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1.
The results of studying the elemental composition of surface continental waters in the European Russia from tundra to arid zone are discussed. The relative concentrations of elements in the solid residue of waters from various natural-climatic zones are evaluated, and the enrichment or dispersion of continental waters by these elements are analyzed as compared with their clarkes in the rocks that occur in the catchment areas. The coefficients of migration in water are evaluated, and the major elements with respect to which surface waters enrich under anthropogenic load are identified. The territorial distribution of higher concentrations of the most hazardous elements in waters of lakes is characterized. 相似文献
2.
The space and time variations in the acidity and composition of the natural water in forest-covered water-divide areas in northern taiga are considered. The initial stages of natural water quality formation are analyzed. The external (climate and anthropogenic) and internal (biogeocenotic) factors governing the formation of natural water quality are characterized. The most pronounced transformations of natural waters are shown to take place in the snowless period. The contribution of tree species to the formation of the environmental characteristics and the anisotropy of natural waters in the forest is characterized. The natural regularities in soil water composition within selected profiles are shown to persist to the point of destruction of forest biocenoses. It is shown that the commonly accepted notions of the natural water quality formation in forest water divide areas need to be revised with allowance made to their spatial structure and time variations. The soil waters under tree crowns are shown to give the best data for early assessing the conditions of forest biocenoses in spring and autumn. 相似文献
3.
Generalized observational data on groundwater chemistry and the results of modeling geochemical processes allowed us to establish that the formation of high-carbonate alkaline waters follows two ways, i.e., calcium and soda. It is shown that the formation of alkaline waters in semiarid and arid zones can be facilitated by acid atmospheric precipitation, which forms the concentration of Ca in groundwater sufficiently high to initiate ion exchange processes resulting in the formation of H2CO3–Na waters. Ion exchange is shown to be a boundary process, which facilitates the transition from calcium to soda way of groundwater metamorphization with subsequent increase in the carbonate content and alkalinity of groundwater. 相似文献
4.
U. Irmer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(1):7-14
The New EC Framework Water Directive: Assessment of the Chemical and Ecological Status of Surface Waters The main objective of the draft EC Framework Water Directive is the good quality of all surface waters. The directive provides for an assessment of the chemical status of surface waters (EU‐wide valid environmental quality standards for approximately 30 priority substances) and a five‐stage ecological classification of waters, comprising the stages high, good, moderate, poor, and bad. The starting point for the assessment are the reference conditions, which are defined as corresponding to high water quality and characterising a water status with no significant anthropogenic impact. The reference sites in the various water body types are to be selected using hydromorphological and physico‐chemical parameters and subsequently characterised by means of biological parameters. For surface waters, three groups of characteristics are provided for, namely: 1. with priority the biology – in the case of surface waters – with the four elements phytoplankton, macrophytes/phytobenthos, benthic invertebrate fauna, and fish fauna; 2. supporting the hydromorphology, e.g. flowing waters with the three elements hydrological regime, river continuity, and morphological conditions and 3. supporting the physico‐chemical conditions with the three elements general conditions, specific synthetic pollutants, and specific non synthetic pollutants (other than the priority substances of the chemical status). 相似文献
5.
The chemical features and the structure of biological communities in Lake Ladoga are considered. Comparative analysis was carried out for the species composition and biomass of phytoperiphyton, zooplankton, and zoobentbos in six Ladoga tributaries based on observational data of August 2013. The effect of natural and anthropogenic factors on the formation of the structure of river hydrobiocenoses is analyzed. The trophic status of rivers, their saprobiological state, and the significance of individual communities and biotic indices for bioindication of the ecological state of rivers are estimated. 相似文献
6.
The toxicity of sediments in the Gulf of Gdansk is analyzed in relation to the chemical composition of interstitial and near‐bottom waters, and sediment properties. The toxicity of sediments, pore waters and saline elutriates is determined by using the Microtox® test based on changes in light production of the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The results indicate considerable toxicity in the majority of examined sediments. Since the sediment elutriates and pore waters are toxic in some cases, the total toxicity of the sediments is likely to be due to both sediment‐bound and water soluble substances. The sediment toxicity is related to the percentage contribution of the fine fraction of sediments. A significant correlation between the toxicity of the sediments and the black carbon content implies anthropogenic contamination. The toxicity of the sediments is seen to increase with the increase of hydrogen sulfide concentration in pore waters. The ammonia in pore waters was found not to be responsible for the toxicity of the sediments. 相似文献
7.
The formation of the fresh groundwater natural resources of the platform territories is analyzed. It is shown that within the artesian areas of platforms, the formation of the fresh groundwater natural resources is governed by the following main factors: the climatic conditions of the territory; the geological-structural features of the basin, substantially different in its peripheral and central parts; the structure of the zone of intense water exchange; the type of the water-bearing rocks and the character of the spatial variability of their hydraulic parameters; the aeration zone composition; the specific features of interaction between the groundwater and the hydrographic network and micro-relief of the territory. It is emphasized that the formation of the fresh groundwater natural resources within the hydrogeological massifs is governed not only by the physical-geographical conditions, but by the geological-structural factors as well. The formation and distribution of groundwater resources are governed by numerous natural and anthropogenic factors [11]. The combination of these factors and the significance of each factor are not constant but considerably vary in space, depending on the physical-geographical, geological, and hydrogeological conditions.Translated from Vodnye Resursy, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2005, pp. 146–153.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Vsevolozhskii, Kochetkova. 相似文献
8.
The dynamics of time and space variations in the composition of the aquatic medium is estimated and correlated with the governing factors of anthropogenic impact. The role of anthropogenic component is shown to be determining in the formation of the hydrochemical regime in Russian Arctic rivers. 相似文献
9.
Long-term variability in water temperature and salinity in August has been determined for deep-water segments of standard profiles in the Central and Southern Caspian Sea based on data of on-board observations carried out in 1956–2000. Estimates of parameters of the vertical thermohaline structure of waters were obtained for four time intervals. These estimates have been compared to the variability in the main external factors governing the formation of thermohaline regime. Appreciable long-term variations in the vertical thermohaline structure of waters, caused by a nonperiodic alternation of two main types of hydrological processes in the Caspian Sea are revealed. Qualitative characteristics of these two types are presented. 相似文献
10.
Morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters were determined in Scorpion fish Scorpaena porcus L. from two bays in the area of Sevastopol, which experience a high anthropogenic load. The effect of natural and anthropogenic factors on the size, weight, and age composition, as well as on the sex ratio of the fish from both populations, was studied. The relationships between the concentrations of chlororganic substances in the water of the bays, their accumulation in the liver and gonads of the fish, the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood, and the fractional composition of serum proteins were determined. A possibility for the use of the Scorpion fish as a indicator species for the biomonitoring and assessment of the environmental conditions in the coastal waters of the Black Sea was considered.Translated from Vodnye Resursy, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2005, pp. 238–246.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Rudneva, Shevchenko, Zalevskaya, Zherko. 相似文献
11.
The gas composition of recent thermal waters is in perfect conformity with their geologictectonic positions. The composition of gas-liquid inclusions in the basic-hyperbasic xenoliths of basaltoid lavas depends on the depth from which xenoliths are supplied. (The depth is determined by using the methods of geological thermobarometers). By comparing available data we came to the conchision that the gas compositions of thermal waters reflect the depth of generation of deep fluid which heats them and depends on the penetration depth of the fluid-conducting fissure zones. 相似文献
12.
The occurrence of thermal/spa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major faulting system. Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater at great depth, and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their composition. According to the diagrams of main elements, trace elements and environmental isotopes, most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as sodium, chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters. On the other hand, the concentration of calcium, magnesium, boron, lithium, etc., was affected by water–rock interaction under high temperature conditions. Moving towards the surface, thermal waters may become polluted by influx of recent seawater, allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of seawater. The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment. They also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water. Finally, they show increased radon concentrations, ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m?3 in the eastern and southern parts of the island, and about 230 kBq m?3 in the north, in the area of Eftalou–Argenos. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Trace metal concentrations in the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Scotian Shelf and their sensitivity to changes in the composition of the major contributor of fresh water, the St. Lawrence River, are assessed. Comparison of the levels of trace metals in eastern Canadian coastal waters with those in other coastal waters of the world reveals that the former area generally has lower trace metal concentrations and is, therefore, probably less contaminated than elsewhere. The increased anthropogenic activity in the St. Lawrence drainage basin required to increase the levels of trace metals in receiving coastal waters by detectable amounts is discussed. We demonstrate that faster and more reliable warning of changes due to anthropogenic activity will be revealed through river monitoring than through monitoring of coastal waters. Changes in the marine environment can then be assessed through a thorough understanding of the geochemical behaviour of trace metals in nearshore waters. 相似文献
14.
Strontium isotope identification of water mixing and recharge sources in a river system (Oder River,central Europe): A quantitative approach 
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下载免费PDF全文 Mateusz Zieliński Jolanta Dopieralska Zdzislaw Belka Aleksandra Walczak Marcin Siepak Michał Jakubowicz 《水文研究》2018,32(16):2597-2611
This study uses Sr isotope composition (87Sr/86Sr) and Sr content of waters of the Oder, one of the largest rivers in central Europe, to fingerprint natural and anthropogenic contributions to its Sr budget and to evaluate water mixing processes in its hydrological system. It also demonstrates a simple method of quantifying natural and anthropogenic Sr inputs in the watershed. The method has potential for environmental and archaeological research because past Sr geochemistry of river water can easily be reconstructed. For the first time, a catchment‐scale impact of anthropogenic sources on the Sr budget of a middle‐size river is shown in a quantitative way. The water of the Oder is characterized by a relatively uniform Sr isotope composition, from 0.7100 to 0.7108, contrasting with strong variations in Sr concentration, from 0.25 to 1.27 mg/L. There is a general seasonal trend in variability, with waters becoming more radiogenic and dilute with respect to the Sr in the spring time. This Sr systematics differs significantly from the Sr budgets of the majority of the Oder tributaries that exhibit more radiogenic composition and systematically lower Sr concentrations. A mixing scenario in the Oder involves Sr contribution from four principal water sources: (a) shallow ground waters with Sr derived from near‐surface weathering of silicates, (b) moderately radiogenic mine waters from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, (c) unradiogenic mine waters from the Permian sequence of the copper district, and (d) unradiogenic ground waters from shallow‐seated Palaeogene, Neogene, and Mesozoic aquifers. The Sr budget of the Oder is primarily controlled by inputs of dissolved Sr from anthropogenic sources, which overprint the natural background, controlled by geology. Thus, about 47.5% of Sr originates from agriculture, industrial, and municipal additions, 31.5% from mine water inputs, and only 21% from natural sources, that is, rock weathering and atmospheric precipitation. Reconstruction of the past Sr chemistry of the Oder reveals that its present‐day Sr isotope composition is temporary and significantly different from that of the preindustrial times. 相似文献
15.
The results of experimental studies of the composition and specific features of humic substance isolated from typical soils of natural zones are given. The stability constants of metal complexes with humic substance are evaluated. The obtained experimental data are used to calculate the occurrence forms of metals in natural waters in the zones of taiga, forests, and steppes. The occurrence forms of metals are shown to be determined by the general chemistry of natural waters rather than stability constants of complexes with organic matter. 相似文献
16.
T. I. Moiseenko N. A. Gashkina A. N. Sharov O. I. Vandysh L. P. Kudryavtseva 《Water Resources》2009,36(3):296-309
Transformation of an Arctic aquatic ecosystem (a case study of Lake Imandra) under the impact of a mining industrial complex is considered. Water chemical composition and the ecosystem’s structural components (phyto- and zooplankton, zoobenthos, and ichthiofauna) are analyzed for the following periods: the preindustrial background (reference) conditions, industrial development of mineral resources and strong anthropogenic impact, industrial recession and decreased anthropogenic impact, and stabilization. The main regularities of the aquatic ecosystem successions under the conditions of anthropogenic loads and their decrease are established. 相似文献
17.
Within the hydrologic balance of the River Arno catchment (northern Tuscany), the Rivers Elsa and Era are important tributaries entering the main river from the left bank in the lower part of the watershed. Waters and bed sediments were sampled in June 2000 during low discharges in the Rivers Elsa and Era, as well as in major tributary streams. Water samples were analysed for major chemistry and sulphur isotope composition of sulphate, and sediment samples were analysed for major composition and selected trace elements of environmental concern (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni). The main results for the waters are: (1) Na and Cl in solution show consistent downstream positive trends in the main rivers, thus supporting progressive contributions of anthropogenic salts; the highest concentration values are observed in tributaries; (2) as shown by sulphur isotopes, sulphate in solution is mainly controlled by dissolution of evaporites (Elsa basin) or oxidation of reduced organic/biogenic sulphur (Era basin), with anthropogenic contributions in most streams not higher than 10% in both the basins. A δ34S signature in the range ?2 to +3‰ is estimated for pollutant sulphate in the basins studied. The main results for the sediments are: (1) major chemistry is essentially controlled by the lithotypes drained by the waters; (2) pollution by heavy metals does not reach high levels; (3) compared with local fine‐grained rocks, copper is more frequently anomalous, whereas lead and zinc show only occasional anomalies; (4) local high concentrations of chromium and nickel can be attributed to upstream occurrences of ophiolites. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
E. V. Fedorova 《Water Resources》2008,35(5):583-590
The transformation of water chemical composition at different stages of overland runoff formation in the influence zone of a metallurgic complex is considered. The dynamics of concentrations of basic ions and microelements in different categories of overland water at various distances from the source of emissions is shown. The amounts of metals carried out by spring flood runoff into water bodies as a consequence of the air-born anthropogenic pollution of watersheds are calculated. 相似文献
19.
The article presents the results obtained in studying variations of the concentrations of ion composition, and nutrients in the surface waters of Southern Yakutia in the construction zone of the Amur–Yakutsk Railway Main Line, as well as in streams in the territory of the Neryungri Coal and Aldan Gold-Mining regions. In 2007–2012, the concentrations of major ions in the 15 examined watercourses varied mostly under the effect of natural conditions, while variations of the concentrations of major ions and nutrients in surface waters of the coal- and gold-mining regions, estimated for the past 30–40 years, were significant as the result of anthropogenic and technogenic impact. Variations of all examined chemical characteristics of water in the examined rivers did not go beyond their MACs introduced by SanPin. 相似文献
20.
Corinne Tarits Robin W. Renaut Jean‐Jacques Tiercelin Alain Le Hriss Jo Cotten Jean‐Yves Cabon 《水文研究》2006,20(9):2027-2055
Lake Baringo, a freshwater lake in the central Kenya Rift Valley, is fed by perennial and ephemeral rivers, direct rainfall, and hot springs on Ol Kokwe Island near the centre of the lake. The lake has no surface outlet, but despite high evaporation rates it maintains dilute waters by subsurface seepage through permeable sediments and faulted lavas. New geochemical analyses (major ions, trace elements) of the river, lake, and hot spring waters and the suspended sediments have been made to determine the main controls of lake water quality. The results show that evaporative concentration and the binary mixing between two end members (rivers and thermal waters) can explain the hydrochemistry of the lake waters. Two zones are recognized from water composition. The southern part of the lake near sites of perennial river inflow is weakly influenced by evaporation, has low total dissolved species (TDS), and has a seasonally variable load of mainly detrital suspended sediments. In contrast, waters of the northern part of the lake show evidence for strong evaporation (TDS of up to eight times inflow). Authigenic clay minerals and calcite may be precipitating from those more concentrated fluids. The subaerial hot‐spring waters have a distinctive chemistry and are enriched in some elements that are also present in the lake water. Comparison of the chemical composition of the inflowing surface waters and lake water shows (1) an enrichment of some species (HCO3?, Cl, SO42?, F, Na, B, V, Cr, As, Mo, Ba and U) in the lake, (2) a depletion in SiO2 in the lake, and (3) a possible hydrothermal origin for most F. The rare earth element distribution and the F/Cl and Na/Cl ratios give valuable information on the rate of mixing of the river and hydrothermal fluids in the lake water. Calculations imply that thermal fluids may be seeping upward locally into the lake through grid‐faulted lavas, particularly south of Ol Kokwe Island. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献