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利用1981—2016年的中国160站降水资料、OISST海温资料和NCEP/NCAR大气环流资料,对比分析了中等强度El Nio和2015/2016超强El Nio对中国东南部、江淮流域和西南地区冬春季降水影响的异同。结果表明:在中等强度El Nio的冬季,偏暖的赤道中东太平洋海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)所激发的西北太平洋和日本附近的异常反气旋环流,其异常的西南风会加强南海—西北太平洋的水汽向中国东部输送,造成中国东南部和江淮流域的降水一致偏多。2015/2016超强El Nio的冬季,赤道中东太平洋SST的强度异常偏强,中国东部异常偏冷的表面气温和对流层低层温度加强大陆冷高压,长江流域及其以北地区受异常强的北风控制,从而造成中国东南部降水增多、江淮流域降水减少。在2015/2016超强El Nio事件衰减位相的春季,中国东南部和西南部降水的增加主要归因于异常偏暖的西北印度洋和东南印度洋SST的作用。经CAM5模式试验证明,西北印度洋异常偏暖的SST引起了北印度洋的异常西南风,激发了孟加拉湾—西北太平洋的异常反气旋,加强了印度洋和南海—西北太平洋的水汽向中国西南和东南部输送。此外,东南印度洋异常偏暖的SST还会激发局地异常上升运动,通过经向垂直环流加强南海—西北太平洋异常下沉运动,诱使中国东南部的上升运动加强,导致降水增多。 相似文献
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A. M. Grimm 《Climate Dynamics》2004,22(2-3):123-138
The rainy season in most of Brazil is associated with the summer monsoon regime in South America. The quality of this season is important because it rains little during the rest of the year over most of the country. In this study, the influence of La Niña events on the summer monsoon circulation, rainfall and temperature is analyzed with seasonal and monthly resolution, using data from a dense network of stations, giving a comprehensive view of the impact of these events. The expected precipitation percentiles during the monsoon season of La Niña events are calculated, as well as anomalies of surface temperature and thermodynamic parameters. This information is analyzed jointly with anomaly composites of several circulation parameters. The analysis shows that some anomalies, which are consistent and important during part of the season, are smoothed out in a seasonal analysis. There are abrupt changes of anomalies within the summer monsoon season, suggesting the prevalence of regional processes over remote influences during part of the season. In spring there are positive precipitation anomalies in north and central-east Brazil and negative ones in south Brazil. These precipitation anomalies are favored by the perturbation in the Walker and Hadley circulation over the eastern Pacific and South America, and by perturbations in the rotational circulation over southern South America. Northerly moisture inflow from the Atlantic into northern South America is emphasized and diverted towards the mouth of the Amazon by the low-level cyclonic anomaly north of the equator. In December and January, probably triggered by anomalous surface cooling during the spring, there is an anomalous low-level divergence and an anticyclonic anomaly over southeast Brazil. This anomalous circulation directs moisture flux towards south Brazil, causing moisture convergence in part of this region and part of central-west Brazil. The thermodynamic structure in central-east Brazil does not favor precipitation over this region, and the wet anomalies in north Brazil are displaced northward. The dry anomalies in south Brazil almost disappear and even turn positive. In February, after the strongly below normal precipitation of January, the surface temperature anomalies turn positive over southeast Brazil. The low-level anticyclonic anomaly is much weaker than in January. There are positive rainfall anomalies in north Brazil and in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone, and negative ones return to south Brazil. 相似文献
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Summary In order to improve our understanding of the interannual variability of the 30–50 day oscillations of the northern summer monsoon, we have performed numerical experiments using a 5-level global spectral model (GSM). By intercomparing the GSM simulations of a control summer experiment (E1) and a warm ENSO experiment (E2) we have examined the sensitivity of the low frequency intraseasonal monsoonal modes to changes in the planetary scale component of the monsoon induced by anomalous heating in the equatorial eastern Pacific during a warm ENSO phase.It is found that the anomalous heating in the equatorial eastern Pacific induces circulation changes which correspond to weakening of the time-mean divergent planetary scale circulation in the equatorial western Pacific, weakening of the east-west Walker cell over the western Pacific ocean, weakening of the time-mean Reverse Hadley circulation (RHC) over the summer monsoon region and strengthening of the time-mean divergent circulation and the subtropical jet stream over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans. These changes in the large scale basic flow induced by the anomalous heat source are found to significantly affect the propagation characteristics of the 30–50 day oscillations. It is noticed that the reduction (increase) in the intensity of the time-mean divergent circulation in the equatorial western (eastern) Pacific sectors produces weaker (stronger) low-level convergence as a result of which the amplitude of the eastward propagating 30–50 day divergent wave decreases (increases) in the western (eastern) Pacific sectors in E2. One of the striking aspects is that the eastward propagating equatorial wave arrives over the Indian longitudes more regularly in the warm ENSO experiment (E2). The GSM simulations reveal several small scale east-west cells in the longitudinal belt between 0–130°E in the E1 experiment. On the other hand the intraseasonal oscillations in E2 show fewer east-west cells having longer zonal scales. The stronger suppression of small scale east-west cells in E2 probably accounts for the greater regularity of the 30–50 day oscillations over the Indian longitudes in this case.The interaction between the monsoon RHC and the equatorial 30–50 day waves leads to excitation of northward propagating modes over the Indian subcontinent in both cases. It is found that the zonal wind perturbations migrate northward at a rate of about 0.8° latitude per day in E1 while they have a slightly faster propagation speed of about 1° latitude per day in E2. The low frequency monsoonal modes have smaller amplitude but possess greater regularity in E2 relative to E1. As the wavelet trains of low latitude anomalies progress northward it is found that the giant meridional monsoonal circulation (RHC) undergoes well-defined intraseasonal oscillations. The amplitude of the monsoon RHC oscillations are significantly weaker in E2 as compared to E1. But what is more important is that the RHC is found to oscillate rapidly with a period of 40 days in E1 while it executes slower oscillations of 55 days period in E2. These results support the observational findings of Yasunari (1980) who showed that the cloudiness fluctuations on the 30–60 day time scale over the Indian summer monsoon region are associated with longer periods during El Nino years. The oscillations of the monsoon RHC show an enhancement of the larger scale meridional cells and also a stronger suppression of the smaller scale cells in E2 relative to E1 which seems to account for the slower fluctuations of the monsoon RHC in the warm ENSO experiment. It is also proposed that the periodic arrival of the eastward propagating equatorial wave over the Indian longitudes followed by a stronger inhibition of the smaller meridional scales happen to be the two primary mechanisms that favour steady and regular northward propagation of intraseasonal transients over the Indian subcontinent in the warm ENSO experiment (E2). This study clearly demonstrates that the presence of E1 Nino related summertime SST anomalies and associated convection anomalies in the tropical central and eastern Pacific are favourable criteria for the detection and prediction of low frequency monsoonal modes over India.With 11 Figures 相似文献
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南半球环流异常与我国夏季旱涝分布关系及其影响机制 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
利用1951—2000年NCEP/NCAR风场和高度场再分析资料及全国160站降水量资料, 采用奇异值分解、相关和合成分析方法, 研究6—8月南半球500 hPa高度、高低层纬向风距平差异常 (Δu850-Δu200) 与我国夏季旱涝分布的关系及其影响机制。结果表明:当500 hPa澳大利亚高压脊偏强及西南太平洋热带地区高低层纬向风距平差为负值时, 来自南半球冷空气活动偏弱, 有利于西北太平洋副热带高压位置偏南, 热带季风偏弱, 我国夏季雨带偏南。反之, 当澳大利亚高压脊偏弱及西南太平洋热带地区高低层纬向风距平差为正值时, 我国北方降水偏多。同时, 定义了澳大利亚冬季风指数, 指出澳大利亚冬季风强年和弱年影响我国夏季旱涝分布异常的水汽输送型式不同。 相似文献
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利用海气耦合和大气气候模式研究东亚冬季风异常对夏季环流的影响, 结果表明, 东亚冬季风异常对于后期环流及海洋状态异常都起了很大的作用.一般情况下, 强的冬季风与后期弱的东亚夏季风和较强的南海季风相对应.与强(弱)冬季风异常相关的风应力的改变可以使热带太平洋海温从冬季至夏季呈现La Nina (El Nio)型异常分布.试验得到的由冬季风异常所产生的海洋及夏季环流的变化与实况是相当接近的.在异常的冬季风偏北风分量强迫下, 西太平洋上形成的偏差气旋环流在夏季已不存在, 这时东亚夏季风反而增强.而冬季赤道西风分量所产生的影响, 则在西太平洋上形成显著的偏差气旋环流, 使东亚副热带夏季风减弱, 南海夏季风加强.对于东亚大气环流而言, 与强弱冬季风对应的热带海洋海温异常强迫下, 不仅是冬季, 后期春季和夏季环流的特征都能得到很好的模拟.但是从分区看, 西太平洋暖池区的海温异常比东太平洋更为重要.单纯的热带中东太平洋的海温异常对东亚大气环流的影响主要表现在冬季, 对后期的影响并不十分清楚.整个热带海洋的异常型分布(不论是El Nio还是La Nia)型, 对冬夏季风的影响是重要的, 而单纯的某个地区的海温异常都比它的整体影响要小.从试验结果看, 海温在大尺度冬夏季环流的隔季相关中起了十分重要的作用. 相似文献
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Subtropical high anomalies over the western pacific and its relations to the asian monsoon and sst anomaly 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
Using the data of 500 hPa geopotential height from 1951 to 1995, SST roughly in the same period and OLR data from 1974 to 1994, the relation between the anomalies of subtropical high (STH for short) and the tropical circulations including the Asian monsoon as well as the convective activity are studied。 In older to study the physical process of the air-sea interaction related to STH anomaly, the correlation of STH with SST at various sea areas, lagged and simultaneous, has been calculated. Comparing the difference of OLR, wind fields, vertical circulations and SST anomalies in the strong and weak STH, we investigate the characteristics of global circulations and the SST distributions related to the anomalous STH at the western Pacific both in winter and summer. Much attention has been paid to the study of the air-sea interaction and the relationship between the East Asian monsoon and the STH in the western Pacific. A special vertical circulation, related to the STH anomalies is found, which connects the monsoon current to the west and the vertical flow influenced by the SST anomaly in the tropical eastern Pacific. 相似文献
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2015年我国东部夏季降水呈现南北反位相的空间分布,河套地区降水异常偏少、长江中下游地区降水异常偏多,同期印度中部地区降水负异常,上述三个区域2015年夏季降水距平百分率绝对值极大值均超过55%。东亚和南亚地区2015年夏季降水异常的形成机理主要是由于该年夏季处于El Niňo事件的发展位相,菲律宾群岛及邻近区域反气旋环流异常,江淮地区至日本列岛气旋式环流异常,对流层低层位势高度异常场和整层水汽异常输送场亦存在相一致的空间分布,表现为负位相的EAP(East Asian-Pacific)/PJ(Pacific-Japan)型遥相关,有利于河套地区降水偏少和长江流域降水偏多。热带太平洋海温异常引起热带地区Walker环流负异常,热带西太平洋地区上空受异常下沉气流控制,热带印度洋区域对流层盛行东风异常,减弱了印度夏季风,并造成了印度中部地区夏季降水偏少。另一方面,印度上空对流层低层受异常反气旋控制,该异常反气旋北侧的西风异常沿着青藏高原南麓向东运动,增强了与EAP/PJ型遥相关相联系的异常水汽输送,有利于维持和增强河套地区降水负异常和长江中下游地区降水正异常。 相似文献
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Summary This paper presents the results of the Florida State University atmospheric general circulation model that addresses the impact of sea surface temperature anomalies on an El Niño year. Northern Hemisphere winter season simulation. Specifically, our interest is in the simulation of seasonal winter monsoonal rainfall, the planetary scale divergent motions and the westerly wind anomalies of an El Niño year.The El Niño episode of 1982–1983 was interesting due to its higher than average amplitude and its overall evolution. By late 1982 the anomalous circulations associated with the sea surface temperature forcing had begun to take shape even though the anomalies did not attain their peak amplitude until February 1983. The atmosphere-ocean teleconnections set up a strong pattern of geopotential height anomalies during the Northern Hemisphere winter that coincides with El Niño conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Wallace and Gutzler (1981) defined a Pacific North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern index based on data from within this region. The El Niño episode of 1982–1983 has been shown to be strong via the PNA Index and illustrates an importance for climate models to correctly simulate these teleconnections. The importance of the forced anomalies can be seen in the long-range forecasting of conditions over North America as well as the winter monsoon intensity and location.In this study, we utilize a general circulation model with a resolution of triangular truncation at 42 waves to investigate the effects of prescribed sea surface temperature anomalies. We are able to simulate the majority of the large-scale atmospheric response although on regional climatic scales some phase shifts seem apparent.With 7 Figures 相似文献
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Global structure of the Madden-Julian Oscillations during two recent contrasting summer monsoon seasons over India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. D. Vernekar V. Thapliyal R. H. Kripalani S. V. Singh B. Kirtman 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1993,52(1-2):37-47
Summary The global nature of the Madden-Julian Oscillations (MJOs) have been investigated by applying a frequency filter to daily data for the summer monsoon months (June to September) during two contrasting years—1987, a deficient monsoon year and 1988, an excess monsoon year. Several meteorological parameters at five levels in the troposphere have been examined. Regions with large amplitude of these oscillations are isolated for each year. The results indicate that the global spatial distribution of these oscillations is more in a deficient year than in an excess year, in particular over the Indian subcontinent and the EI Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) regions. The principal modes of variability during these two years have been investigated through Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs). The first two eigenmodes of 850 hPa zonal wind explain nearly 50% of the variance. The dipole type of structure between the Indian and the Pacific region is more apparent in 1987 than in 1988. Time-longitude cross sections of the filtered zonal wind over the equatorial regions clearly show that eastward propagation is detected in 1987, but is virtually absent in 1988. It is also seen that the 30–60 day filtered winds are stronger during the monsoon of 1987 than in 1988. 相似文献
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020106 西太平洋暖池区海表水温暖异常对东亚夏季风影响的研究 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
对夏季热带西太平洋暖池区海表水温暖异常年的东亚大气环流做了合成分析,然后用奇异值分解(SVD)方法做了进一步统计检验,揭示了东亚夏季风变异与暖池区海表水温异常的密切关系和它们间最佳耦合模态.结果发现当夏季暖池区暖异常时,在对流层低层西太平洋地区可产生一个强的反气旋偏差环流,使得副热带高压南侧东风气流大大加强,并向西伸展到中南半岛南部,从而影响了东南亚热带和副热带地区西南季风的变化(强/弱).中南半岛至中国东部大陆夏季风增强,赤道东印度洋、南海南部和中部、西太平洋热带地区夏季风减弱.SVD分析还发现经向风和纬向风与海表水温之间各存在两个最佳耦合模态,结果表明,不仅整个暖池海表水温暖/冷异常对东亚大气环流异常有重要影响,而且暖池区内海表水温有显著的暖和冷异常差异时,对东亚大气环流的影响也很明显(耦合总体平方协方差约占总体协方差的0.20),尤其是在南海至长江以南地区. 相似文献
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基于美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）物理科学实验室（PSL）和科罗拉多大学环境科学研究所（CIRES）重建的NOAA-CIRES 20th再分析数据和国际综合海洋大气数据集（ICOADS）的全球月海表温度数据（ERSST）,并结合数值试验分析了南海夏季风撤退的年代际变率特征及北大西洋多年代际振荡（AMO）对其产生的影响。结果表明,南海夏季风撤退时间具有明显的年代际变率,南海夏季风撤退偏晚（早）年代中国南海及其附近区域上空有显著的气旋性（反气旋性）环流异常,降水偏多（少）。进一步研究发现,AMO与南海夏季风撤退年代际变率呈显著正相关,即AMO为正位相时,南海夏季风撤退偏晚;AMO为负位相时,南海夏季风撤退偏早。北大西洋海温升高（即AMO位于正位相）,从海洋释放更多的热通量到大气,导致北大西洋上空对流层的对流活动明显增强,通过海-气相互作用激发北大西洋上空的波活动异常,进而影响与东北亚关键区域大气环流变化密切相关的中纬度欧亚遥相关波列的形成和传播,引起东北亚关键区的正位势高度异常和明显的下沉运动,并在其对流层低层产生辐散运动,能量伴随着偏北的辐散风气流传播至中国南海及邻近区域辐合上升,进一步加强了南海区域的气旋性环流异常,使得南海夏季风撤退偏晚。AMO负位相时,异常情况与之大致相反,使得南海夏季风撤退偏早。 相似文献
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2012年海洋和大气环流异常及其对中国气候的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
文章主要对2011/2012年冬季至2012年秋季的海洋和大气环流异常进行分析,并讨论这些异常特征对中国气温和降水的主要影响。分析表明:2012年3月拉尼娜事件结束,赤道中东太平洋在7—8月出现明显暖水波动,之后进入正常状态。暖水波动使9—10月西太副高偏强偏西控制长江以南大部,造成该地温高雨少:8—9月,热带印度洋呈显著的偶极子正位相模态,在热带东太平洋激发出异常反气旋,其西北侧西南气流有利于暖湿气流影响中国华西南部出现明显秋雨。2012年南海夏季风爆发偏早1候,结束偏晚2候,强度偏弱;东亚夏季风为1951年以来第四强,使得东亚夏季风雨带位置偏北,中国北方大部夏季降水偏多。受海温和大气环流异常等的共同影响,我国出现了冬冷、春夏热、秋冷和夏季降水"北多南少"的气候特征。 相似文献
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采用1983—2002年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国660站降水资料,对我国东部季风湿润区夏季水汽收支变化与大气环流和我国降水异常特征的关系进行研究。结果表明:20世纪80—90年代夏季水汽收支时间序列表现出明显的年代际变化增加趋势,与降水时间序列的相关系数为0.71;水汽收支高值、低值年代不仅能够指示季风湿润区经向风的异常变化,还能够指示东亚夏季风的强弱和降水异常变化。合成的水汽输送年代际异常在东亚—西太平洋区表现为4个异常环流,异常水汽通量辐合区位于长江流域及以南地区。水汽收支高值年代,亚洲大陆高纬度地区低压偏弱,大陆表面温度及西太平洋海温偏高,我国东部沿海盛行异常偏南风,低层气流辐合、高层气流辐散强,垂直上升运动强烈;低值年代则相反。合成的经向水汽收支占总收支的71.3%,合成的异常降水量最大达100 mm以上。 相似文献
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A. I. Degtyarev 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2007,32(8):501-507
The influence of outgoing longwave radiation anomalies on precipitation rates is studied based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis during the period of the summer monsoon circulation in the Indian region. The outgoing longwave radiation data are analyzed for 1987 (dry monsoon) and 1988 (wet monsoon) separately for the Arabian Sea, India, and the Bay of Bengal. It is shown that negative outgoing longwave radiation anomalies correspond to a wet Indian monsoon, and positive anomalies are associated with a dry monsoon. Calculations using the reanalysis enable the construction of a numerical algorithm of the interaction of outgoing longwave radiation, convection, and precipitation rates in the monsoon regions. The results obtained in this work are important in the verification of corresponding parameterizations of numerical atmospheric models. 相似文献
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该文分析了1991年7月中国江淮暴雨洪水期间赤道太平洋沃克环流及沿115°E哈得莱环流的逐日演变特征。结果发现在暴雨时期赤道东风减弱，西风加强，反哈得莱环流（即季风环流）在中国东部上空加强。在暴雨期间，高低空散度风场的分析指出，在低空出现明显的散度风越赤道气流，而在对流层上部出现散度风的流出。 相似文献
18.
2004年北半球大气环流及对中国气候异常的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
20 0 4年上半年,赤道中、东太平洋大气、海洋状况总体上处于正常状态。7月以来,赤道中、东太平洋海表温度明显增暖;2 0 0 4年西太平洋副热带高压持续偏强,夏季西伸脊点位置偏东、脊线位置偏北;6月上中旬贝加尔湖以西地区50 0hPa高度场偏高,7月中旬和8月中旬贝加尔湖地区高度场偏高;2 0 0 4年南海季风爆发时间接近常年,南亚夏季风偏强;青藏高原50 0hPa高度场偏高,冬季积雪较常年稍偏多;2 0 0 4年上半年,赤道太平洋对流活动普遍受到抑制,7月后期开始,1 6 0°W以西海域上空对流活动较常年明显增强。2 0 0 4年中国气候异常可能是下垫面热力异常和大气环流异常共同作用的结果。 相似文献
19.
Boreal summer continental monsoon rainfall and hydroclimate anomalies associated with the Asian-Pacific Oscillation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
With the twentieth century analysis data (1901–2002) for atmospheric circulation, precipitation, Palmer drought severity index, and sea surface temperature (SST), we show that the Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) during boreal summer is a major mode of the earth climate variation linking to global atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate anomalies, especially the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer land monsoon. Associated with a positive APO phase are the warm troposphere over the Eurasian land and the relatively cool troposphere over the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean. Such an amplified land–ocean thermal contrast between the Eurasian land and its adjacent oceans signifies a stronger than normal NH summer monsoon, with the strengthened southerly or southwesterly monsoon prevailing over tropical Africa, South Asia, and East Asia. A positive APO implies an enhanced summer monsoon rainfall over all major NH land monsoon regions: West Africa, South Asia, East Asia, and Mexico. Thus, APO is a sensible measure of the NH land monsoon rainfall intensity. Meanwhile, reduced precipitation appears over the arid and semiarid regions of northern Africa, the Middle East, and West Asia, manifesting the monsoon-desert coupling. On the other hand, surrounded by the cool troposphere over the North Pacific and North Atlantic, the extratropical North America has weakened low-level continental low and upper-level ridge, hence a deficient summer rainfall. Corresponding to a high APO index, the African and South Asian monsoon regions are wet and cool, the East Asian monsoon region is wet and hot, and the extratropical North America is dry and hot. Wet and dry climates correspond to wet and dry soil conditions, respectively. The APO is also associated with significant variations of SST in the entire Pacific and the extratropical North Atlantic during boreal summer, which resembles the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in SST. Of note is that the Pacific SST anomalies are not present throughout the year, rather, mainly occur in late spring, peak at late summer, and are nearly absent during boreal winter. The season-dependent APO–SST relationship and the origin of the APO remain elusive. 相似文献
20.
夏季亚洲—太平洋涛动与大气环流和季风降水 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
利用ERA-40再分析资料和数值模拟,分析了在亚洲-太平洋区域的大气遥相关以及与亚洲季风降水和西北太平洋热带气旋活动气候特征的关系,探讨了青藏高原加热和太平洋海表温度(SST)对遥相关的影响,结果表明:亚洲-太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacific Oscillation,APO)是夏季对流层扰动温度在亚洲与太平洋中纬度之间的一种"跷跷板"现象,当亚洲大陆中纬度对流层偏冷时,中、东太平洋中纬度对流层偏暖,反之亦然;这种遥相关也出现在平流层中,只是其位相与对流层的相反.APO为研究亚洲与太平洋大气环流相互作用提供了一个途径.APO指数也是亚洲-太平洋对流层热力差异指数,它具有年际和年代际的多时间尺度变化特征,在1958-2001年亚洲与太平洋之间的对流层热力差异呈现出减弱趋势,同时也有显著的5.5 a周期.APO形成可能与太阳辐射在亚洲陆地和太平洋的加热差异所造成的纬向垂直环流有关,数值模拟进一步表明:夏季青藏高原加热可以造成高原附近对流层温度升高、上升运动加强,太平洋下沉运动加强、温度下降,从而形成APO现象;而太平洋年代际涛动和赤道东太平洋的厄尔尼若现象对APO的影响可能较小.当夏季APO异常时,南亚高压、欧亚中纬度西风急流、南亚热带东风急流以及太平洋上空的副热带高压都出现显著变化,并伴随着亚洲季风降水及西北太平洋热带气旋活动异常.过去40多年来的长江中上游地区夏季变冷与APO有关,可能是全球大气环流年代际变化在该区域的一种反映.APO异常信号可以传播到南、北两极.此外,亚洲-太平洋之间的这种遥相关型也出现在其他季节. 相似文献