蚀洼地、“鱼钩”型沙丘和“串珠状”风蚀槽三种沙丘活化形式,最终导致景观支离破碎、不少地区出现了流沙连片的现象。同时,农田开垦引起土壤风蚀的危险,也不容忽视。 相似文献
20.
Historical desertification of the Mu Us Sandy Land is linked to both environmental changes and anthropogenic activities. This paper reports on an analysis of grain size parameters as indicative of such changes in the southwestern area of the Mu Us Sandy Land. Combined with analysis of chronologies and historical records, our results indicate that Beidachi Lake and a nearby seasonal river have retreated continuously in history and that sand dunes appeared at approximately the end of the Ming dynasty. This study sheds new light on the understanding of spatial-temporal changes of the interior Mu Us Sandy Land in history and has great significance in revealing environmental changes of the interior region of the Mu Us Sandy Land. 相似文献