共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 500 毫秒
1.
We propose a two-dimensional Lagrangian analytical solution for relating source strength and concentration profiles within
and above a plant canopy. The new solution describes passive scalar dispersion under conditions of local advection through
a fetch correction function in a one-dimensional Lagrangian analytical dispersion model. The model is capable of predicting
absolute concentration profiles of passive scalars for different fetches for situations in which the reference concentration
is known or the background concentration is available. Tests of the model showed good agreement with measurements from field
and wind-tunnel experiments. 相似文献
2.
H. E. Fossum B. A. Pettersson Reif M. Tutkun T. Gjesdal 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,144(1):21-40
Aerosol dispersion in the area surrounding an existing biological treatment facility is investigated using large-eddy simulation,
with the objective to investigate the applicability of computational fluid dynamics to complex real-life problems. The aerosol
sources consist of two large aeration ponds that slowly diffuse aerosols into the atmosphere. These sources are modelled as
dilute concentrations of a non-buoyant non-reacting pollutant diffusing from two horizontal surfaces. The time frame of the
aerosol release is restricted to the order of minutes, justifying a statistically steady inlet boundary condition. The numerical
results are compared to wind-tunnel experiments for validation. The wind-tunnel flow characteristics resemble neutral atmospheric
conditions with a Reynolds number, based on the boundary-layer thickness, of Re
δ
≈ 2 × 105. The numerical inflow conditions are based upon the wind-tunnel flow field. The predicted decay of both the mean and root-mean-square
concentrations are in good agreement with experimental data; at 3 m from the ground, the plume mean concentration 200 m downwind
of the source is approximately 2% of the source strength. The numerical data in the near-surface layer (0–50 m from the ground)
correspond particularly well with the wind-tunnel data. Tentative deposition simulations suggest that there seems to be little
difference in the deposition rates of large (1.8 × 10−5 m) and small (3 × 10−6 m) particles in the near-field under the flow conditions considered. 相似文献
3.
Eugene Yee Ralph M. Gailis Alexander Hill Trevor Hilderman Darwin Kiel 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,121(3):389-432
We report on measurements of the near-field dispersion of contaminant plumes in a large array of building-like obstacles at three scales; namely, at full-scale in a field experiment, at 1:50 scale in a wind-tunnel simulation, and at 1:205 scale in a water-channel simulation. Plume concentration statistics extracted from the physical modelling in the wind-tunnel and water-channel simulations are compared to those obtained from a field experiment. The modification of the detailed structure of the plume as it interacts with the obstacles is investigated. To this purpose, measurements of the evolution of the mean concentration, concentration fluctuation intensity, concentration probability density function, and integral time scale of concentration fluctuations in the array plume obtained from the field experiment and the scaled wind-tunnel and water-channel experiments are reported and compared, as well as measurements of upwind and within-array velocity spectra. Generally, the wind-tunnel and water-channel results on the modification of the detailed plume structure by the obstacles were qualitatively similar to those observed in the field experiments. However, with the appropriate scaling, the water-channel simulations were able to reproduce quantitatively the results of the full-scale field experiments better than the wind-tunnel simulations. 相似文献
4.
We present a semi-analytical model for the dispersion of passive scalars from continuous ground sources up to distances of a few hundred metres. We attempt to cope with problems typical of analytical models, such as the correct representation of the near-ground concentration and lateral dispersion, while avoiding the use of any empirical parameters. A previous analysis of Prairie Grass Project (PGP) data has shown that the near-ground, cross-wind integrated concentration decreases as some power of the distance from the source that is, itself, distance dependent. As the conventional power-law model is incapable of reproducing this behaviour, we propose a model in which the vertical diffusivity depends on both the height as a power law, and on the distance from the source. For this equation, we construct an infinite-series formal solution, with the first term used as an approximation. A set of equations based on this approximation and on Monin–Obukhov similarity theory is proposed for the the vertical diffusivity, from which the cross-wind integrated concentration is derived analytically. We further construct a simple empirical model for the distance-dependent vertical diffusivity. For the plume lateral width, a Langevin stochastic model depending on the plume height is proposed, whose formal analytical solution is used to derive a set of equations for the cloud width, which are easily solved numerically, with the results validated against PGP data. We apply four statistical measures to evaluate the performance of the model, including the computation of the 95% confidence intervals, for which we find very good agreement. Implementation of this model is extremely simple and computationally efficient. 相似文献
5.
6.
Zhengtong Xie Peter R. Voke Paul Hayden Alan G. Robins 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,111(3):417-440
A family of wall models is proposed that exhibits moresatisfactory performance than previousmodels for the large-eddy simulation (LES) of the turbulentboundary layer over a rough surface.The time and horizontally averaged statistics such asmean vertical profiles of windvelocity, Reynolds stress, turbulent intensities, turbulentkinetic energy and alsospectra are compared with wind-tunnel experimental data.The purpose of the present study is to obtain simulatedturbulent flows that are comparable with wind-tunnelmeasurements for use as the wind environment for thenumerical prediction by LES of source dispersion in theneutral atmospheric boundary layer. 相似文献
7.
D. M. Lewis 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,90(1):117-153
This paper presents a new model of concentration fluctuations for neutrally buoyant gas clouds dispersing in a wind tunnel. It is derived from a series of exact results, which apply in the hypothetical case when there is no molecular diffusion, coupled with a probability density function model previously used to describe steady releases of contaminant. A simple self-similar relationship between the evolution of the concentration intensity and mean is established. As a first step the time independent variant of the model, applicable to a continuous plume, is tested against some previously published experimental data for steady wind-tunnel releases. Comparisons of experimental results and model predictions at different downwind positions, heights and source geometry are presented. Then, the results for the time dependent model, applicable to instantaneous releases, are discussed. The experimental evidence presented here supports the self-similar relationship established earlier. The implications for modelling higher moments of concentration and the fixed point probability density function are investigated. 相似文献
8.
Pietro Salizzoni Raphaël Van Liefferinge Patrick Mejean Lionel Soulhac Richard J. Perkins 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,135(3):455-467
The influence of surface roughness on the dispersion of a passive scalar in a rough wall turbulent boundary layer has been
studied using wind-tunnel experiments. The surface roughness was varied using different sizes of roughness elements, and different
spacings between the elements. Vertical profiles of average concentration were measured at different distances downwind of
the source, and the vertical spread of the plume was computed by fitting a double Gaussian profile to the data. An estimate
of the integral length scale is derived from the turbulence characteristics of the boundary layer and is then used to scale
the measured values of plume spread. This scaling reduces the variability in the data, confirming the validity of the model
for the Lagrangian integral time scale, but does not remove it entirely. The scaled plume spreading shows significant differences
from predictions of theoretical models both in the near and in the far field. In the region immediately downwind of the source
this is due to the influence of the wake of the injector for which we have developed a simple model. In the far field we explain
that the differences are mainly due to the absence of large-scale motions. Finally, further downwind of the source the scaled
values of plume spread fall into two distinct groups. It is suggested that the difference between the two groups may be related
to the lack of dynamical similarity between the boundary-layer flows for varying surface roughness or to biased estimates
of the plume spread. 相似文献
9.
10.
We investigate the effect of source distribution on the bulk transfer of passive scalars between rough, vegetated land surfaces
and the atmosphere, using data from a wind-tunnel experiment in which passive heat was emitted from both the underlying surface
and canopy elements of a three-dimensional regular bluff-body array. The experimental results are compared with a simple one-dimensional,
two-source model for scalar transfer. We find that: (1) the observed scalar transfer resistance across the boundary layer
at the underlying surface is simply related to flat-plate theory by a constant of 0.62, despite the complexity of the turbulent
flow within the wind-tunnel canopy; (2) one-dimensional gradient-transfer theory, even with extensions to account for the
non-local nature of turbulent transfer within the canopy, does not describe the observed details of scalar concentration gradients
in the highly three-dimensional canopy flow, but does provide a reasonable framework for bulk scalar transfer between the
composite ground-canopy surface and the flow above the canopy; (3) the kB
−1 parameter (which accounts for bulk excess resistance to scalar transfer over momentum transfer) is highly sensitive to scalar
source partition between ground and canopy. 相似文献
11.
Massimo Cassiani 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,146(2):207-233
A new approach is proposed to predict concentration fluctuations in the framework of one-particle Lagrangian stochastic models. The approach is innovative since it allows the computation of concentration fluctuations in dispersing plumes using a Lagrangian one-particle model with micromixing but with no need for the simulating of background particles. The extension of the model for the treatment of chemically reactive plumes is also accomplished and allows the computation of plume-related chemical reactions in a Lagrangian one-particle framework separately from the background chemical reactions, accounting for the effect of concentration fluctuations on chemical reactions in a general, albeit approximate, manner. These characteristics should make the proposed approach an ideal tool for plume-in-grid calculations in chemistry transport models. The results are compared to the wind-tunnel experiments of Fackrell and Robins (J Fluid Mech, 117:1–26, 1982) for plume dispersion in a neutral boundary layer and to the measurements of Legg et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 35:277–302, 1986) for line source dispersion in and above a model canopy. Preliminary reacting plume simulations are also shown comparing the model with the experimental results of Brown and Bilger (J Fluid Mech, 312:373–407, 1996; Atmos Environ, 32:611–628, 1998) to demonstrate the feasibility of computing chemical reactions in the proposed framework. 相似文献
12.
Dispersion of passive tracer in the atmospheric convective boundary layer with wind shears: a review of laboratory and numerical model studies 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E. Fedorovich 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2004,87(1-3):3-21
Summary Paper reviews recent laboratory and numerical model studies of passive gaseous tracer dispersion in the atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) with surface and elevated wind shears. Atmospheric measurement data used for validation of these two model techniques are briefly discussed as well. A historical overview is given of laboratory studies of dispersion in the atmospheric CBL. Model studies of tracer dispersion in two CBL types, the (i) non-steady, horizontally homogeneous CBL and (ii) quasi-stationary, horizontally heterogeneous CBL, are reviewed. The discussion is focused on the dispersion of non-buoyant plume emitted from a point source located at different elevations within the CBL. Approaches towards CBL modeling employed in different laboratory facilities (water tanks and wind tunnels) are described. The reviewed numerical techniques include Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Lagrangian modeling. Numerical data on dispersion in the sheared CBL is analyzed in conjunction with experimental results from wind-tunnel CBLs. 相似文献
13.
A novel dynamic mixing length (DML) subgrid-scale (SGS) model is proposed to improve the large-eddy simulations of the wind
field and contaminant dispersion around a group of buildings. Wind field and contaminant dispersion in two kinds of building
array geometries are simulated using the model, with wind-tunnel experimental data used to validate the model. The relative
errors in the lateral profiles of the streamwise mean velocities behind the sixth row of the buildings of the staggered obstacle
array and the aligned obstacle array at the half height of the building are 15 and 9%, respectively. The DML velocity fluctuations
in the staggered and aligned obstacle arrays are in agreement with those of the experiment. The results indicate that the
DML model can make a more accurate prediction of the mean velocity and velocity fluctuations. The DML model is highly suitable
for the simulation of multi-scale turbulent flow in urban canyons, of high Reynolds number turbulent flow and of complex turbulent
flow. 相似文献
14.
开发了适合城市环境下的应急重气扩散模型——SLAB_URBAN模型,该模型能够对城市环境下重气的传输扩散过程进行模拟。模型的原理基于重气扩散浅层理论,采用了新的城市边界层和扩散参数的参数化方案。该方案考虑了城市冠层内特有的风和湍流扩散的特征,能够体现城市边界层和湍流对重气扩散的影响。对美国盐湖城Urban2000的城市扩散试验进行模拟,主要验证下风方向观测弧所观测到的气体最大小时平均浓度与源释放速率的比值。结果表明,模型能够比较好地模拟出下风方向上浓度的分布特征。另外,与国外同类城市扩散模型的比较来看,SLAB_URBAN模型的模拟能力居于前列。 相似文献
15.
The sequential particle micromixing model (SPMMM) is used to estimate concentration fluctuations in plumes dispersing into a canopy flow. SPMMM uses the familiar single-particle Lagrangian stochastic (LS) trajectory framework to pre-calculate the required conditional mean concentrations, which are then used by an interaction by exchange with the conditional mean (IECM) micromixing model to predict the higher-order fluctuations of the scalar concentration field. The predictions are compared with experimental wind-tunnel dispersion data for a neutrally stratified canopy flow, and with a previously reported implementation using simultaneous particle trajectories. The two implementations of the LS–IECM model are shown to be largely consistent with one another and are able to simulate dispersion in a canopy flow with fair to good accuracy. 相似文献
16.
Lianhong Gu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(3):515-524
This paper considers a modification to the localized near-field (LNF) theory for predicting scalar concentrations from source distributions in plant canopies. It is argued that the non-diffusive, near-field part of the transition probability Pn, and thus the near-field contribution of the scalar concentration Cn, in the original theory are simply errors. The (approximate) equality of the sum of Cn and the diffusive, far-field contribution Cf with the total scalar concentration C is not guaranteed in general by this theory. A revision is suggested. 相似文献
17.
Estimating Aerodynamic Parameters of Urban-Like Surfaces with Heterogeneous Building Heights 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
J. T. Millward-Hopkins A. S. Tomlin L. Ma D. Ingham M. Pourkashanian 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,141(3):443-465
There are many geometrical factors than can influence the aerodynamic parameters of urban surfaces and hence the vertical
wind profiles found above. The knowledge of these parameters has applications in numerous fields, such as dispersion modelling,
wind loading calculations, and estimating the wind energy resource at urban locations. Using quasi-empirical modelling, we
estimate the dependence of the aerodynamic roughness length and zero-plane displacement for idealized urban surfaces, on the
two most significant geometrical characteristics; surface area density and building height variability. A validation of the
spatially-averaged, logarithmic wind profiles predicted by the model is carried out, via comparisons with available wind-tunnel
and numerical data for arrays of square based blocks of uniform and heterogeneous heights. The model predicts two important
properties of the aerodynamic parameters of surfaces of heterogeneous heights that have been suggested by experiments. Firstly,
the zero-plane displacement of a heterogeneous array can exceed the surface mean building height significantly. Secondly,
the characteristic peak in roughness length with respect to surface area density becomes much softer for heterogeneous arrays
compared to uniform arrays, since a variation in building height can prevent a skimming flow regime from occurring. Overall
the simple model performs well against available experimental data and may offer more accurate estimates of surface aerodynamic
parameters for complex urban surfaces compared to models that do not include height variability. 相似文献
18.
A wind-tunnel study was conducted to investigate ventilation of scalars from urban-like geometries at neighbourhood scale
by exploring two different geometries a uniform height roughness and a non-uniform height roughness, both with an equal plan
and frontal density of λ
p
= λ
f
= 25%. In both configurations a sub-unit of the idealized urban surface was coated with a thin layer of naphthalene to represent
area sources. The naphthalene sublimation method was used to measure directly total area-averaged transport of scalars out
of the complex geometries. At the same time, naphthalene vapour concentrations controlled by the turbulent fluxes were detected
using a fast Flame Ionisation Detection (FID) technique. This paper describes the novel use of a naphthalene coated surface
as an area source in dispersion studies. Particular emphasis was also given to testing whether the concentration measurements
were independent of Reynolds number. For low wind speeds, transfer from the naphthalene surface is determined by a combination
of forced and natural convection. Compared with a propane point source release, a 25% higher free stream velocity was needed
for the naphthalene area source to yield Reynolds-number-independent concentration fields. Ventilation transfer coefficients
w
T
/U derived from the naphthalene sublimation method showed that, whilst there was enhanced vertical momentum exchange due to
obstacle height variability, advection was reduced and dispersion from the source area was not enhanced. Thus, the height
variability of a canopy is an important parameter when generalising urban dispersion. Fine resolution concentration measurements
in the canopy showed the effect of height variability on dispersion at street scale. Rapid vertical transport in the wake
of individual high-rise obstacles was found to generate elevated point-like sources. A Gaussian plume model was used to analyse
differences in the downstream plumes. Intensified lateral and vertical plume spread and plume dilution with height was found
for the non-uniform height roughness. 相似文献
19.
A three-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic (LS) model to evaluate pollutant dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer has been developed. The model satisfies the well-mixed criterion of Thomson and allows for inhomogeneous, skew turbulence. Making use of the spherical reference frame, one of the possible solutions has been obtained. A skewed joint probability density function (PDF), which reproduces the given velocity moments (means, variances, skewness and covariances), has been built-up by a linear combination of eight Gaussian PDFs. In order to verify consistency with the well-mixed criterion, the long term results have been compared with the theoretical behaviour. A comparison between our model and Thomson's published algorithms was also carried out. By comparing wind-tunnel data and numerical predictions, a further validation of our LS model has been obtained. From an analysis of the numerical results, we can state that our model is able to evaluate dispersion in the case of complex flows where the application of previous models is unsuccessful. 相似文献
20.
J. R. Salmon H. W. Teunissen R. E. Mickle P. A. Taylor 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,43(4):309-343
Field observations of the influence of topography on steady, neutrally-stratified boundary-layer flow were carried out in February 1981 and March 1984 on Kettles Hill near Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada. The primary measurements were of wind speed at 3,6, and 10 m levels at stations in linear arrays along and across the major axis of this gentle, 1 km long and 100 m high, elliptical hill. Wind profile measurements up to heights of 200 m were made with TALA kites and tethersondes on the hilltop and at a reference site located about 3.7 km west of the hilltop. In addition, AIRsondes were flown and tracked from the reference site to provide additional data. The field observations provided the basic data for a comparison with wind-tunnel and numerical model simulations of the same flow. The wind-tunnel investigation was carried out in the Atmospheric Environment Service Boundary-Layer Wind Tunnel while the numerical model used was MS3DJH. For horizontal profiles of normalized mean wind speed at given heights above the prototype terrain, model results agree reasonably well with the field data. The wind-tunnel predictions are slightly high in most cases. For vertical profiles of wind speed up to 200 m above the hilltop, the numerical and wind-tunnel values are higher than were observed. The sensitivity of the normalized wind speed at the hilltop to deviations from non-logarithmic upwind profiles is demonstrated with data from the March 1984 experiment. A comparison of prototype with numerical-model mean-wind-direction perturbations at the 10 m level shows reasonable agreement except near the summit of the hill.Contractor: 24 Heslop Drive, Toronto. 相似文献