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1.
This paper presents a review of the genetic types and geochemical processes that have formed ‘metalliferous’ coals around the world. Primary attention is given to elements in coal that are currently being extracted from coal as raw material (Ge and U) or have, in our opinion, the best chance for such use (REE, Ag, Au, and PGE). Coals with anomalously high concentrations of other metals having potential for economic by-product recovery (Be, Sc, V, Ga, Sb, Cs, Mo, W, and Re) are briefly considered. Original data and a survey of the literature indicate that metalliferous coals are in many coal basins. Ore formation in coal-bearing structures may occur during peat accumulation, during diagenesis of the organic matter, or by epigenesis. Various metals are supplied to sedimentary basins as minerals that are transported by water and wind or as ionic species in surface water and descending and ascending underground water and may be incorporated into peat or coals. The modes of occurrence of metals in the enriched coals are diverse. The data presented in this review indicates that metalliferous coals should be regarded as promising for economic recovery for by-products in the course of coal mining and combustion. 相似文献
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3.
Peter J. Crosdale Anatoly P. Sorokin Ken J. Woolfe David I. M. Macdonald 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2002,51(4)
Selected Tertiary coals from the Zeya–Buryea Basin, Far Eastern Russia, were investigated for aspects of their coal type, rank, depositional environment and post-depositional history. The coals have been examined in outcrop (lithotype logging), microscopically (maceral, reflectance and fluorescence), and geochemically (proximate analysis).Two laterally extensive coal-bearing horizons occur: one of Palaeocene age and the other of early Miocene age. The Palaeocene coals were investigated in active open-cut mines at Raichikhinsk and Yerkovtsi and the early Miocene deposit in an abandoned open-cut mine at Cergeyevka.Palaeocene coals at Raichikhinsk and Yerkovtsi were indistinguishable from each other macroscopically, microscopically, and geochemically. The deposits were sufficiently coalified that brightness logging could be undertaken. Dull coals, with numerous fusainous wisps, were dominant. Four dulling-up sequences, which represent stacked peat deposits, were observed at Raichikhinsk. At Yerkovtsi, only a small section of the middle of the seam, which was mostly dull and muddy coal, was investigated. Petrographically, these coals were dominated by inertinite group macerals, which is unusual in non-Gondwanan coals and rare in the Tertiary. Rank classification was problematic with volatile matter (VM) content of vitrain (daf), macroscopic appearance, and microscopic textures suggesting subbituminous B rank, but carbon content, moisture content and specific energy indicating a lignite rank.Notwithstanding complications of rank, estimates of the maximum-range burial depths were calculated. Taking the VM (daf) content of vitrain as 48%, burial depth estimates range from 900 m for a high geothermal gradient and long heating time to a maximum of 3300 m for a low geothermal gradient and short heating time. These estimates are maxima as the coal rank may be lower than implied by the VM.The Cergeyevka deposit is a soft brown coal. Limited sampling of the upper-most portion indicated a high moisture content (75% daf) and an unusual, hydrogen-rich geochemistry. Lack of identifiable liptinites using either reflected light or fluorescence microscopy suggested a significant bituminite component. Otherwise, the coals appear to be typical for the Tertiary. An estimate of 125 m maximum burial depth was obtained using the bed-moisture content of the coal, which is around the present burial depth.Comparison of present-day thicknesses with inferred burial depths suggests that at least 500 m of section is missing between the Palaeocene coals and the early Miocene coals.Palaeoenvironmental considerations suggest that fire played a significant role in the accumulation of the peats at Raichikhinsk and Yerkovtsi. At Cergeyevka, peat accumulation ended by drowning of the mire.Two tuff beds were recognised within the seam at Raichikhinsk and one in the seam at Yerkovtsi. Correlation of the tuff beds is uncertain but they should prove useful in regional coal seam correlation and interpreting coal depositional environments. Geochemical analysis by XRF was complicated by high loss-on-ignition (LOI) values. Despite extensive alteration, an acid igneous source is implied from the presence of free quartz and TiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 0.02 to 0.05. 相似文献
4.
V. V. Seredin 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2007,49(1):1-30
Original data and a survey of the literature indicate that Au and Au-PGE mineralization are abundant in coal measures. Anomalous contents of noble metals have been established in basins with various types of basement, composed of granite, volcanic rocks, schist, and limestone. These basins are located in Au-and PGE-bearing ore districts, as well as at a considerable distance from known ore deposits and occurrences. Ore formation in coal-bearing basins may occur during sedimentation, peat accumulation, and diagenesis of organic matter or may be epigenetic. Noble metals are supplied to sedimentary basins as minerals that are transported by water and air and as ion species migrating along with surface and subsurface in-and exfiltration solutions of various chemical and genetic types. Ore mineralization concentrates in coal seams and host sedimentary beds of various grain size, including conglomerate, sand, and clay, as well as in zones of hydrothermal alteration superimposed on basement rocks and the sedimentary cover. The mode of occurrence of noble metals in coal basins is diverse as well (noble metal minerals, isomorphic admixtures in sulfides, and organic compounds). The data presented allow coal-bearing basins to be regarded as promising for economic noble metal mineralization fit for recovery as by-products in the course of coal mining. 相似文献
5.
A detailed macro- and micro-petrological investigation of 8 coal seam profiles of Eocene age from the sub-Himalayan zone of Jammu was undertaken in order to characterize them petrographically and to focus on their evolution. The quantitative data suggest that these coals are vitrinite rich, with low concentrations of inertinite and rare occurrences of liptinite. According to microlithotype concentration these coals may be characterized as vitrinite rich, with minor amounts of clarite, vitrinertite and trimacerite. The dominant minerals are clays, siderite and pyrite (occurring mostly as disseminations, cavity filling and in framboidal state). These coals are vitric in type, low volatile bituminous in rank and ashy in grade.The petrographic character and the presence of teleutospores suggest that, similar to other Tertiary coal deposits in the world, the angiosperm flora contributed chiefly to the development of coal facies in the area. The maceral and microlithotype composition shows that these coals originated from the low forest and undisturbed (in situ) peat in foreland basins under limno-telmatic depositional conditions. The water was brackish with regular influxes of fresh water. 相似文献
6.
Microfacies and depositional environment of Tertiary Tanjung Enim low rank coal, South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
The South Sumatra basin is among the most important coal producing basins in Indonesia. Results of an organic petrography study on coals from Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra Basin are reported. The studied low rank coals have a mean random huminite reflectance between 0.35% and 0.46% and are dominated by huminite (34.6–94.6 vol.%). Less abundant are liptinite (4.0–61.4 vol.%) and inertinite (0.2–43.9 vol.%). Minerals are found only in small amounts (0–2 vol.%); mostly as iron sulfide.Based on maceral assemblages, the coals can be grouped into five classes: (1) humotelinite-rich group, (2) humodetrinite-rich group, (3) humocollinite-rich group, (4) inertinite-rich group and (5) humodetrinite–liptinite-rich group. Comparing the distribution of maceral assemblages to the maceral or pre-maceral assemblages in modern tropical domed peat in Indonesia reveals many similarities. The basal section of the studied coal seams is represented typically by the humodetrinite–liptinite-rich group. This section might be derived from sapric or fine hemic peat often occurring at the base of modern peats. The middle section of the seams is characterized by humotelinite-rich and humocollinite-rich groups. The precursors of these groups were hemic and fine hemic peats. The top section of the coal seams is typically represented by the humodetrinite-rich or inertinite-rich group. These groups are the counterparts of fibric peat at the top of the modern peats. The sequence of maceral assemblages thus represents the change of topogenous to ombrogenous peat and the development of a raised peat bog.A comparison between the result of detailed maceral assemblage analysis and the paleodepositional environment as established from coal maceral ratio calculation indicates that the use of coal maceral ratio diagrams developed for other coal deposits fails to deduce paleo-peat development for these young tropical coals. In particular, mineral distribution and composition should not be neglected in coal facies interpretations. 相似文献
7.
Factors controlling the vegetation distribution and coal‐forming environments in a strike‐slip basin. The Pennsylvanian Peñarroya‐Belmez‐Espiel Basin,southern Spain 
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下载免费PDF全文 Coal‐forming environments require humid to perhumid conditions. Tectonics governs the size, location and availability of coal seams developed in such environments. While large Pennsylvanian paralic basins generated thick and continuous coal seams, many other small coeval basins, which were tectonically active, developed a puzzling succession, with carbonaceous deposits that varied in size, thickness and the nature of the coal‐forming flora. This study, conducted in the Peñarroya‐Belmez‐Espiel coalfield, a Variscan strike‐slip basin in the south of Spain, provides insights into this subject. The coal seams analysed, generated in different depositional environments, have quantitatively different palynological assemblages. Lacustrine coals are dominated by lycopsids; distal alluvial plain/marginal lacustrine coals are dominated by sphenophytes and tree ferns, and middle alluvial fan coals are dominated by sphenophytes, tree ferns and lycopsids. This means that when conditions were favourable for peat accumulation, peat accumulated regardless of the nature of the available flora. 相似文献
8.
Greta M. Eskenazy 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1982,2(2):99-111
This paper discusses the tungsten geochemistry in coal, based on the behavior of this element in 14 Bulgarian deposits. The W contents range from 0.5–4335 ppm in the ash and from 0.01–784 ppm in the coals. In four of the deposits the tungsten content proved to be 16 to 100 times higher than the Clarke value for sedimentary rocks. No correlation has been found between the W concentration and either the age of the coal-bearing strata or the coal rank. The deposits were divided in three groups on the basis of the relationship between tungsten and ash content. The role of sorption ash and terrigenous ash in tungsten binding was evaluated for each group. The correlation between tungsten and organic matter is demonstrated by the increased contents of tungsten in the ash of the low-ash coals, its concentration in the lighter coal fractions, its extraction from the coals by HF and NaOH only, and by model experiments. Sorption ash concentrates tungsten; terrigenous ash is a carrier of tungsten.Of the petrographic constituents of coal, vitrain was found to concentrate the largest amounts of tungsten.In two of the deposits richest in tungsten, there is a very distinct zonality in its vertical distribution — tungsten concentration decreases from the bottom to the top of the coal bed. This zonality might be explained by the diffusion (syngenetic or diagenetic with respect to the coal-forming process) through the coal bed of aqueous solutions enriched in tungsten.The wide range of variation of the tungsten concentrations, the considerable differences in the mean contents and the dispersions between the individual deposits show that tungsten is very sensitive to the differences of the source area.Coal deposits enriched in tungsten may be expected in the following favourable environments: (1) in areas with nitrogen-bearing thermal waters containing increased amounts of tungsten; (2) source areas with tungsten mineralizations; and (3) country rocks consisting of acid granitoids whose Clarke values of tungsten are the highest as compared to the other types of rocks. 相似文献
9.
V. V. Seredin Yu. A. Danilcheva L. O. Magazina I. G. Sharova 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2006,41(3):280-301
Results of the study of a new Ge-bearing area of the Pavlovka brown coal deposit are presented. Ge is accumulated in bed III2 lying at the bottom of the Late Paleogene-Early Neogene coal-bearing sequence adjacent to the Middle Paleozoic granite basement. The Ge content in coals and coal-bearing rocks varies in different sections from 10 to 200–250 ppm, reaching up to 500–600 ppm in the highest-grade lower part of the bed. The metalliferous area reveals a geochemical zoning: complex Ge-Mo-W anomalies subsequently grades along the depth and strike into Mo-W and W anomalies. Orebodies, like those at many Ge-bearing coal deposits, are concentric in plan and dome-shaped in cross-section. Coals in their central parts, in addition to Ge, W, and Mo, are enriched in U, As, Be, Ag, and Au. Distribution of Ge and other trace elements in the metalliferous sequence and products of gravity separation of Ge-bearing coals is studied. These data indicate that most elements (W, Mo, U, As, Be) concentrated like Ge in the Ge-bearing bed relative to background values are restricted to the organic matter of coals. The electron microscopic study shows that Ge-bearing coals contain native metals and intermetallic compounds in association with carbonates, sulfides, and halogenides. Coal inclusions in the metalliferous and barren areas of the molasse section strongly differ in contents of Ge and associated trace elements. Ge was accumulated in the coals in the course of the interaction of ascending metalliferous solutions with organic matter of the buried peat bogs in Late Miocene. The solutions were presumably represented by N2-bearing thermal waters (contaminated by volcanogenic CO2) that are typical of granite terranes. 相似文献
10.
20世纪80年代末期兴起的层序地层学,为人们理解聚煤作用提供了新的思路。通过对国内外近海含煤岩系层序地层学研究成果的分析,认识到:海侵过程成煤、幕式聚煤作用、事件成煤作用、海相层滞后时段聚煤等观点的提出,大大促进了含煤岩系研究的发展;含煤岩系层序地层学聚焦于基准面与泥炭堆积关系的研究,煤岩学、煤化学方法与层序地层学的结合使这种关系更加清晰化;地层接触关系、煤层特征、煤岩特征和煤化特征是判断煤层作为成因层序地层边界的重要依据;含煤岩系层序地层学由聚焦于层序格架中煤层位置的研究,逐步转变为关注于煤层中高频基准面旋回的研究和可容纳空间与煤层、煤岩关系的研究。今后的研究要逐渐拓展到内陆湖盆,应建立不同构造背景下的内陆湖盆成煤模式或理论。 相似文献
11.
Bat-Orshikh Erdenetsogt Insung Lee Delegiin Bat-Erdene Luvsanchultem Jargal 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,80(2):87-104
This paper presents geological settings, stratigraphy, coal quality, petrography, reserves and the tectonic history of the Mongolian coal-bearing basins. This is based on a synthesis of the data from nearly 50 coal deposits. The results of ultimate and proximate analyses, and calorific value, maceral composition and vitrinite reflectance data is given.The coal deposits of Mongolia tend to become younger from west to east and can be subdivided into two provinces, twelve basins, and three areas. Main controlling factor of coal rank is the age of the coal bearing sequences. Western Mongolian coal-bearing province contains mostly high rank bituminous coal in strata from Late Carboniferous. The basins in southern Mongolia and the western part of central Mongolia have low rank bituminous coal in strata from the Permian. The northern and central Mongolian basins contain mainly Jurassic subbituminous coal, whereas the Eastern Mongolian province has Lower Cretaceous lignite. The Carboniferous, Permian and Jurassic coal-bearing sequences were mainly deposited in foreland basins by compressional tectonic event, whereas Cretaceous coal measures were deposited in rift valleys caused by extensional tectonic event. Petrographically, Mongolian coals are classified as humic type. Vitrinite/huminite groups of Carboniferous, Permian, and Cretaceous coal range from 44.9% to 82.9%. Inertinite group varies between 15.0% and 53.3%, but liptinite group does not exceed more than 7%. Jurassic coals are characterized by high percentages of vitrinite (87.3% to 96.6%) and liptinite groups (up to 11.7%). This might be explained by paleoclimatic conditions. Mongolian coal reserves have been estimated to be 10.2 billion tons, of which a predominant portion is lignite in the Eastern Mongolian province and coking coal in the South Gobi basin. 相似文献
12.
The No. 1 and No. 2 coal seams from the Permian Vryheid Formation in the east Witbank Coalfield, South Africa are described with respect to their distribution, thickness and quality. These two coal seams accumulated in a postglacial climatic environment and peat accumulation was closely associated with and influenced by deposition in a braided river system. The fluvial channels that were syndepositional with peat accumulation have resulted in thinning of coal below and above channel axes and pinch-out of coal adjacent to channel margins. Low-ash coal originated from peat which accumulated in areas away from the influence of clastic sedimentation. In contrast, higher-ash coals are situated adjacent and parallel to channel margins where interbedded channel sand and silt contaminated the peat.The lower No. 1 seam peat originated under near-optimum conditions in a lacustrine swamp which blanketed an underlying platform of glaciofluvial braided river sediment. This peat swamp was not subjected to syndepositional clastic contamination and as a result is of superior quality (lower ash/higher calorific value and volatile matter) than the overlying No. 2 coal seam. The No. 2 seam is split by a clastic parting produced by a braided fluvial channel which transected the swamp midway through peat accumulation. This fluvial clastic parting deleteriously affected coal thickness and quality.A comparison of the Gondwanan Permian peat-forming conditions with those from Carboniferous northern hemisphere counterparts suggests that the differences in coal characteristics between these two regions are probably related to different palaeoclimatic conditions and basin tectonics. Cool-temperate climatic conditions which prevailed over the Permian peat swamps resulted in less species diversification of vegetation at these high-latitude settings than the diverse floral assemblages of the Carboniferous swamps. A stable intracronic basin platform caused lateral dispersion of sedimentary facies rather than the stacking of vertical facies which occurred in rapidly subsiding depositories. Partial exposure of the Permian peat swamps during peat accumulation may account for the relatively higher inertinite content of the coals. 相似文献
13.
恩洪矿区是云南省重要产煤基地，晚古生界的上二叠统宣威组是主要含煤岩系，其煤层镜质组含量较高，变质程度中等，蕴藏着丰富的煤层气资源。综合研究表明：该区煤层气富集的控制因素主要为煤层厚度、煤岩组分、煤级、吸附性能和良好的保存条件。 相似文献
14.
Rare Earth Elements in Coal-Bearing Deposits: Distribution Features and Geochemical Significance 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The examination of Lower Cretaceous coals and clayey fractions of terrigenous host rocks of the Zyryanka Basin has revealed a generally negative type of the relative REE distribution (with a predominance of LREE over HREE) and a similar behavior of Th and U. Analogous characteristics are typical for metamorphic and igneous rocks of intermediate composition dominating in the provenance. In terms of the concentration and distribution of REE, Th, and U coal-bearing terrigenous rocks of the Zyryanka Basin are close to Phanerozoic clays and silty sandstones of the Russian Platform, while coals of the Zyryanka Basin are similar to metal-free coals of various basins (Kizel, Pennsylvanian, and others). Average REE and Th contents in the studied coals are five times lower than those in host terrigenous rocks. The coals differ from these rocks by relatively elevated HREE concentrations largely due to adsorption mechanism of the HREE accumulation. Data obtained on the REE, Th, and U distribution in coals and clayey fractions of host rocks are of fundamental significance for the comparitive analysis of the behavior of these elements in metal-bearing coals of various basins. 相似文献
15.
K. Christanis A. Georgakopoulos J. L. Fernndez-Turiel A. Bouzinos 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1998,36(3-4)
Six peat samples obtained from the Holocene and the Weichselian of the Philippi peat deposit, eastern Macedonia, Greece, were analyzed for 48 trace elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS). The ash contents of these samples were also determined. Most of the trace elements are associated with the minerals in the peat, while Ge, Mo, Pb, Se, Ta, Tl, U, and W display a greater affinity with the organic matter. Compared with crustal averages (Clarke concentrations), the Philippi peat is enriched in some elements (Ag, As, Au, Cd, Mo, Se, Te, U, and W) because of the respective mineralizations in the area. The Philippi peat is also enriched in Cr, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sc, Sn, T, V, Y, and Zn in comparison with typical fen peats, as well as in As, Cr, Mo, Se, and U in comparison with typical coals. Climatic and hydrogeological conditions strongly influenced the peat-forming environment resulting in a differentiation between Holocene and Weichselian peat. Generally, the Holocene peat contains lower concentrations of trace elements in the northern and southern part of the fen, than the Weichselian one. The opposite trend is observed in the fen area close to the western basin margins. 相似文献
16.
中国海域区古近纪含煤盆地与煤系分布研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
新近纪和古近纪是全球重要的聚煤期。中国古近纪聚煤盆地分布在东部沿海省区,是全球性环太平洋聚煤带的组成部分。中国海域区含煤沉积盆地虽然也属于断陷盆地和坳陷盆地类型,且成群出现,但总体构造背景有利于含煤沉积的持续发展,盆地群连续性好,含煤沉积厚度大,如琼东南盆地、东海海域西湖凹陷,含煤沉积厚度达1 km以上,这是陆上区古近纪含煤盆地所不能相比的。研究表明,海域区的聚煤盆地内大多由若干凹陷组成,为聚煤凹陷,可分为两大类,即半地堑凹陷和地堑凹陷。根据成煤盆地的水体深浅又可分为深水半地堑凹陷和浅水半地堑凹陷,地堑凹陷均为深水凹陷。盆地内表现为明显的两个聚煤带：缓坡聚煤带和陡坡聚煤带,缓坡聚煤带占绝对优势。在潮坪体系的潮上带和潮间带沼泽,利于聚煤作用的广泛发生。泥炭的堆积可能存在两种形式：原地堆积和异地堆积。由于盆地构造的频繁活动异地堆积可能是海域区聚煤盆地成煤作用的重要形式。海域区巨厚的含煤沉积为海域区煤成气成藏提供了丰厚的物质基础。又由于含煤地层埋深大,煤的变质作用程度相对较高,成为良好的烃源岩。 相似文献
17.
古交邢家社勘探区煤中镓的分布及其地质影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据煤炭资源勘探资料,探讨了山西古交矿区邢家社勘探区石炭-二叠系煤中镓的分布状况及其地质影响因素。结果显示:研究区煤中镓的加权平均质量分数为15.87×10-6,比全球平均值要高0.5~3倍;煤层层位降低,镓含量呈明显的递减趋势。同时,煤中镓含量与灰分产率、灰分组成、硫含量及煤层厚度之间也有明显的相关关系。这些特征表明,区内煤中镓的矿物载体主要为粘土矿物,水动力较强和还原性较弱的泥炭沼泽条件可能有利于镓在煤中富集,且成煤期地壳的稳定程度也可通过一定方式影响到煤中镓的富集。 相似文献
18.
A.B. Cadle B. Cairncross A.D.M. Christie D.L. Roberts 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1993,23(1-4)
The coal-bearing sediments and coal seams of the Karoo Basin, Southern Africa are described and discussed. The Karoo Basin is bounded on its southern margin by the Cape Fold Belt, onlaps onto the Kaapvaal Craton in the north and is classified as a foreland basin. Coal seams are present within the Early Permian Vryheid Formation and the Triassic Molteno Formation.The peats of the Vryheid Formation accumulated within swamps in a cool temperate climatic regime. Lower and upper delta plain, back-barrier and fluvial environments were associated with peat formation. Thick, laterally extensive coal seams have preferentially accumulated in fluvial environments. The coals are in general inertinite-rich and high in ash. However, increasing vitrinite and decreasing ash contents within seams occur from west to east across the coalfields. The Triassic Molteno coal seams accumulated with aerially restricted swamps in fluvial environments. These Molteno coals are thin, laterally impersistent, vitrinite-rich and shaly, and formed under a warm temperate climatic regime.Palaeoclimate, depositional systems, differential subsidence and basin tectonics influence to varying degrees, the maceral content, thickness and lateral extent of coal seams. However, the geographic position of peat-forming swamps within a foreland basin, coupled with basin tectonics and differential subsidence are envisaged as the primary controls on coal parameters. The Permian coals are situated in proximal positions on the passive margin of the foreland basin. Here, subsidence was limited which enhanced oxidation of organic matter and hence the formation of inertinitic coals. The coals in this tectonic setting are thick and laterally extensive. The Triassci coals are situated within the tectonically active foreland basin margin. Rapid subsidence and sedimentation rates occurred during peat formation which resulted in the preservation of thin, laterally impersistent, high ash, vitrinite-rich, shaly coals. 相似文献
19.
Abundant and unique opaline and Al–Si phytoliths and opaline bioliths have been discovered in Holocene peat deposits of tropical Tasek Bera in Peninsular Malaysia. These are secreted mainly by plants (higher plants and algae) and incorporated in the sediment cycle during the rapid biomass turnover. Many wetland plants have entire skeletons secreted. The study shows that differing plant parts of same species as well as same parts of differing plant species incorporate different amounts of elements. Whilst deciduous trees of the swamp forest have phytoliths enriched in Al, most phytoliths of palms, sedges and grasses of the littoral swamp are composed of opaline silica. Incorporation of Al and many other elements into relatively stable phytoliths is the result of high evapotranspiration rate and ample plant-available elements and can serve to detoxify the soil solution. Because of the abundance of such opaline and Al–Si structures, spongillid and algal remains in acid peat-accumulating environments, tropical peatlands represent repositories of Si and Al, which together with variable amounts of other elements could provide the prime material for silicate neoformation during later diagenetic processes. Neoformation of minerals from bioliths would explain the scarcity of biogenic remains in Carboniferous and Tertiary coal deposits. Furthermore, incorporation of major elements in phytoliths may limit the rate of leaching of these elements in an environment where biomass turnover is rapid, thus reducing the loss of nutrients and other plant-essential elements. Most nutrients of tropical peats are recycled by plants within the top 150 cm and an upward migration of plant-essential elements, such as Mg, Ca, or P, but also of Si and Al, occurs during peat accumulation. Such elemental cycling strongly influences the geochemical composition of the peats during mire evolution. Utilizing Al for normalization of major and minor elements of tropical peats for paleoclimatic and paleodepositional analyses may thus result in incorrect interpretations. 相似文献
20.
通过对蔚县煤田下花园组煤中植物残体——分散角质层、半丝炭化木材等研究,结合非煤层中植物化石和孢粉组合特征分析,认为泥炭沼泽植物群落主要由松柏类、银杏类、苏铁类和蕨类组成,它们都是本区成煤的重要物质来源。这种森林体系代表了一种温暖潮湿、雨量充沛的古气候条件。煤中丝炭及半丝炭化组分含量丰富是泥炭堆积速度快于盆地基底沉降速度,并最终导致泥炭沼泽覆水浅,泥炭层多处于相对干燥、氧化环境的表现。不同煤层中丝炭及半丝炭化组分含量的差异,为煤层对比提供了新的依据。 相似文献